| Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "BIANGULAR REFLECTANCE ELLIPTOMETRY NANO SCALE": |
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Biangular Reflectance and Elliptometry on the Nano-Scale, 2006.
An in-depth discussion regarding the need for the broader impacts of a scientifically and technologically literate and diverse workforce, and a review of the University of Central Oklahoma's optical/thermal scattering facility research project.
5,846 words (approx. 23.4 pages), 35 sources, MLA, $ 140.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how engineering encounters many surfaces that posses vast quantities of irregularities and application of fundamental theories neither proves practical nor precise in obtaining true representations due to these irregularities. The paper further discusses how there exists a need for accuracy in thermo-physical property data in both industrial applications which demand a reliable method of determining data. According to the paper, this need can be met by the establishment of the optical/thermal scattering facility at the University of Central Oklahoma. The paper then reviews the advantages and disadvantages of this research program.
Outline:
Introduction
Importance of the Research
Review of the Literature
Scope of Academic Benefits
Research and Academic
Management Plan and Timeline
Dissemination and Sustainability
Evaluation
Summary and Conclusion
Methodology
From the Paper
"This project also plans to augment the radiative heat transfer science behind this experimentation. The Hemispherical Scatterometer will be constructed based on the most widely used methods for solution of the radiative transfer equation (RTE) and the discrete ordinate method (DOM). Despite the fact that there has been a wide construction of similar apparatuses for BRDF determination [4,15,17,18,33-35,40,43-46] there has not been any device that makes use of the quadrature scheme of the DOM to obtain this property. By using the DOM theory, commercial computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software can be easily incorporated to develop new research and/or mathematical models. These involve heat transfer problems to be compared with standard or previous models. Another aspect where the PI's project will certainly have an impact on the community is in the surface and cataloging of pattern recognition of the mentioned surfaces. Many surfaces in engineering, specially the ones dealt in this project will perhaps contain roughness characteristics similar to the ones shown in Figure 4. Even though is a very smooth material (looked through one's eye) theoretical prediction of reflectance or surface properties is not feasible. However, performing cataloging and pattern recognition is a method that will allow us to recognize intrinsic features of materials and provide a deeper knowledge of material's use and extended applicability. At the same time possible complication while using textbook calculations comes from the fact that they take the surface to be an homogeneous material rather than, say, a layered structure without considering subsurface complications or they are too cumbersome to apply. Therefore, the result is that actual measurement of the reflectance function is the best way to determine this radiative property and measure it in such manner that could also be applied to radiation heat transfer solution method or any other industrial application. This is again, where this project takes the lead."
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?Adaptation, Culture Scale and the Environmental Crisis?, 2002.
A summary of the article ?Adaptation, Culture Scale, and the Environmental Crisis? by M.Sahlins and E.R Service which gives an insight into how the scale of a culture dictates how that culture will adapt to its environment.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the article ?Adaptation, Culture Scale, and the Environmental Crisis? by M.Sahlins & E.R Service. It looks at the interaction of culture and the environment and the role that this interaction plays in damaging the environment and depleting resources. It also examines the character and scope of the world?s current environmental crisis.
From the Paper
"This quote raises some of the most salient points that are brought out further in the article. First, it notes that the scale of the culture and the concentration of social power have very little to do with the longevity of a civilization on an evolutionary timescale. Second, the quote brings to mind the scale of resource depletion and environmental degradation that accompany large and powerful cultures. Simply put, large, powerful cultures have often depleted their natural resources, and polluted their environment to the extent that their civilization has collapsed."
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Economies of Scale, 2004.
Explains the economic concept known as economies of scale as elaborated by economist Alfred Marshall.
1,833 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper explains Alfred Marshall's theory regarding economies of scale, which created a distinction between internal and external economies. The paper explains what is meant by internal and external economies and what factors are responsible for them. The paper then explains why firms tend to benefit from economies of scale and why larger firms are usually in a better position to take advantage of economies of scale. Microsoft is cited as an example of one such firm. In addition, this paper looks at the concept of barriers to entry. The concept is defined in the context of competition, and examples are used to illustrate how barriers work.
