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Bennett and Lennon on Locke, 2008.
A comparison of the views of Jonathan Bennett and Thomas Lennon, concerning John Locke's conception of ideas and qualities.
1,230 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how John Locke's distinction between ideas and qualities, outlined in his "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding", would become a point of contention between Jonathan Bennett and Thomas Lennon. In particular, the paper takes a look at Bennet's book "Learning from Six Philosophers" and Lennon's critical article "Bennett on Ideas and Qualities in Locke's Essay". The paper concludes that Locke can be confusing at times because the distinction between ideas and qualities is not always clearly drawn in the text, but the ideas are more clear when closely examined by later thinkers.
From the Paper
"In 1996, Jonathan Bennett offered his own version of a standard objection raised against Locke, that the distinction between ideas and qualities is ill-formed and exposes a fundamental confusion about ideas and qualities that runs throughout Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Bennett says that Locke tends to use the word "idea" to mean "quality." Bennett also says that the distinction is intended to be clear and that Locke addresses it by stating that whatever the mind perceives in itself is an idea, while qualities are those "ideas" that are produced I the mind by sensation of the object and quality in question. Locke uses a snowball as an example and says the snowball itself produces the ideas of white, cold, and round. These are qualities because they are ideas that are in the snowball and then imparted to the mind as the mind experiences the snowball."
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John Locke and Private Property, 2002.
Examines the views of philosopher John Locke on the subject of property.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
John Locke wrote at a time of social unrest and questioning, at a time when the long-standing sovereignty of kings as ordained by God was being questioned. Locke did not see the power of kings as derived from the will of God but rather as developing as the result of some social condition. The paper shows that Locke asked first what state man would be in if there were no government and he found that human beings originated in the state of nature, the state that existed before human beings came together to form a society and a government. It shows that Locke saw this state of nature as placing the individual into a state of perfect freedom, with no necessity to ask any other person before determining his or her own actions or disposing of their own property. Property was an essential element in Locke's thinking, with the relationship of the individual to his property as being of paramount importance. The paper shows that the ownership of property was seen as a fundamental right, meaning that it was a right born in the state of nature. For Locke, the defense of individual liberty is inseparable from the defense of private property.
From the Paper
"The individual in society does not have absolute freedom, showing that something has been lost from the state of nature. Locke sees human beings as having agreed to give up certain rights and powers through some form of agreement. Society is thus formed when men cede certain powers to a central authority. Private property rights are to be protected by this state that has been created--human beings have given up certain rights in order to assure the protection of their property from the depredations of others. Locke traces the concept of private property from the time when God gave the world to Adam and his posterity. Locke sees political power as being "for the regulating and preserving of property" (Locke 4), among other things."
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John Locke's Philosophy of Government, 2007.
This paper examines the work of several critics in order to analyze the meaning of political power as presented by John Locke in his "The Second Treatise of Civil Government".
3,850 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that John Locke suggestion, in his "The Second Treatise of Civil Government", that establishing the rule of law without the use of force is not easy; however, Locke's discussion is clouded not only by vagueness but also by the fact that he "says too much". The author stresses that there is evidence that John Locke indeed supported the American colonies' drive for freedom. The paper relates that Locke points out specifically in his "Second Treatise" that taking property without the will and consent of the people is against both natural law and the fiduciary nature of civil authority.
Table of Contents:
The Limits and Functions of Government
Political Power
Hobbes on Sovereignty
Does Locke Trust People Too Much?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In fact, the British had repealed the Stamp Act after the colonies dumped tea in Boston harbor and otherwise rebelled against heavy-handed British rule; the colonies also objected to the very fact that they had come over to the new world seeking both religious freedom and a chance to get a new start economically. And from far away in England, came oppressive rule and taxation "without representation." Locke expressed - in his Letter on Toleration, which was "highly esteemed in New England" and which "the care of souls cannot belong to the civil magistrate," ..."
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John Locke, 2007.
