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Lymphatic System and Immune System, 2004.
This paper looks at the lymphatic system and the immune system.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the lymphatic system and the immune system. It compares blood, lymph and interstitial fluid, and compares lymph nodes with the spleen. It then examines humoral and cell-mediated immunity, primary and secondary immune responses, and the role of complement.
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Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate, 2001.
Examines this nutritional supplement and explores its use.
3,163 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
HMB (beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate) is a patented amino acid metabolite that was discovered at Iowa State University. Supplemental HMB increases lean muscle mass, strength, and VO2 Max, while increasing fat loss. This paper examines the scholarly and peer-reviewed literature and relevant online sources to determine just what HMB is, how it works, and who should or should not use it. A summary of the research and salient findings are provided in the conclusion. The paper includes an appendix, "Comparison of Daily Costs of Various Nutrition Supplements Used by Athletes," which is not included in the word count
From the Paper
"HMB is produced naturally by the human body and can also be found in foods like catfish and grapefruit; however, it may not be practical or advantageous for athletes to consume these foods on a regular basis (Armsey & Green, June 1997, 9). HMB is used in order to boost strength levels, enhance muscle gains in size and prevent muscle tissue breakdown which can occur during periods of intensive exercising because scientists believe that HMB aids in the body's attempt to minimize protein breakdown. By minimizing the breakdown, HMB helps the body recover faster from exercise and leads to quicker strength and muscle gains. In sports and body building circles, HMB is known for its ability to promote fat loss and enhance muscle growth. HMB appears to upgrade the body's natural potential to build muscle and burn body fat by minimizing the muscle tissue breakdown that occurs after intense exercise sessions."
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Database Management Systems and Information Systems, 2001.
Examines differences of both computer technologies in terms of software (IMS) & comgination of hardware & software (IM).
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 9 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This research will examine distinctions between database management systems and information systems, two terms that are often used interchangeably. The plan of the research will be to set forth working definitions of the terms and then explain the differences in ways that might help organization executives understand introduction of information technology in the workplace, including precautions that should be observed in the design, engineering, installation, and management of the technology.
The term information system (IS), or information management system, refers to a computer technology-driven architecture around which use of data-processing equipment and software programs are organized. Configuration, or the method of organization, of the information system is designed to enable users..."
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Non-Existence, 2003.
A paper which classifies existence from non-existence and demonstrates the pervasiveness of infinity and its relation to an ordered reality.
1,739 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
What is existence? This essay categorizes existence, with reference to the conceptions of reality made by Aristotle and Sartre. The paper asks if existence of something unknowable is possible? Is metaphysics a legitimate enterprise based on an authentic order to the world? The paer shows that existence is to be examined as whole and all encompassing, and that reality and non-reality are necessary components for experience.
From the Paper
"When we consider our experience, and the ?place? in which it occupies, many questions come to mind. What is this experience? Is what I experience all that exists? Do things out there exist? Why does this exist? And so on. It is my contention that all of these questions, and many others of a similar nature are all related in a fundamental way to the question of infinity. Naturally enough, when we think of infinity, we think of it pertaining to something, as a property of something. It is this question of whether a thing is finite or infinite that comes before all others, even whether it has the ?property? of existence. This is due to the fact that finity and infinity define two possible values of existence. Finite existences have a subset of properties that establish its nature. Infinite existences, or possible existences, also have another subset of properties that establish its nature. It is my further contention that infinity represents an ultimate logical impossibility in the establishment of existence, and threatens the ?wholeness? that establishes a reality. With that in mind, we can rule out the subset of properties associated with infinite existences, as they turn out to be the very properties of non-existence, which, as I will show, if a fundamental aspect to a reality itself. In short, this essay will systematize reality from non-reality, existence from non-existence using the notion of absolute finitude as a touchstone."
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The Existence of God, 2006.
Compares and contrasts Thomas Aquinas' and St. Anselm of Canterbury's arguments for the existence of God.