From the Paper
"Economies of scale almost kill competition because it tends to favor larger firms in an industry. Very often large firms would use their competitive and financial advantage to crush competition in the market. This situation arises because of "absolute-capital-requirement effect" (Bain, 1956, p. 55) This means that due to the high level of investment required for reaching the same level as bigger firms, most smaller firms stand to lose when bigger firms create more internal economies of scale."
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The Likert Scale for Measuring Attitudes, 2005.
A critical discussion of the Likert Scale's approach to defining and measuring attitudes.
1,965 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the steps involved in constructing a Likert (1932) scale to evaluate university students' attitude towards vivisection and addresses issues both within the scale itself and in the broader context of all measurements of attitude. Ultimately, it questions the usefulness of attitude scales in light of their unavoidable limitations given the complexity of the hypothetical construct they seek to evaluate.
From the Paper
"Reliability interacts with validity and where reliability is high ("equal to or more than .80" - Oppenheim, B, 1988), as with the Likert scale, validity will tend to be also, but its fundamental shortcoming, which it shares with other attitude scales, is that construct validity of the attitude concept itself is questionable. No external factual criterion exists against which declared attitudes may be defined and calibrated: for example, group membership or voting habits - seemingly objective measures - may be mediated by situational or pragmatic factors (Oppenheim, 1966). Declared attitude, as measured by self-report rating scales, may not wholly - or at all - correspond to the attitude held and thus it follows that predictive validity also tends to be poor."
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"Wechsler Memory Scale-Third Edition", 2004.
A review and critique of the"Wechsler Memory Scale-Third Edition" (WMS-III).
3,013 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how standardized testing has become a norm for structuring studies on human behaviors and, in particular, examines the "Wechsler Memory Scale-Third Edition" (WMS-III), a scale for assessing learning and memory functions in adults between 16 and 89 years old. Through a literature review, it attempts to evaluate the usefulness of the WMS-III as practical instrument for extensive research by assessing its advantages and disadvantages.
From the Paper
"In most assessment tools the tests rely on specific structured procedures and instructions so that the administrators can read the results in accordance to the problem as the criteria. Experience with the tests as well as understanding of the test procedure is important because as participants would want to ask test administrators of the role of the factors that are associated with the tests and also what is expected of the participants during the process. In psychological tests for example administrators must be motivated to identify the utility of the test exercise in order to help support the participants to pay more attention on the criteria set by the test."
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"Success in Small and Medium-Scale Enterprises", 2005.
A report on the book "Success in Small and Medium-Scale Enterprises" by Cortes, Berry, and Ishaq.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 1 source, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper is an analysis of the book "Success in Small and Medium-Scale Enterprises", a report written by Cortes, Berry, and Ishaq on a research project undertaken and published by the World Bank. The paper discusses the main findings of the study, which set out to explain the escalated growth of selected businesses, in comparison to large industries, during the 1970s in Colombia.
From the Paper
"Cortes, Berry, and Ishaq in "Success in Small and Medium-Scale Enterprises" set out to explain the escalated growth of these businesses, in comparison to large industries, during the 1970s in Colombia. This book is a report on a research project undertaken and published by the World Bank. The data used in the study are mainly based on surveys of the metal-working and food processing industries. Determinants of efficiency in these industries are examined, along with determinants of viability. Patterns and trends in firm size and distribution are explained by technological factors, demand factors, input supply factors, and constraints on the rate of exchange of output.
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The Weschler Intelligence Scale, 2004.
Investigates the validity of the Weschler Intelligence Scale in qualifying students for gifted programs.