This paper discusses the life and views of John Locke, arguably one of the most influential philosophers of all time.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer presents a detailed examination of John Locke from a political sociological viewpoint. The writer examines Locke's position on an individual's place in nature, as well as his ideas concerning the state and the individual and society. The writer points out that Locke believed that people had rights and that if those rights were challenged they had the ability and the right to rise up and dismantle the government that challenged them. Further, the writer notes that Locke felt that human beings had the right to live freely and without fear, if they had ideas that went against the majority of that time. The writer concludes with a discussion about Locke's views and their relevance in today's society.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Major Issues
Place in Nature
Politically Speaking
Today
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"During Locke's lifetime there were several major societal issues that were being dealt with. It was as time of great political unrest and it was a time in which religion played a much more important role in the daily lives of people than it does today.
The religious aspect of life was closely tied to the political outcomes during the era in which Locke lived. The religious leaders were given a significant amount of power in deciding what the laws and rules of the land would be and the King's religious beliefs were those that everyone was expected to believe in and follow.
In addition, science was at a point in society that threatened many of the ideas and beliefs that mankind had held dear for so many years. With the work of Isaac Newton and others beginning to disprove many things that society had readily accepted in the past it was a scary and unsure time for society and the foundation by which it had built itself on.
It was an era in which speaking out against a religious conviction held by the King could get one imprisoned or killed."
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John Locke and Politics, 2004.
A look at the contributions of English philosopher, John Locke, to political philosophy.
1,239 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how John Locke?s theory of politics was greatly influenced by the period dealing with consolidation of power in England, a time when King William was beginning to challenge the domination of Europe by King Louis XIV of France. It discusses John Lock's theory of government and property rights, which were the cornerstone of his book, "Treaties of Government".
Introduction
John Locke?s Philosophy on Government and Property
My Reflections on Locke?s Theory of Government and Property Rights
Locke?s Property Rights Vs. Pursuit of Happiness
From the Paper
"There were also conflicts between Protestants, Anglicans and Catholics. These difficulties eventually led to a civil war in England {1640s}. King Charles I was defeated in the war and there were intellectual debates about what type of government and institutions should be in place. The debates also focused on such other issues as the abolishment of the monarchy, the Anglican Church and the House of Lords. The establishment of Oliver Cromwell?s Protectorate, which ended with Cromwell?s death in 1650, followed this period."
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John Locke and Consent, 2004.
Discussion of Locke's argument that consent is the only basis for legitimate political authority.
1,444 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper emphasizes Locke?s contention on consent, according to which Locke states that consent is the only basis for legitimate political authority. Consideration and analysis of this contention, along with discussions of the following questions are elaborated further in the essay. What are Astell's criticisms of Locke on consent? Are they good ones? Why or why not? Are there others? Does Locke's criterion rule out too little or too much?
From the Paper
"John Locke was born in the year 1632; his name is still counted amongst the renowned philosophers of that era. Although he has written many works related to philosophy but he is widely known and accepted for his formulation of liberal political philosophy. John Locke presented his own views and opinions regarding the liberal political philosophy and gradually his formulation was read and understood."
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John Locke, 2008.
This is a historical study and analysis of John Locke's philosophy towards the American Declaration of Independence and his influence on the American Revolution.
2,530 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This essay analyzes the importance of John Locke's philosophy on the American Declaration of Independence of 1776. The paper analyzes various segments of Locke's "The Second Treatise of Civil Government," the philosophical influence of the 'government by consent' for American leaders who sought to create a new representational republican government. This paper argues that the basis of Locke's philosophy on governing is readily applicable to the way and manner in which personal liberties took a greater value in early America. By understanding the premise of life, liberty, and the pursuit of individual liberties, Locke's philosophy represents a major influence on how America's revolution created a republican government that denied absolutist governmental institutions within this historical period.
From the Paper
"The ultimate act of revolution must stem from a dissolution of the laws that had once formed the unity of government. Locke also proposed this solution when a government had violated its own laws, especially through the corruption of those that rule or make these laws in association with the people. For the Founding Fathers, the ideology of representational government had become paramount, as they had virtually no rights to legally debate or vote in laws that might be beneficial for them, as well as the British government. They defined these beliefs through Locke's understanding of the inherent right of those being ruled to have a legal representation, even under a monarchy..."
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John Locke.
This paper discusses the literature and the works of philosopher John Locke.
