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Viruses and Bacteria, 2004.
Describes the structure and function of viruses and bacteria.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the structure, composition and function of viruses and bacteria. The paper also describes a disease caused by a virus and its treatment as well as a virus caused by a bacterium and its treatment. In addition, the paper discusses the development of antibiotic resistance by bacteria.
From the Paper
"Viruses are not composed of cells and cannot metabolize or multiply on their own. They consist of either DNA or RNA in from four to thousands of genes surrounded by a protein coat. Sometimes there is an additional coat surrounding the protein. Viruses can be as small as ribosomes or large enough to be seen under a normal light microscope. The genes of a virus can be composed of single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA and the coat can consists of one..."
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From Bacteria to Viruses, 2005.
An overview of bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.
4,600 words (approx. 18.4 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 135.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the classification, structure and functioning of bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. The paper presents the methods of reproduction and mechanisms of pathogenesis, and then lists the antimicrobial agents used against them. For each case, the paper highlights one disease and discusses the laboratory diagnosis.
From the Paper
"Bacteria are prokaryotes, i.e. they do not have their DNA enclosed in a nucleus. They are among the earliest life forms that appeared on Earth billions of years ago and helped change the environment, creating oxygen which enabled higher forms to evolve..."
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Plaque Bacteria, 1994.
The properties of oral bacteria, pathogenesis and its control.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Plaque Bacteria: Ecology, Pathogenesis, and Control
The human mouth contains an abundance of micro.organisms. These oral bacteria have certain characteristics in common. For example, all possess surface molecules and the concomitant capacity for cell.to.cell interaction. This contributes to their ability to form dental plaque. Plaque is a protective bacterial film which naturally accumulates on teeth. It has a number of beneficial effects. Excessive plaque formation, however, may also contribute to diseases such as gingivitis and peridontitis. Therefore, bacterial proliferation in the mouth requires some form of control. Various means can be employed to maintain microbial populations at levels compatible with health. Currently, antimicrobial agents are used. Perhaps in the future additional methods will evolve."
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The Role of Bacteria on Periodontitis, 2006.
This paper contains in-depth research into to the symptoms, causes and treatment of gum disease and tooth loss due to periodontitis.
2,045 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This detailed paper defines periodontitis as the swelling of the soft tissues surrounding the teeth which is characterized by puffy tender gums and if left untreated ultimately results in tooth loss. Periodontitis arises due to the deposition of bacterial plaque in the teeth below the gum line. This paper details the causes, symptoms and treatment of periodontitis.
Topics covered in this report include:
What is Periodontitis?
Bacteria and Periodontitis
What are the Causes for Periodontitis?
What are the Signs of Periodontitis?
How to Prevent Gum Disease?
Treatment for Periodontitis
Periostat and Periodontitis
Role of Bacteria in Periodontitis
Role of Bacteria in Oral Halitosis
Spirochaetes, a Special Form of Bacteria
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Bacteria are the main cause for a gum disease, and to improve the gum health it is important to remove bacteria. But bacteria are not the straight cause for the gum and dental bone tissue damage and consequent teeth loss. The gum and bone tissue damage are actually caused by the body's own resistance against bacterial infection. But how can this be? The body has a natural infection-fighting mechanism and it sends white blood cells to the infected site."
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Infectious Bacteria, Viruses, and Eukaryotes, 2004.
An analysis of infectious organisms and how they cause various diseases.
3,225 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the threats of infectious organisms, with a focus on their ports of entry. The paper explains that typical portals of entry include the mouth, ears, eyes, urethra, nose, and skin, while non-typical portals might include wounds, broken skin, insect bites, or even animal bites or stings. The paper explores the E. coli bacteria, Hepatitis A ,and Guardia Lamblia, providing explanations of how these diseases may be contracted and various methods for treatment and prevention.
