| Papers [1-9] of 9 | Search results on "BASQUE CULTURE": |
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The Basque, 2005.
This paper discusses the history and culture of the Basque who today consider their "nation" to be located in the seven Pyrenean provinces, four in Spain and three in France.
1,385 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although the origins of the Basque people are unclear but possibly of Turkish, Magyar or Berber descent, the Basques may be the oldest indigenous race in Europe; their language Euskera has supposedly been traced back to Babel. The author points out that, for centuries, the region south of the Pyrenees was recognized as "una tierra apartada", a self-governing area, subject to an absolute monarchy and had its own code of laws and rights (fueros); in 1876, the Basque country was assimilated into the rest of Spain. The paper relates that the Spanish Civil War had a major impact on the Basque because the Franco regime, which exercised cultural repression over the whole nation, was particularly severe in those regions where a language other than Spanish was spoken.
From the Paper
"The father of Basque nationalism, Sabino Arana, described by Mark Kurlansky as an 'unpleasant zealot', insisted that to be Basque a person's four grandparents must all have been born in the Basque country and have Euskera names - a qualification which would be much modified when the terrorist organization ETA admitted to its membership people whose families came from elsewhere in Spain. Both Arana's party and ETA were officially founded on the saint's day, 31 July, of the Basques' most famous son, Ignatius Loyola. (The first Basque underground movement in the 1950s, formed by a handful of Guipuzcoans, initially called itself by the acronym ATA, unaware that in the dialect of the neighbouring province, Viscaya, ata means 'duck'.) "
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ETA and the Basque Nationalist Movement, 2006.
Discusses the role of the organization Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) in the Basque nationalist movement and its consequences.
2,550 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the origins of the Basque nationalist separatist organization, Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), and the purpose of its formation. It looks at how ETA has evolved since its foundation in 1959 and investigates the changes that have taken place within the organization itself. The paper also examines ETA's motives and its methods, and what it represents in the minds of the Basque and Spanish people alike. Lastly, the paper discusses how ETA and its actions have affected the Basque Country, Spain, and the rest of the world. The paper concludes that the most significant possible affect of ETA on Basque nationalism is the maintenance of the current ceasefire, which could change the course of the Basque nationalist movement forever.
From the Paper
"The struggle for an autonomous Euskadi (Basque Country) pre-dates the Franco era, with its emergence being in the 1870s. 'The incorporation of Euskadi into Spain under the hegemony of the province of Castile and the loss of the fueros led to the first manifestations of Basque nationalism.' These "fueros" were rights or privileges of the Basques, which granted them a certain amount of municipal military and fiscal autonomy. At the end of the Second Carlist War in 1876 the government abolished the "fueros" of the provinces of Guipuzcoa, Biscay and Alava as punishment for their support of the Carlist rebellion. This abolition, on top of the rapid industrialisation of the region that caused, much to the displeasure of the working-class, and influx of thousands of maketos (a derogatory term used by the nationalists to describe workers from other parts of Spain), was to mark the beginning of Basque nationalism and prompted the establishment of the PNV (Partido Nacionalista Vasco, Basque Nationalist Party) by Sabino de Arana y Goiri in 1895. The party was founded as a Catholic conservative party canvassing for the restoration of self-government. The slogan used by the PNV around the time of its establishment was "God and the Old Laws", referring to the PNV's defence of both Catholicism and of Basque autonomy through the fueros. Arana himself was an intellectual and a political theorist who left a significant legacy for the Basque people. Essentially, he wanted to return to a pre-industrialised Basque Country. It was he who promoted many of the mythologies of Basque history, while advocating a clearly exclusionist and even racist attitude towards immigrants. Aranismo is the extreme version of Basque nationalism, and it is important to remember during this discussion that the Basque nationalist movement is a multi-faceted one, with many internal disagreements. The PNV represented a compromise between the radical Aranistas and moderate nationalists, an organisation in which all nationalists could feel at home, and this was perhaps Arana's greatest legacy of all."
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Euskera, the Basque Language, 2007.
This paper discusses the Basque language, Euskera, which is considered to be endangered.
1,585 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Euskera was once spoken in Aragon and West Catalonia as far back as the 7th century and, in the 9th and 10th centuries, through mass migration, it reached south of Alava. The author points out that the decline of this language was partly due to decisions made concerning the supremacy of Spanish during the Bourbon period of the 18th Century, which stigmatized Euskera as being only suitable for farmers and peasants whereas Spanish was used exclusively in education and instruction. The paper concludes that Euskera, the Basque language, is almost without monolingual speakers but whether it is doomed extinction is debatable. The paper includes some long quotations.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
An Historical Overlook of Euskera
Spanish and French Attitudes Concerning the Basque Language
Protecting Euskera
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Industrialization also played its part during the 19th century. The need for workers resulted in mass immigration and saw the arrival of so many monolingual Spanish speakers that their numbers far outweighed those of the Basque speakers. The fact that the Spanish speakers moved into several areas where the language had already been lost and the fact that the Franco government prohibited the use of Euskera, both helped to ensured that the language would become endangered."
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Basque Nationalism: A Comprehensive Study, 2000.