1,065 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although John Locke is best known today as a philosopher whose thinking and writing had, and continues to have, an enormous impact on democratic institutions, he also was an Oxford University scholar, a medical researcher and physician, a political operative, an economist, and an ideologue. The author points out that Locke's writings did not always carry the weight that they do today; but today, Locke's writings are used by a diverse assortment of organizations, including the National Rifle Association, to bolster or justify their positions. The paper relates that Locke had a marvelous way of putting the human condition into simple yet profound terms; for example, one of his famous quotes is "A sound mind in a sound body is a short but full description of a happy state in this world."
From the Paper
"Locke had seen what happened to society when the powers of the church and of the government were combined: "...churches frequently used the force of the state to promote and enforce their interests and doctrines." This combination of church and state "caused horrendous atrocities against Jews and heretics, as well as the European religious wars between Catholics and Protestants" in the 16th and 17th Centuries, which resulted in millions of deaths. In his writings - which later influenced Jefferson and Madison to add "the right of religious freedom" into the Bill of Rights to the Constitution - Locke agreed that force was sometimes necessary when the state needed to punish a person for violating "any other man's rights.""
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John Locke, 2005.
This paper discusses John Locke's theory on politics and the establishment of government.
1,695 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that John Locke (1632-1704), English philosopher and social scientist, founded the school of empiricism and applied empirical analysis to ethics, politics and religion, was the guiding light for the founding fathers of the United States during the American Revolution; and his thoughts on politics and government are incorporated in the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. The author points out that, in the present day, post-socialist world, Locke's liberalism is more relevant than ever since there is once again a danger in Western societies to move in a direction in which social justice and compassion for the weak, civil liberty and the rights of minorities are being put on the back-burner. The paper relates that Locke's views about politics and the government are still relevant and have stood the test of time three hundred years after his death when several other political theories such as Socialism have fallen by the wayside because of the balance of his ideas.
Table of Contents
Political Theories
Political Liberalism: Refutation of Hobbes
Natural Rights
Social Contract
Nature of Government: Separation of Powers
Views on Tax by the Government
The Right to Revolt
Agreeing with John Locke
From the Paper
"His theory about the establishment of government appeared at a time in Western history when a transition from the standard monarchial form of government to a more representative form of government was taking place. It was a crucial period. If John Locke's liberal ideas about the sovereignty of the people and their right to place their trust in a government for advancing their interests through a 'social contract' (and their right to change it if the trust was breached) had not been put across with the force of empirical logic, there was every chance that authoritarianism would have become the norm in Western societies. In the seventeenth century Europe, it was only John Locke's genius that managed to stop the formidable political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes in its tracks: the philosophy that advocated absolutism and concentration of power, albeit in a group of people (the legislature) rather than in an individual-- the monarch."
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Locke and Government, 2008.
This paper looks at John Locke's concept of government as a trust.
943 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how John Locke conceives of government as a trustee, exercising power for the benefit of the society in general. The paper discusses Locke's "Second Treatise on Government" and how a critical requirement of goverment for Locke is that the power of government can never extend farther than the common good, and to be directed to no ends but the peace, safety, and good of the people. The paper concludes that Locke set the foundation for much of the political theory of western democracies.
From the Paper
"A trust is a legal arrangement under which one person (or entity), a trustee, exercises power over property for the benefit of someone else, the beneficiary. This power must be exercised for the benefit of the beneficiary in keeping with the concept of fiduciary duty (Black, 1680). John Locke envisioned government as a trustee for the benefit of society.
"As he explains in the Second Treatise on Government, beginning in chapter 9, entitled "Of the Ends of Political Society and Government," the individual gives up the rights he has in the state of nature in order to enjoy the security of a governed society. In the state of nature, "he be absolute lord of his own person and possessions, equal to the greatest, and subject to no body" (ch 9, 123), but "the enjoyment of [this freedom] is very uncertain, and constantly exposed to the invasion of others" (ch. 9, 123). To gain the benefits of order, he will give up his freedom, but only so that he can improve his condition."
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John Locke, 2003.
A discussion on John Locke, his views and contributions to society.
1,686 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper begins with a brief overview of John Locke and his life. It continues to discuss the influences of his views and writings as a philosopher. In conclusion, the paper expands on his political contributions and highlights how his opinions have stood the test of time.
