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Racial Bias in the U.S. Criminal Justice System, 2008.
An analysis of the existence of racial bias and its impact on the outcome of cases in the United States criminal justice system.
2,751 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses racial bias in the United States criminal justice system. It specifically questions whether the race of an individual suspected of a crime impacts his or her experience and the outcome in the criminal justice system. The paper discusses the history of related laws in the United States and discusses skin color ethics.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
In the U.S. Criminal Justice System...
Challenging Past and Contemporary Contentions
Research Purports
Confessions
Skin Color Ethics
Countering the Cycling Racial Bias Challenge
From the Paper
"Federal sentencing guidelines sternly constrain judges' discretion for determining whether an individual being charged will be sentenced to prison or receive probation. Guidelines are also currently in place to "guide" a judge in allocating the length of the sentence. Guidelines, albeit only contain minimal restrictions on the judges' and prosecutors' abilities to reduce sentences "for substantial assistance or acceptance of responsibility." Spohnhttp (2000:482)"
"Ultimately, Spohnhttp (2000:481 - 482) concludes that the reason for the unbalanced number of racial minorities currently incarcerated in the U.S. did not merely evolve from a racially neutral efforts to protect citizens and/or control crime. Earlier refutations of racial discrimination in the U.S. criminal justice system, according to Spohnhttp (2000:482) do not pass the test of time."
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Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System, 2007.
An examination of racial prejudices and racial bias in the criminal justice system in Canada and the reasons for this practice.
1,040 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes whether Black people are mistreated by the criminal justice system in Canada and if they face discrimination from both the police and the courts. It discusses the failure of the criminal justice system to provide appropriate services to people of minority groups. The paper specifically looks at the over-representation of black people in the criminal justice system. It then attempts to analyze some of the reasons how and why Black citizens are targeted by the criminal justice system.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background on Black Over-representation in the Criminal Justice System
Possible Reasons Behind The Black Over-representation Trend
Arguments Against Criminal Justice System Racial Bias
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is difficult to know how to respond to racial prejudices in the criminal justice system, as the overrepresentation of black citizens is imbedded in socioeconomic factors which cannot be explained by discriminatory practices implicit in the criminal justice system. The most obvious solution to the problem is to have separate justice systems for people of Aboriginal descent, where most of the problems of racial discrimination in Canada lie. However, would not the existence of different courts of law for different ethnicities further encourage racial stratification in society? The solution is not an easy one, and much more research must be done on the topic before an answer is forthcoming. A number of factors must be explored before a solution is implemented, such as what the current statistics revolving around discrimination studies mean, the relationship between social and economic factors and the criminal justice system, and the impact of developing stratification between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal citizens (La Prairie, 2004, p. 277). "
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Gender Blindness in the Criminal Justice System, 2002.
This paper looks closely at the topic of the justice system and its bias with regards to gender.
2,282 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The writer discusses whether or not the Criminal Justice System is gender blind, whether males or females are favoured by any inherent gender bias, and what an appropriate level of gender bias is for the justice system. The paper cites particular cases and sources that illustrate both sides of the argument.
From the Paper
"The blindfold worn by the Lady Justice signifies the impartiality aspired to by the criminal justice system. Ideally, the courts should treat each person before it equally, in a manner blind to any distinguishing features. In reality, our criminal justice system takes into account many distinguishing features of defendants placed within its boundaries. A defendant's age determines whether they will be tried as an adult or juvenile, a determination that brings with it many differences in sentencing options. A defendant's socio-economic status can be seen as determining the quality of legal counsel available, and can also influence sentencing in cases where resources provide better treatment options. While many would like to argue that a person's race does not impact the criminal justice process, studies have confirmed otherwise, finding that the race of the offender and of the victim does play a role in sentencing (Kleck, 1981; Glaeser et al., 2000). Thus, when it is asked whether or not justice is 'gender-blind,' it is not surprising to find out that it is not. Research has consistently found a sex effect operating within the justice system (Daly, 1995). Theorists have offered different explanations for this sex effect, often citing the patriarchal paternalism prevalent in all aspects of modern Western societies (Bernat, 2001; Gilbert, 2001; Daly, 1999). Beyond determining what the sex effects are, and why they may exist, the important question is whether or not justice should be gender blind. The possibility exists that gender disparities in sentencing are simply reflective of actual gender differences within society and therefore, warranted. This paper will provide an overview of the support showing that justice is not gender-blind, the competing explanations for gender biases, and the debate over whether gender bias is warranted as a method of reflecting the actual differences between the genders."