3,549 words (approx. 14.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper examines St. Anselm of Canterbury's and Thomas Aquinas' attempts to prove the existence of God. The paper examines the arguments of both theologians and explains that, while their methods of proving the existence of God are very different, their arguments have endured and influenced Christian thought through the centuries. The paper also looks at the weaknesses in both men's theories and concludes with the assertion that the major weakness of both theories is that they prove the existence of God but not the existence of the God of the Bible and that in order to believe in the Christian God, divine revelation is needed.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Anselm's Arguments
Argument from Goodness
Argument from Existence
Ontological Argument
Aquinas' Arguments
Argument from Motion
Argument from Efficient Cause
St. Aquinas on St. Anselm
Problems with Anselm
Problems with Aquinas
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Anselm (1033 - 1109), would be considered in today's terms a theologian/philosopher. Anselm is most famous for his writings on; "Why God Became Man", his "satisfaction" theory of the atonement, and the "ontological argument." (His satisfaction theory effectively refuted early medieval notions of the devil's "rights" over fallen humankind. The satisfaction theory shaped nearly all Catholic and Protestant thought on redemptive theology, and is still prevalent at the date of this paper. (Evangelical dictionary of theology)). Anselm attempted to prove the existence of God via a much-debated theory known as the "ontological argument", which will be considered in further detail below."
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Proving God's Existence, 2002.
An analysis of the ideas of St. Anselm and St. Thomas Aquinas and their theories of proving God's existence.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper deals with St. Anselm's approach to proving there is a God and also deals with St. Thomas Aquinas' five ways of proving God. The paper shows that Anselm?s takes an ontological approach to explaining God?s existence and his argument is based on the idea that God is a perfect being. Anselm uses this nature of being to prove that God, not only exists, but also exists as the most perfect being. The paper discusses how St. Thomas Aquinas takes more of a universal or cosmological approach to proving God?s existence through five specific ways.
From the Paper
"One of the greatest questions of all time, ?Is there a God?? For as long as people have been walking the earth I think somewhere somebody was wondering if there was a greater being. For me personally it was a wonder as well. Before reading St. Anselm of Canterbury and St. Thomas Aquinas I never really thought about the existence of God too deeply. I had always just assumed God existed I did not really have much to say about why I thought God existed. But in today?s society it is important for many people to have proof or evidence to back ideas up. People like to have information before making a decision. Both St. Anselm and St. Thomas Aquinas provide unique views on the big question ?is there a God??"
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The Existence of God, 2007.
An argument in favor of the scientific and logical proof of the existence of God in this world.
1,549 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed exploration of the existence of God. The writer looks at society's need to believe in a God as well as any proof or evidence of a higher power in existence. It discusses the debate over scientific proof, as well as logical proof for God's existence. The paper concludes by suggesting that God does in fact exist, as is seen by the arguments presented in the paper.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Scientific Proof
A Practical Man's Proof of God
Social Belief
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Whether or not there is an existence of God has dominated school debates in philosophy classes for thousands of years.
Proof of God's existence can be argued with a study and discussion about creation. There are two basic facts when it comes to the existence of mankind. Either there was a beginning of existence or there was not a beginning of existence when it comes to mankind. Atheists believe there is no beginning when it comes to the creation of mankind and therefore society."
"The universe is expanding. This has been scientifically proven in recent years and with that expansion comes a better understanding of the creation process and the fact that there had to be a beginning. It is a fact that the scientific community calls a singularity (http://www.doesgodexist.org/Phamplets/Mansproof.html).
The fact that the sun provides a never ending supply of gas and energy is also an evidence based proof of God's existence. If one were to drive a car without ever putting any more fuel into it the car would eventually run out of gas. However, when one scientifically looks at the sun one realizes that if the sun and the cosmos and the universes have been here forever without a beginning it would have run out of hydrogen gas."
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God's Existence, 2002.
The Teleological argument for God's existence.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This is a teleological argument for God's existence. Cleanthes' argument for the existence of God is based on the assumption that the universe has an ordered arrangement. This is why Cleanthes attempts to present a case for order in the universe. In doing so, he argues for the existence of God. In his view, there is a design in the creation, and he believes that a certain amount of scientific thought was needed to create the universe.
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Berkeley?s Immaterialism and the Existence of God: A Case Study, 2001.
This paper discusses the philosopher George Berkeley's concept of immaterialism, his subsequent argument for the existence of God, and the reasons why his argument cannot be accepted as being valid.
1,665 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
An intricate discussion of philosopher George Berkeley's concept of immaterialism and his subsequent argument for the necessary existence of a Supreme Being, or God. The author outlines and analyzes Berkeley's two major philosophical treatises, and the main arguments found in each are clearly defined and presented in a succinct, yet detailed manner. Philosophical ideas/concepts discussed include the ?Likeness Principle? and the variability of sensory experience. The paper then presents Berkeley?s argument for the existence of God, which builds upon the already established theory of immaterialism by discussing the distinction between absolute and relative existence.