Outline
John Locke: A Brief Biography
The Influences in Locke's Works and How he Fits in his Time
John Locke in the Contemporary Times
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Locke's contribution to his generation and the modern society focused on the role of the government and the people to each other. Despite of the changing course of politics in the seventeenth century, Locke was able to also shift his intellect effectively. The various political situations that happened in his time had been useful to the future generation because from his works, the contemporary times has gained basis and reference for the ideologies they fight for which are related to Locke's philosophies and writings."
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John Locke, 2007.
A discussion of John Locke's philosophy.
951 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper examines John Locke's philosophy and its impact on the Enlightenment. The author describes how some of Locke's outlooks were considered heresy. His essays and presentations did much to usher in an entirely new way of thinking, and this is why he has been called the father of Enlightenment. The paper includes many quotes by Locke and analyzes two of his treatises. The paper concludes with a biographical background of Locke and how his life may have influenced his philosophy.
From the Paper
" A look at Locke's early life shows why his thinking was so well rounded. He first was trained in an area of study that would have led him to become a 'man of the cloth' but instead of choosing that direction he turned to medicine as a field of study. Eventually he was granted the right to practice medicine, and did so, but also began to study in his quest to become a member of the Royal Society. Much of his training had to do with the manner of mankind's attempts to think from both a spiritual aspect and a physical aspect. His assertions included a mixture of many different areas, including; spiritual, medical, physical as well as external and internal influences on mankind's thinking process and the ideas and knowledge gained by those processes."
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Locke And Hobbes On Property - A Natural Right?, 2002.
This paper discusses property as discussed by John Locke and Thomas Hobbes.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
It focuses mainly on the latter's views, but uses Hobbes as a point of comparison. In his "Two Treatises of Government" (1690), Locke sets forth a view that the state exists to preserve national rights of citizens. This was significant in his views on property, as we will see. Property is inherently the joining of the earth - which is common to all men - and the application of one's body - or his/her labor. The fruit of that union is considered property by Locke, who goes onto argue that property was, therefore, a natural right. Hobbes, on the other hand, argued that property was the effect of the commonwealth, which exists only through civil laws given by the sovereign. This essay will argue that Locke's account of the methods of and limits of property acquisition in the state of nature differ from those of Hobbes. Locke argued that property was a natural right; Hobbes did not.
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John Locke and the American Declaration of Independence, 2007.
This paper demonstrates John Locke's influence on the Declaration of Independence.
1,049 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the importance of John Locke's philosophy on the American Declaration of Independence of 1776. The paper examines various segments of Locke's "The Second Treatise of Civil Government" and shows how the textual language within the Declaration of Independence reflects his philosophy. The paper discusses the historical proof that Locke was not merely a secondary influence on the document but that he was a main philosophical component of the birth of the American republican ideology.
From the Paper
"The first philosophical basis of the Declaration of Independence was found upon Enlightenment philosophers, such as John Locke. In many ways, the development for a new phase of human freedom was being known through such terms as "natural rights", which were based on new perspectives about Nature and the way that human beings interrelated within a government prospectus. Although some may argue that Locke played a minor part in the many influences on the document, it is apparent that his philosophy is paramount to the anti-monarchical disposition of the Continental Congress. The dictates of new governing principle relied on the importance of human liberty for all, not simply the few that controlled government."
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Hobbes and Locke, 2004.
This essay contrasts the ideologies of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, concentrating on the constitutive value in their writings.
1,995 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although both philosophers share similar views, Hobbes and Locke have very different observations regarding laws and rights. It gives the following examples: the natural law, the social contract, and most importantly, fundamental law. The author points out that Hobbes takes the absolutist viewpoint supporting an absolute sovereign, while Locke supports a more democratic approach against an absolute sovereign. The paper concludes that both Hobbes and Locke shared vital theories that assisted in the creation of the United States Constitution.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Constitutionalist
The Absolutist
In Conclusion
From the Paper
"From this, we get Locke?s next section in the Second Treatise, which is on the state of war, which occurs within the state of nature. Locke tells us that the state of war is a ?state of Enmity and Destruction? where ?a sedate settled design is put upon another Mans Life.? In this case, there is a conscious design to end someone?s life, which can be linked to rights within the state of nature. The state of war is entered when a threat of life is made where the design of war has been instituted. The state of war can also be achieved when the freedom of a person is tampered with, as Locke states, ?for no body can desire to have me in his absolute power.?"
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