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Women and the Criminal Justice System, 2002.
Does gender bias exist in the criminal justice system?
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
A paper on a case study of a woman criminal posed as gender bias in the Criminal Justice System.
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Women in the Criminal Justice System, 2004.
An analysis of women in the criminal justice system from female offenders to female criminal justice professionals.
1,402 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the treatment of women and girls in the criminal justice system. The paper evaluates the recommendations of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration Task Force on Women regarding female offenders, female crime victims, and female criminal justice professionals. The paper describes the nature of the changes that have been taking place regarding gender bias and inequality within the justice system.
From the Paper
"The criminal justice system provides training to police and law enforcement agencies, prosecutors and judges (Legal Defense and Education Fund 2004). The New York State Police Academy, for example, trains its criminal justice professionals through a week-long Sex Offense Seminar. They are taught how to investigate sex crimes; collect evidence from crime scenes; interview suspects, surviving victims and other witnesses; obtain expert testimony; gather and present forensic evidence; screen for drug-facilitated sexual assault and similar crimes; observe Departmental protocol for crime investigations; recognize trauma syndrome and the surviving victim's emotional needs and rights; and coordinate with crisis programs, health care personnel and related agencies (LDEF)."
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On Pluralism and Justice: A Defense of Post-Modernism, 2002.
An overview of different forms, theories and principles of justice.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper is an analysis on the topic of justice. In this analysis, a number of figures will be examined including Charles Taylor and William Connolly. Using some of the arguments and concerns presented by Jacques Derrida, it will be argued that 'deconstruction' rather than construction (Taylor and Connolly) can be understood as a form of justice, and further, it reflects the general tenets or principles of 'pluralism' and 'difference'. The focus of the analysis in this sense, will be directed toward understanding how Taylor and Connolly's respective frameworks represent some of the traditional 'metaphysical' bias' which have informed a number of political theories in the Western tradition.
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African-Americans and Criminal Justice, 2008.
This paper addresses the racial disparities in the criminal justice system.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the ideas of Tonry in "Malign Neglect" where the author addresses the disproportionate number of African Americans in the criminal justice system and maintains that this is due to social biases and preconceived notions as well as disproportionate limitations on the ability of minorities to defend themselves in a money driven legal justice system. The paper looks at Tonry's suggested solutions that tackle the nature of racial disparities.
From the Paper
"Tonry in Malign Neglect (1996) explains that the disproportionate number of African Americans in the criminal justice system can in part be blamed on disproportionate applications of sentencing, incarceration and parole, not in the disproportionate development of criminality of minorities. Tonry believes that the war on drugs with all its demonstrative judicial changes is largely to blame as such changes along with the application of tougher sentencing and reduced utilization of parole for minorities based on a along held bias regarding criminality in the population create a disparity that is alarming to say the least. "
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U.S. Justice, 2004.
A discussion on the death penalty as a fallible and irrevocable form of justice.
3,728 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper explores how the death penalty is and has always been an issue of great debate and how issues such as racism, incompetent lawyers, faulty evidence, false testimony, moral responsibility, and other problems are all major considerations. It looks at how the American justice system is riddled with mistakes and prejudice; minorities and the poor are singled out and persecuted, while those who are socially ?acceptable? are free to walk to freedom. It puts forward the argument that the life of not even one hundred murderers is worth the life of one innocent man and how the system degrades human life by making it a biased game in which humans are like pawns in a game of chess.