From the Paper
"Immaterialism, as defined by Berkeley, is the idea that it is impossible for any sensible qualities whatsoever to exist independent of a mind (Berkeley 1965, 5-6). This argument is brought forth succinctly and clearly in the Dialogues, in which Berkeley presents his case through the character of Philonous, and defends it against criticism by the character of Hylas. Although there are many aspects in both Principles and the Dialogues that contribute to the overall argument for immaterialism, for the purpose of this essay, only two of the strongest points will be discussed- the argument from variability and the likeness principle.
One of the key features of Berkeley?s argument for immaterialism centers on the variability of one?s sensory experiences in comparison to another?s. He notes that each individual perceives the world differently, whether in terms of smell, taste, sight, or touch. One of the ways in which this variability of sensory experiences is presented by Philonous to Hylas is during a discussion between the two concerning taste. Philonous points out that although a certain food may taste pleasant to one person, that same food may taste awful to another. ?How could this be?, Philonous asks Hylas, ?if taste was something really inherent in the food?? (Berkeley 1998, [180]) There is only apparent taste, and this requires dependence on a mind. The same argument is also applied to smell, touch, sight, extension, motion, and solidity, and is reasoned to be just as effective. Perceptual variability occurs with these senses/qualities as well, and none of the apparent smells or colors seem to be any more real than any other ([68-78])."
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A Restorative Justice System, 2008.
This paper explores the need for a restorative justice system to take the place of the existing criminal justice system.
2,746 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
The paper explores why the public seems to have low levels of confidence and trust in the justice system and the extent to which community residents participate in justice initiatives. The paper examines the potential and the limits of restorative justice as a mechanism and discusses increasing community and citizen involvement in the justice process. The paper clearly shows the evidence that approaches to justice in our modern Western society are ineffective. The paper explains how the criminal justice system ignores the public's role in addressing crime, and thus alienates the community. The paper concludes that future approaches to justice should revolve around a restorative system as opposed to a criminal justice system.
Outline:
Introduction: The General Public and the Criminal Justice System
Why the Public Seems to Have Low Levels of Confidence and Trust
in the Justice System
The Extent to Which Community Residents Participate in Justice
Initiatives
The Potential and the Limits of Restorative Justice as a Mechanism
For Increasing Community and Citizens' Involvement in the Justice Process
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Evidence shows that public confidence and trust in the criminal justice system is low. In Canada, a recent survey revealed that most citizens were dissatisfied with the government's response to crime, even though they found no fault with the police themselves (p. 64). It appears to be the criminal justice system itself that dissatisfies the public. Canadian citizens are dissatisfied with the performance of the criminal court, the prison system, and, in particular, the parole system (ibid). The same findings tend to be replicated in studies of other Western countries, such as the U.S. and Europe (p. 65)."
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Berkeley's Great Distaste for the Existence of Matter, 2002.
This paper critically analyzes George Berkeley's first argument against the existence of matter presented in "A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge."
2,220 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 0 sources, $ 68.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer critically examines Berkeley's first line of argument against the existence of matter that he presents in "A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge". This argument is frequently called "the Perception Argument" and is his first attempt to more firmly establish his central thesis of existence being tied into perception. The paper thoroughly explains the argument and presents Berkeley's responses to the most immediate objections that come up to it (the objections that are actually addressed in the text of his treatise). The writer also examines briefly how Berkeley's argument serves to contradict arguments regarding material substance made by Locke in "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding". The paper then offers a more robust objection to Berkeley's Perception Argument that attacks some key assumptions that the argument clearly relies on, specifically those regarding relationships between matter and ideas that Berkeley clearly assumes do not exist. The objection is furthered by examining the sections where Berkeley assumes that matter does exist in an attempt to show that such an assumption involves manifest contradictions.
From the Paper
" Over the course of reading A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, it becomes evident that Berkeley is not so much trying to convince the reader of a certain opinion of the nature of the world and our perception of it as much as he is trying to present his actual, everyday perception of the world and his existence in it. Berkeley repeatedly says things like, "Some truths there are so near and obvious to the mind, that a man need only open his eyes to see them," (?6) that suggest the intuitive obviousness that he sees in his doctrine. Frequently, a tone of frustration comes through in his writing - especially in the sections dealing with possible objections to his theory (?34-84) - illustrative of the difficulty he must have been feeling in trying to get everyone else to see what was so damn obvious to him. As such, many of Berkeley's arguments in support of his particular fundamental beliefs seem to be afterthoughts of their respective conclusions. His vision of the nature of existence being grounded in "esse is percipi" (?3) is so strong that he does not always seem to be too concerned with the particular logic behind his supporting arguments. This is especially true when it comes to his arguments denying the existence of matter. In this paper, I will argue that, while Berkeley's conclusion regarding the non-existence of matter is quite profound, his actual arguments for this conclusion do not sufficiently verify it. To do this, I will examine the first argument Berkeley makes against the existence of matter, the so-called "Perception Argument." I will argue that this argument relies heavily on a fallacious line of reasoning about the nature of matter and the inability of matter to cause ideas in us. I will then examine several passages in Principles that support the idea that Berkeley's belief that matter does not exist is grounded largely in his - or anyone else's - inability to really define what matter is. "
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Juvenile System vs. Adult Justice System, 2009.