1,528 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
Many education districts in the United States use an individually administered Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition, commonly referred to as the WISC-III. The score from this test is used as the determinant factor as to whether or not to allow these students to enter the gifted program in their district. The paper shows that, in more recent years, this method has come under fire by education specialists, as well as parents, as being to limiting in its scope and ability to identify a gifted child. Some believe it is used because it is one of the easiest evaluation methods, taking about an hour in a room with the child. Others believe it is a mistaken belief by advocates of the test that it is the only true way to measure one?s intellectual ability and, therefore, giftedness. This paper presents a proposed study of the validity of using the WISC-III for the purpose of choosing students for gifted programs in schools.
From the Paper
"For example, in some states, gifted students must have an IQ of 130 or higher; some states require achievement test scores at the 95th percentile or higher; in other states, students must score at or above the 98th percentile. Further, some states identify the highest 3% of the student population; other states identify 5%(Ford, 1998). Some states require schools to use four sources or types of information during the decision-making process; others require five sources or types of information. Thus, a student can be identified as gifted in one state (or even neighboring school district), but not in another based upon the definition adopted. Further, when and how that student is screened, identified, and served varies from one school district to another(Ford, 1998)."
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Acids and Bases in the pH Scale, 2005.
An overview of acids and bases from a chemistry and biology perspective.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a detailed overview of acids and bases in the pH scale, including the history, characteristics, types, and Ka values with chemistry and biology applications. The paper covers seven main parts: the history starting with the Romans; the definition of both an acid and a base; the characteristics of acids and bases; types of acids and bases; how to determine an acid number; the relationship between acids and bases to the pH scale; and aqueous and self-ionization solutions. I. Introduction A. What do acids and alkalines have in common? 1.To test whether temperature affected the acidity of different liquids. 2. The complexity and fascination of such project. 3. If different types of liquids were utilized, then temperature would certainly make a difference, however minimal. II. History A. The history of acids have dated back centuries. 1. The Romans first coined the term acidus. 2. Lavoisier's work with acids. 3. Predecessors, such as Arrhenius. III. Definition of acid A. The definition of acids have been controversial at times. 1. The Arrhenius definition 2. The Bronsted definition 3. The Lewis definition IV. Characterizing acids in general B. The nature of acids 1. Sourness 2. Dissolving in water V. Types of Acids A. Strong acids 1. Fundamental characteristics. 2. Dangerous 3. Larger Ka values B. Weak acids 1. Fundamental characteristics 2. Smaller Ka values 3. Equilibrium watch VI. Characterizing Bases. A. Bases are the opposite of acids 1. The Arrhenius definition 2. Characteristics B. Strong and weak bases VII. Acidity A. Acid number has a lot of relation to everything else 1. Determining acid number 2. Acid numbers importance B. pH is the epitome of research 1. Aqueous solution 2. Self- ionization 3. Definitions
From the Paper
"What do acids and alkaline truly have in common? The history of the understanding of an acid is relatively old. Dating back to the Roman Empire days, came the word that we derived acid from, acidus, meaning sour. Around the 1800s, French chemists erroneously believed that all acids contained oxygen, including the famed Antoine Lavoisier. Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish scientist in the mid 1800s and a Nobel laureate, did a few experimentations with acids, and came up with concocting a definitive, chemically sound definition of an acid. Later on, in the 20th century, the partners Bronsted and Lowry initiated theories about acids using and published the acid-based concept. The most pragmatic research of acids and bases came from the American chemist Gilbert Lewis. Ever since then, the idea of acids and base has been widely recognized, although the definitions of such terms have been rather controversial."
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Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, 2003.
Reviews the Stanford-Binet test.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 6 sources, $ 23.95
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Abstract
Discusses the origin and development of the test, its content, administration and scoring, practical utility, and statistical properties. Compares Stanford-Binet to Wechsler scales. Examines standardization and normative problems and the I.Q. score.
From the Paper
"This paper will review the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale - IV. Content, administration and scoring, practical utility, and statistical properties will be presented. In addition, the test will be compared to a similar measure and ..."
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Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale-IV, 1999.