From the Paper
"Today we have numerous ways of trying to determine the innocence or guilt of one who is accused. There are serology tests as well as DNA tests. Hairs or a scrap of skin will be found on a crime scene, and from these specimens scientists and doctors can determine whose hair or skin it is. In many cases the specimens belong to the offender. In rape cases, the semen is tested and usually the person to whom it belonged is then convicted. However, to a skilled lawyer, or anyone else who prefers to twist the evidence around in such a way that they see what they want to see, this DNA evidence can be misrepresented and the data manipulated in such a way that it shows what the lawyer wants it to show."
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Women In The Criminal Justice Profession, 2002.
The paper discusses many controversial areas of women working in the criminal justice profession.
2,190 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
The following issues along with the statistical facts and figures are discussed in this paper: Women Working In Law Enforcement, Women Working in the Courts, Women Employed in Adult Corrections, Women Working in Juvenile Corrections, Gender Bias: The Glass Ceiling and Organizational Culture, Organizational Culture Survey, Gender-Neutral Employment, Females as Correctional Officers, Proven affects of Female Employment in Criminal Justice.
From the Paper
"For more than 80 years, in the United States, women have been engaged in police work, where their concerns of considering the participation in law enforcement and career advancement had remained stable for almost sixty years. However, it was not until the 1960s, when legislation and judicial participation started in backing women's demands for equality, perform their duties and the responsibilities then began to expand (exhibit 4-2). It was since then, that the opportunities for women in policing improved. However, female police officers still continue to make slow progress in regard to their ranks."
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Racial Components in Criminal Justice, 2004.
A comparison of how T.R. Clear and Cole?s textbook, "American Corrections", Nicholas Pileggi's book "Wiseguy", and the film, "American Me", talk about the racial components of the American criminal justice system.
919 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper uses textbook, novel, and film to take a look at how the American criminal justice system deals with and affects those found guilty of criminal acts and whether this system is affected by race and systemic racial biases.
From the Paper
"It is often alleged that the criminal justice system has unjustly persecuted individuals whom are members of minority groups, based solely upon their minority status. Advocates of this point of view, according to Chapter 19 of T.R. Clear and Cole?s textbook American Corrections, cite jury?s disproportionate tendency to convict minorities, as well as to impose more lengthy and weighty sentences upon defendants who are minorities. This presumption often suggests that the defendant in question must be innocent, or is only a cog in the wheel of a much larger crime machine. But what transpires when indeed a defendant is guilty and is indeed a member of a gang or crime family? Does race and systemic racial biases still come into play in such instances?"
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The Death Penalty, 2004.
An analysis of the death penalty in the United States and the racial bias in the American justice system.
2,385 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the controversial topic of the death penalty in the United States. The paper contends the problems that brought about the prevalent racial bias in the American justice system are deeply rooted in our society. The fact is that justice is not blind because no human can ever be completely impartial. A state that endorses killing as a form of punishment must be free of arbitrary preference and error. The paper claims that, hopefully, members of the U.S. government will recognize that capital punishment needs to be formally investigated and that the conclusions reached should forbid its perpetuation.
From the Paper
"The United States is one of only a handful of developed nations that still readily imposes death upon those found guilty of a crime (Kurtis 200). Killing as a function of the state raises a number of moral questions, and makes a number of moral assumptions. Aside from the question as to whether the state is justified in killing at all, is the concern for equal justice for individuals convicted of capital murder. In other words, there is the possibility that certain subsets of the American population are sentenced to death more readily for the same crimes. If sentencing of the death penalty is unfair or biased, it questions the legitimacy of death as a form of justice."
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Brown V. Board of Education, 2008.
A look at racial bias in the American justice system.
2,454 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses racism in the USA and particularly highlights a landmark case of 'Brown v. Board of Education' involving black children being denied admission to schools that were attended by white children.