A comparison of the goals and processes of the juvenile justice system versus the adult justice system in the US.
2,386 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the juvenile justice system with the adult justice system in America. It first discusses the purpose and goals of each system and the processes involved in each. It then looks at the court processes for each level of justice and the steps that are taken if an offender pleads guilty. In addition, the paper briefly looks at why the juvenile justice system appears to attempt to reform those in its system.
From the Paper
"Within the realm of a justice system is the basic social belief that society is responsible for rearing and raising children into peace-loving and useful adults (Steinberg 2001). Their family, friends, peers, the community, social workers, the justice system and everyone else in society each have a role to play in bringing them up to fit the image (Steinberg). Yet contemporary society, with a newly and recently evolved victim culture, has eagerly embraced therapy and a strong belief in the powers of social engineering (Stolba 2001). It finds the idea of certain individuals, especially children, as deliberately refusing to change as something simply distasteful. Many juvenile offenders are products of very unsettled times and turbulent environments. But it is the State's responsibility to save and reform them (Stolba). In that direction, it must first figure out how to categorize these offenders before it can appropriately deal with them in realizing its mission within the current system of justice."
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Existence of God, 2002.
A discussion on one of the most famous and debated arguments for the existence of God presented by an 11th century philosopher, theologian and church leader, Saint Anselm (1033-1109).
1,190 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The following paper argues that the ?ontological? argument for the existence of God is one of the weakest proofs for the existence of God. This paper describes the argument in some detail, analyzes its pros and cons and arrives at a logical conclusion.
From the Paper
"Immanuel Kant, the famous 18th century philosopher objected to the ontological argument for the existence of God by arguing, ?being is not a real predicate.? In simpler words Kant argued that ?existence? is not an attribute of an object like temperature, shape, size etc.; hence existence cannot be associated with the definition of an object. He has objected to attributing existence to the definition of an object because by doing so, we could prove anything exists by this method. Therefore the existence or non-existence of God cannot have anything to do with the definition of God.While focusing on the weaknesses of the Anselm?s ontological proof we must not totally disregard the counter-arguments of its supporters. It would, therefore, be appropriate to mention that other philosophers have argued that there are senses in which ?existence? is a predicate and Kant?s argument that ?existence is not a predicate? cannot be taken for granted."
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Existence and Human Freedom According to Jean-Paul Sartre, 2002.
Explores Jean-Paul Sartre's theory of existence and its significance to his concept of human freedom.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The concepts of existence and human freedom have been presented by Jean-Paul Sartre in his book entitled "Being and Nothingness", and they represent essential parts of his theory. However, Sartre also presents other related concepts, such as bad faith which as been referred to as a device that protects us from the anguish of realising that we are freer than we like to think we are. With this in mind, the purpose of this paper will be to examine why Sartre thought that existence is absurd, as well as the significance of this idea to his view of human freedom.
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Existence of God, 2002.
Discusses and critiques various theories from philosophical history dealing with the existence of God.
1,560 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
Existence of God has always been a contentious philosophical issue and therefore it has been heatedly debated since ancient times. This paper looks at theories and arguments based on causality (trace chain of effect and cause backward and one must reach a fist cause) and on ontological arguments which seek to establish the existence of God based on pure logic. The paper then examines whether these arguments and views are still valid.
From the Paper
"Apart from the ontological view, there is another important view known as the cause/effect argument first given to us by Thomas Aquinas. This view revolves around the idea that if I exists than God does too because I couldn?t have occurred without a possible cause. God was the cause in my case and in the case of everything else that takes place in the world, such as movement of planets, setting and rising of sun and so on. ?I exist so God exists? argument has been upheld by many thinkers and philosophers over the centuries, most prominent being Benedict Spinoza, W. L. Craig and C. D. Broad."
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