Outline
Introduction
The Mouth and Gastrointestinal Tract
Defense Mechanisms
The E. coli Bacteria
E. Coli Taxonomy and Virulence
Treatment and Prevention
Hepatitis A
Taxonomy
Treatment and Prevention
Guardia Lamblia
Taxonomy
Treatment and Prevention
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Indeed, the specialized preferences of many organisms with regard to ports of entry are so consistent that it is often taken as a hallmark of a particular organism in the diagnosis phase. This is especially important when one notes that the symptoms of characteristic of a specific infection usually give clear clues as to the point of entry. Although it is important to consider the point of entry when diagnosing the cause of illness in a patient, it can also be important for many aspects of disease prevention, especially when a high risk for a particular organism is present in one?s environment. For example, if one knows that he or she is working in an environment where there is a high incidence of an airborne pathogen, steps can be taken (the wearing of masks the use of patient isolation procedures for example) to minimize possible exposures to that pathogen."
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Growth of Bacteria, 2002.
A detailed investigation into how bacterial growth is affected by antibacterial agents.
3,500 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with how spots occur (inflamed lesions), and their subsequent bacterial growth. It gives details into how the effect of various concentrations of anti-bacterial facewashes affect the spread of bacteria. A thorough experimental aceptic technique is made reference to in this paper.
From the Paper
"A spot starts when a pore in the skin becomes blocked ? usually with oil (sebum) and dead skin cells, which the skin produces. As the pore becomes blocked, it becomes infected with bacteria, which are normally present on the surface of the skin. These bacteria breakdown the oil and dead cells to form chemicals which cause swelling, redness and the formation of an ?inflamed lesion? or a SPOT."
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The Spread of Bacteria on University Campuses, 2008.
A discussion of the impact of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus on American University Campuses.
8,634 words (approx. 34.5 pages), 19 sources, APA, $ 182.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the impact of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus on American university campuses. The paper explains that methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) gained public fame as the notorious "flesh eating bacteria." MRSA is serious because, unlike non-resistant forms of Staphylococcus aureus, it does not respond readily to a host of antibiotics commonly used to treat such illnesses. This paper utilizes the results of a survey done on MRSA and university students to develop a plan that can be used by American college campuses to help control the spread of MRSA among the student population. The paper points out that MRSA is typically associated with a hospital setting, but as outbreaks began to occur that were obviously not of a hospital origin, a new classification system was developed. The paper then looks at how this classification system has more to do with disease prevention and community health than clinical treatment of the disease.
Table of Contents:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Chapter 3: Methodology
Chapter 4: Results
Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusions
Appended is a survey questionnaire
From the Paper
"MRSA has been the subject of many clinical studies. There is an abundance of information one the various drugs that have been developed to help combat the disease, its history and mutations, and methods of control in various populations. A majority of the literature has focused on MRSA in the healthcare setting. However, there is a growing body of literature that addresses MRSA in settings other than in hospitals. The reason for this growth in interest regarding Community Acquired MRSA is the growing number of outbreaks on college campuses, particularly among sports participants.
Literature focuses on the clinical aspects of control and treatment. However, there is little information on the reason for the growing concern on college campus."
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Bacteria & Antibiotics, 1997.
Examines resistance to antimicrobial agents. Discusses reasons for their spreadability, genetic transfer and mutation. Examines the use of prescription & broad spectrum drugs and patient compliance.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 10 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
" BACTERIA & ANTIBIOTICS
Introduction
Lele (1991) reports that non-response to drugs is a problem that all clinicians face. The cause may be due to resistance of the invading micro-organism or the drug used, drug dose, frequency, duration, and administration, or inadequate patient compliance.
Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms
Antibiotics have been found to reduce mortality from infectious diseases, however, the prevalence of these diseases remains. It is hypothesized that use and misuse of antimicrobial agents facilitates the evolution of bacterial resistance which results in therapeutic failure. This trend is due to new resistance mechanisms and the spreading of well-characterized.."
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Bacteria and Antibiotics, 1999.