Outline:
Introduction - Racism in the United States
Racism, History, and the Courts
Brown v. Board of Education
The Problems of Desegregation and Civil Rights
Social Change
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The American justice system prides itself for being color blind, yet more than half of the prison population is made up of black men or women, accounting for one million individuals in prison (Marable, 2000). African Americans make up only fourteen percent of all drug users in America, yet constitute thirty-five percent of all drug arrests, fifty-five percent of all drug convictions, and seventy-five percent of all drug admissions for drug offences. Statistically, more than eight out of every ten African Americans males will be arrested at some point in their lives."
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Bias of the Death Penalty, 2005.
This paper examines the inherent bias in the death penalty and attempts to establish the root of this bias which has seen an unequal proportion of minorities and blacks executed compared to whites.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
Laws are established according to the prevailing norms and customs existing in society. Thus, the law is merely a codified edict of social conformity. However, when building consensus, there is rarely, if ever, unanimous decision-making. Bias is always prevalent. Even though every citizen is equal before the law, not every citizen may be judged equally before the law. This paper illustrates this principle by using the death penalty as an example, and showing that it is racially biased and disproportionately handed down in cases involving racial minorities. It shows this through the use of statistics and by illustrating factors that lead to the discrepancy between the proportion of minorities in the population and the proportion of minorities sentenced to death in the judicial system.
From the Paper
"Since its inception, the death penalty has encountered constant opposition, and has been embroiled in court cases challenging its constitutionality. Opponents of the death penalty challenge it under the eighth amendment of the constitution, which prohibits cruel and unusual punishment. One of these most notable cases is that of Furman v. Georgia (1972). In this case, Justice Marshall, who wrote the majority opinion, explored the roots and different facets of the death penalty, and ultimately "arrived at the conclusion that the death penalty violates the Eighth Amendment..." (Furman v. Georgia, 1972). One key point of evidence was his contention that the death penalty is discriminative, and in presenting supporting evidence, he believed "that the following facts would serve even the most hesitant of citizens to condemn death as a sanction..." (Furman v. Georgia, 1972). He states that out of 3,859 people who have been executed since 1930, 1,751 were white, and 2,066 were black. 3,334 of the executions were for murder, of which 1,664 were white, and 1,630 were black."
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Cultural Bias In Classroom, 1999.
Examines biases in teaching, curriculum, books and testing as well as the roles of teachers and parents in eliminating bias.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 9 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"Recent trends in multiculturalism notwithstanding, education in the United States remains culturally biased, which leads to bias in curriculum and in school testing. Most approaches to multiculturalism merely involve adding on discussions of marginalized racial and ethnic groups to the chiefly Eurocentric point of view. Even well-meaning educators fail to eliminate cultural bias in the classroom, which often results in negative educational outcomes for African-American youth. Culture plays a role in the ability of students to understand curriculum materials and therefore score well on tests. Information may be unknowingly presented in the classroom that is so culturally biased minority students unconsciously or consciously reject it. Rose Mary Scott gives an example of a book about Native Americans (written by a non-Native American)..."
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Is The Death Penalty Biased?, 2008.
This paper explores whether there are biases in the application of the death penalty in the United States.
1,636 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the problem of racial bias, gender bias, juveniles and capital punishment and the link between poverty and the death penalty. The paper contends that overall, the death penalty may be a necessary evil in our society, however, until we can be one hundred percent sure it is meted out fairly, a moratorium on the act may be in order.
Outline:
Introduction
Racial Bias and Capital Punishment
Gender as a Factor in Death Penalty Sentencing
Capital Punishment and Juveniles
Poverty and the Death Penalty
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Capital punishment has been administered and accepted in this country for over 200 years, however, some states have now abolished the practice, while others continue with sanctioned executions. In 2000, Governor George Ryan of Illinois suspended executions in that state and "commuted the death sentences of all Illinois death row inmates in 2003" (Wolfers 791). Following Ryan's lead, in 2004, New York's highest court ruled that the state's death penalty statute was unconstitutional. Although prisoners still sit on California's death row, executions in that state are virtually nonexistent, however, executions in Texas continue at an even pace (791). "
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