Describes the test and discusses its structural issues, developmental theory, standardization, variables and utility value in terms of gifted and retarded children.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 19 sources, $ 119.95
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From the Paper
" STANFORD-BINET INTELLIGENCE SCALE - IV
General Introduction
The Fourth Edition of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale marks the most extensive revision of the Binet-Simon Scale since its inception. The test now consists of 15 separate subtests yielding scores in four areas of cognitive ability. These areas are: (1) Verbal Reasoning; (2) Abstract/Visual Reasoning; (3) Quantitative Reasoning; and (4) Short-Term Memory (Sabatino, 1993).
Designed to reflect the theory of fluid and crystallized abilities, the fourth edition of the instrument blends theory with measurement practice. The test is based on a hierarchial model of intelligence which incorporates the g-factor and four cognitive areas with general intelligence at the top of the.."
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Infectious Diseases on a Global Scale, 2002.
Explores the top five worst infectious diseases in the world, excluding HIV.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper shall examine the remaining five serious infectious diseases: Pneumonia, malaria, tuberculosis, diarrhea and measles. Due to the length of this paper, each disease will be summarized as concisely as possible but not as deeply as desired. This paper shall conclude with how these five diseases are more prevalent in "developing" countries due to the existing conditions.
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The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, 2006.
A review of the history of the New Jersey Training School.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 15 sources, $ 142.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how in 1888 the New Jersey Home for the Education and Care of Feebleminded Children opened its doors to 55 children. Prior to this date there had not been a school dedicated to assisting those with learning disabilities to function in daily life. By 1892 the school adopted a cottage plan that allowed the students to live in cottages on campus and further assist them with their abilities to live independently. By 1900 the school's name had changed to the New Jersey Training School and was operated under the direction of Edward R. Johnstone. Johnstone worked with Henry Goddard to open a psychological research lab in which the "mental deficiencies" of the students could be studied.
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Using the Morally Debatable Behaviors Scale on Strippers, 2002.
A research proposal on the moral behavior of strippers and their clientele.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper is a detailed research proposal for a social psychology experiment concerning the moral beliefs of strippers and the clientele of strip clubs in a major urban area of the US.
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Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, 1995.
Describes and evaluates test measuring cognitive abilities and relevant learning theories.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 24 sources, $ 119.95
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From the Paper
"STANFORD-BINET INTELLIGENCE SCALE
Introduction
The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test IV is reviewed in this research. The findings of the review are presented in relation to (1) a general introduction to the test, (2) developmental issues associated with the test, (3) structural issues associated with the test, (4) test utility, and (5) an analysis of the test."
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End of the World Scenarios, 2005.
This paper discusses end of the world scenarios, which appear in every religion and culture, including today's techno-culture.
1,520 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the roots of the belief in a glorious kingdom, which is part natural and part supernatural, are found in the hopes of the Jews for a temporal Messiah and in the Jewish apocalyptic. The author explains that, for thousands of years, legendary leaders such as King Solomon, the Egyptian pharaohs and Napoleon Bonaparte, have fought over Megiddo, called Armageddon in the New Testament, located in modern day Israel, and where the Bible says the end of the world will occur. The paper describes the grey goo scenario, first posed by Eric Drexler in his book on nanotechnology, "Engines of Creation", in which he describes how small nano-scale robots built to replicate themselves using any organic material, self-replicating nanobots, which eventually cover the world with grey sludge competing for the remainder of the planet's resources with microscopic earth munching robot swarms.
From the Paper
"The Christian faith is one such religion that is based on the day of judgement. There are dozens of references in the Old Testament and the New Testament of the Bible that concern the end of the world. It is called by many phrases such as the "Day of the Lord," "the Day of the Son," "The Last Day," "The Day of the Son of Man," or the "Second Coming". For Christians this means that Christ will return to gather the just and annihilate the evil, and to found a glorious kingdom on earth filled with the highest spiritual and material blessings. All the saints will participate in this event and Christ is said to reign for one thousand years."
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