Examines the effects of streptomycin from a molecular genetics perspective. Discusses binding, mutation, synergy and experiments.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"BACTERIAL RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS: A MOLECULAR GENETICS PERSPECTIVE WITH A FOCUS ON STREPTOMYCIN
An antibiotic is any substance produced by a microorganism (such as bacteria or fungi) that it sends outside its cell to harm or kill another microorganism. Thus, if an organism is able to produce chemicals that inhibit or kill other nearby organisms, it has an advantage in competing for local resources (Harley, Klein, and Prescott 15).
Antibiotic resistance is a growing clinical problem as bacterial infections become more difficult to treat. An understanding of the mechanism of antibiotic resistance can enhance the effectiveness of the future development of new compounds that can combat antibiotic resistance (Leung, Hon, Wright, and Berghuis 1)."
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Antibiotic Resistance, 2006.
This paper explores the evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria and focuses on bacteria's rapid mutagenic properties.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper that examines the effect of antibiotics on the evolution of present day bacteria. These bacterial are considered in light of anti-biotic resistance. The paper also focuses on bacteria's rapid mutagenic properties. Additionally, the paper further explores how pharmaceutical companies are trying to outsmart bacteria's ability to mutate and survive. The mechanisms of action for antibiotics are provided as well as an explanation of why antibiotic resistance is so prevalent.
From the Paper
"Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928. When it was first introduced to the public in 1944, 94% of the most commonly known bacteria were still susceptible to eradication and it saved countless lives. By 1950, the number was reduced to 50% and the number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has continued to increase. Similarly, life threatening bacterial infections are on the rise as new forms of bacteria are discovered. Many of these bacteria had their origins in disease strains that were previously treated effectively with antibiotics. However, with the rise in use of antibiotics over the past several decades in industry and agriculture along with the increase in number and types of antibiotics produced and over prescribed by physicians, bacteria being highly adaptogenic have mutated into antibiotic-resistant strains. This paper will discuss the main mechanisms of antibiotic effectivity, discuss what is leading to antibiotic resistance among bacteria, state..."
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Chicken Wing Microbiology, 2006.
A report on how to remove bacteria from chicken wings and the efficacy of antibiotics on the bacteria.
2,547 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a formal biology laboratory report. It presents a procedure that was devised to remove all bacteria from a chicken wing. It begins by discussing the bacteria that can be present on chicken wings and the possible solutions to the problem. The paper then reports on a test for the efficacy of certain antibiotics on the bacteria of the untreated wing.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Organisms
Treatment Of Choice For Elimination Of Bacteria From A Chicken Wing
Serial Dilutions Of Washes From Both Wings
Gathering Of Bacterial Cultures From Both Wings
Effects Of Various Antibiotics On Three Types Of Bacteria
Results
Control Agar Petri Plate
Treatment Agar Petri Plate
Antibiotic Disk Results
Chicken Wing Bacteria
Discussion
Appendix
From the Paper
"It is important to remove all bacteria, such as salmonella, from raw foods to avoid any foodborne diseases. Four serial dilutions were created in microfuge test tubes for a control chicken wing and a treatment chicken wing. The treatment chicken wing was treated using vinegar, salt, and heat. Cultures from each microfuge test tube were streaked on two different agar plates and left to reproduce, incubated at 30o Celsius for 22 hours. The proposed treatment of the chicken wing proved to be 100% effective producing no visible colonies on the agar plate. Four antibiotics - penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol - were used to treat E. coli, M. luteus, and chicken wing bacteria. The bacteria cultures were smeared on three different Petri dishes, and divided into four quadrants where antibiotic disks were placed. After 22 hours of incubation at 30o Celsius, diameters of the rings of clear agar around each antibiotic disk were recorded. Chloramphenicol produced the largest diameter on all three Petri dishes, while penicillin proved to work best on gram-positive bacteria. The bacteria on the chicken wing were gram-negative and most resistant to tetracycline."