This paper provides a comprehensive look at the realities of the Basque struggle and the way that it is perceived according to international media groups.
6,145 words (approx. 24.6 pages), 18 sources, $ 144.95
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From the Paper
"The Basque nationalist movement is rapidly rising to the top ranks of separatist movements in Europe. However, it is one of the least understood among them. With the peace process in Northern Ireland slowly but steadily taking hold and the situation in the former Yugoslavia shakily maintaining the appearance of being under control, a vacuum has been created for the study of another European nationalism. In conjunction with this vacuum, the most brutal offensive by the Basque terrorist group ETA -Basque Homeland and Liberty- since 1992 has brought the Basque question into the spotlight. While most media sources report on only the current violence conducted by extremists, this paper will explore the various faces of Basque nationalism throughout its history."
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The Basque Country: Violence and Identity, 2000.
A look at how, since the late 1960s, militant Basque nationalists have used terrorism in an attempt to gain independence and how Spain has responded with police crack-downs and repression.
2,280 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 7 sources, $ 70.95
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From the Paper
"Basque issue it inherited from Franco?s dictatorship. The conflict has two basic issues. Historically, the Basques are not linked with the Spaniards. The Basques have a separate identity, demonstrated by a different culture and an entirely different language. The other issue is violence. Since the late 1960s, militant Basque nationalists have used terrorism in an attempt to gain independence. Spain has responded with police crack-downs and repression. However, the problem goes further. Issues of civil rights and the ability of the state to use force against its citizens have all been affected by the Basque conflict. These issues affect all Spanish citizens, but they have arisen from the regional conflict in the Basque country."
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Basque Eta Group, 2002.
A discussion of the Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) as both a revolutionary and evolutionary group.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, $ 55.95
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Abstract
Discusses the Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) as both a revolutionary and evolutionary group. Various perspectives of ETA as a terrorist organization or freedom fighters seeking independence from Spain's control. Politics, tactics & long-term goal of establishing a Basque homeland. ETA use of negotiation as well as violence. Origin of group.
From the Paper
"Assessment of the Basque group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) depends on one's political perspective. From the point of view of the group itself and its supporters, the ETA is comprised of freedom fighters, revolutionaries seeking liberty and independence from Spain's control. From the perspective of the Spanish government, the ETA is a terrorist organization willing to use whatever means are necessary to achieve its radical political goals. Such opponents of the ETA hold that the group is violent and will remain violent even when it vows to give up its violence. To other, less extreme Basque liberation organizations, the ETA is justifiable in its ultimate goals of independence, but counter-productive in its violent tactics and strategy.
The reality is that all of these perspectives are correct to some degree, and the reason for this is that the ETA is an..."
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Basque Culture, 1996.
Anthropological analysis of Spanish-French group. History, population, geography, ethnicity, language, archaeology.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 13 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"Present day Basques come to the attention of most of the world in relation to nationalistic and terrorist activities seeking independence from Spain (Ben-Ami, 1991, p. 493). The Basque homeland, however, straddles the international border between Spain and France (Clark, 1990, p. 93). Approximately 18,000 square kilometers of the Basque homeland is within the borders of Spain, while the remaining 3,000 (approximate) kilometers lie in France. Of the approximately three million residents of the Basque homeland, approximately 2.7 million reside in Spain, while the remaining 300,000 (approximate) reside in France. The Basques in France, however, have not actively ..."
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Terrorism, 1990.
Separatist-nationalist: Palestine Liberation Organization, Irish Republican Army, Basque Homeland. Provides a definition and looks at their theory, motivation and strategies.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"Terrorism is nearly as problematic to define as it is to predict and control. Like obscenity, many people are convinced that they know it when they see it, but when pressed for a specific definition, few can provide one. This is partly due to the fact that terrorism, its practitioners, characteristics, and tactics, are diverse and constantly evolving. Also, the terrorist and his victim are unlikely to agree on what constitutes terrorism.
Be that as it may, one of the most comprehensive and widely used definitions of terrorism was formulated by George Bush's 1986 Vice Presidential Task Force on combating terrorism. It states that terrorism is, "The unlawful use or threat of violence against persons or property to further political or social objectives. It is usually intended to intimidate or coerce a.."
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Imperial Spain in Decline, 2002.
This paper reviews the book "Spain in Decline: 1621-1700," by Reginald Trevor Davies.
995 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the book "Spain in Decline: 1621-1700," by Reginald Trevor Davies that outlines three factors for the decline of Imperial Spain: Economic and financial debilities, a military decline and a decline of patriotic and religious feelings. The paper describes the revolution in the Basque Provinces. The author states that this book of history reads like a novel.
From the Paper
"These revolts helped in Spain's decline by weakening the government's position and creating unrest in the people, so they did not trust or follow government reforms meant to strengthen the country. Too many people wanted autonomy from Spain's government, and this division left the remainder of Spain weak and unprepared for further problems, inside or outside the country. Clearly, this was an important juncture for Spain; and had they handled it with more aplomb, they might have avoided some of the unrest and division that separated the country, and helped lead to its decline in world exploration and domination."
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