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Microbiology Article Critique, 2007.
A critical assessment of a short article that recently appeared on the HeltNewsDigest.com website under the title "Even as You Work Out, Bacteria May be Bulking Up at the Gym".
1,177 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the article "Even as You Work Out, Bacteria May be Bulking Up at the Gym", which highlights the threat coming from methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) bacteria that can be found in the gyms many of us visit. The paper discusses how the article is very short, written in a simple English and has very little additional important information. The paper maintains that the article is also not completely scientifically accurate and many points have been oversimplified. As such, it has several weaknesses that can result in misinformation.
From the Paper
"There are two distinct isolates of MRSA recognized today. One of them is community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA), which is the topic of the article, while the other one is health care-associated MRSA which is mentioned but not distinguished from Ca-MRSA. There are several reasons why this should be important. The outbreaks of CA-MRSA in the community could not be associated with health care exposure among the reported cases (Kowalski et al., 2005). CA-MRSA isolates are distinctly different form nonsocomial MRSA ones. The community strains often exhibit the resistance to -lactams only. On the other hand nonsocomial MRSA shows a strong multi-antibiotic resistance pattern (Kowalski et al, 2005)."
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Super Bugs, 2004.
This paper provides an analysis of new strains of antibiotic resistant mutant bacteria.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer presents an analysis of new strains of antibiotic resistant mutant bacteria. The writer describes the reactions of health professionals and the government regarding this bacteria. The writer further shows attempts to try to curb this deadly new threat to public health.
From the Paper
"The discovery of antibiotics is widely hailed as one of the miracles of modern medicine. However the widespread use and misuse of such infection-fighting medicines have given rise to a new generation of infectious bacteria known as super-bugs. When bacteria survive antibiotics they develop resistance. This resistance is passed to future generations of the bacteria, making them all but immune to antibiotics commonly used to treat such infections. The misuse of antibiotics including not using all of a prescription or overusing them and the practice of ... "
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Gray Mold and Salmonella, 2002.
This paper studies gray mold, one of the most common and serious diseases of strawberries, and salmonella poisoning, one of the most common bacteria found in tainted poultry.
1,397 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper is a study of the causes of gray mold, a serious disease of strawberries, and salmonella, a common bacteria found in tainted poultry. Experiments that were conducted to cause spoilage of strawberries under different storage conditions, and to detect salmonella in meat or poultry, are explained and discussed in terms of the results they produced.
From the Paper
"Gray mold is one of the most common and serious diseases of strawberries caused by a fungus (Ries, 2001). It is caused by Botrytis cinerea and it thrives during rainy and cloudy periods just before or during harvest. The gray mold fungus winters as many minute, irregular, black, fungal bodies (sclerotica) and as dormant mycelia on many kinds of plant debris, such as dead leaves, stems and fruit, and these sclerotica produce large numbers of microscopic spores (conidia) in the spring which are spread by wind, splashing water, and human activity."
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Salmonella, 2004.
A biology paper about the bacteria known as salmonella.
870 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by explaining that salmonella is a bacteria that causes intestinal illnesses to humans. It looks at the diseases it causes and provides a classification of the agent that causes the illnesses. It discusses how the disease enters the body and the signs and symptoms. It concludes with a discussion of treatment and recovery rate of sufferers.
Table of Contents
I. Name of Pathogen
II. Name of the Disease
III. Classification of the Agent
IV. Portal of Entry (Mode of Transmission)
V. Signs and Symptoms
VI. Treatment of Disease
VII. Recovery Rate
From the Paper
"Salmonellosis is the disease caused by salmonella bacteria (Medical Consumer Guide). It can be acquired through several modes of transmission such as eating contaminated foods, handling of animals with salmonella bacteria, and person-to-person transmission. Because of such common modes of transfer, salmonellosis has been one of the major health problems in many countries today, particulary in the North America and Europe."
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