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The Doctrine of Informed Consent and Patient Autonomy, 2008.
Looks the doctrine of informed consent and patient autonomy as applied to modern medical ethics.
2,795 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the doctrine of informed consent and patient autonomy emphasizes the dilemma that modern medicine experiences when faced with the issue of a patient's right and autonomy to decide what is going to be done to his or her own body once he or she is committed to a healthcare unit. The paper then points out that the once unquestionable acceptance that the patient should leave him or herself completely in the care of the medical staff seems to be outdated. The paper then goes on to define the concepts of patient's right of patient autonomy and the physician's obligation of informed consent. The issue may appear to be simple; however, there are many aspects to this doctrine. These are discussed in the paper.
From the Paper
"Wear also identifies many other aspects and medical situations where informed consent and patient autonomy can be harmful from a medical point of view, rather than beneficial. According to Wear, the two bioethics concepts can be termed as 'fast ethics', as in 'fast food', that is, a compromise between real ethical principles and no principles at all. Wear emphasizes thus that the ethos itself and its functionality may be seriously undermined in such cases where the doctors are confronted with the spontaneous behavior of the patients who are confronted with the truth about a serious illness or condition."
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Patient Autonomy, 2004.
A look at the argument for patient autonomy.
1,195 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the meaning and significance of patient autonomy and the way in which it relates to medical paternalism. It attempts to show how the case for patient autonomy is not only ethically valid, but also essential for the moral and practical balance in the medical profession. It also explores how underlying this view is the fact that the issue of patient autonomy does not exist in isolation or in the medical field alone, but relates to other issues and ethical problems in the society at large. These larger issues refer to various forms of control and authoritarianism, which act against personal liberty and freedom.
From the Paper
"The concept of and motivation for patient autonomy is best understood by understanding the meaning of the term medical paternity. Paternity is a concept that is allied to a wider and predominantly contemporary problem, namely the world wide reaction against forms of control and dominance from persons, associations or groups that are not transparent and open in their dealings. The term paternalism carries with it many loaded meanings based on restriction and control, particularly pertaining to information. The term has been deconstructed in many spheres, including the field of medicine. This deconstruction aims at exposing the hidden layers of hegemony and biased authoritarianism that the term implies."
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Behavioral Autonomy as an Adolescent Issue Prior to Dating, 2008.
A description and explanation of behavioral autonomy in adolescents.
781 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of behavioral autonomy which is developed through the adolescent's relationships with family members and peers. It describes the process that the adolescent needs to go through to separate himself from parental care and concludes that the overall outcome of achieving behavioral autonomy should be healthy psychosocial adjustment, which involves healthy separation instead of detachment.
From the Paper
"Behavioral autonomy refers to the ability to make independent decisions and to act in accordance with those decisions. Autonomy is developed through the adolescent's relationships with family members and with peers (Russell & Bakken, 2002). Behavioral autonomy is a developmental task to be achieved during adolescence but which endures for the life span. Although the development of autonomy is disruptive, research indicates that the majority of families maintain close ties during the period. The results of research into adolescent behavior reveal that, although behavioral autonomy adheres to certain patterns, it can be highly unpredictable and contradictory in the positive and negative outcomes for the young adolescent male. The overall outcome of achieving behavioral autonomy should be healthy psychosocial adjustment, which involves healthy separation instead of detachment."
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Patient's Autonomy, 2002.
A critical view of the deliberative model with regards to patients' autonomy and the role of physicians.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper claims that patients' autonomy can be meaningfully enhanced through physicians' beneficence. Drawing on the deliberative model and the concept of autonomy, the paper argues that a patient is more active and hence autonomous when the physician is also active.
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Questions of Autonomy, 2002.
Presents an ethical analysis of two cases of patients requesting euthanasia and the common denominator in both cases - the question of autonomy.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
In the two cases of Mrs. White (an old woman requesting withdrawal of life supporting care) and Mr. Black (a younger man with MS who is requesting physician-assisted suicide at a later stage) we are faced with two fundamentally different ethical problems. However, this paper will argue that an ethical analysis would suggest one key to both problems: autonomy. Although there are other ethical issues to both cases, it will be seen that autonomy is the key point at which all of these issues converge and which, therefore, presents us with the best avenue for making a decision as to the physician's action in both cases.
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Teacher Autonomy, 2002.
Discusses the complexity of teacher autonomy in a high school setting.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of autonomy in the high school as an organization. High schools are hierarchical models where new approaches are superimposed. This makes teacher autonomy a very complex issue.
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Autonomy, 2005.
An overview of the concept of autonomy in the nursing profession.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The main premise of the paper is that nursing is completely based on autonomy. It explains why this concept is so important in the nursing profession and exactly what it means. It further emphasises that the ability of the patient to make a decision depends entirely on the nurse.
From the Paper
"The main point I learned in the course about autonomy is why this concept is so important for nursing. Autonomy basically is about making decisions, and how well the patient makes a decision depends entirely on the nurse. Nursing is completely based on autonomy. The first theme is about the meaning of autonomy. Autonomy refers to the person being able to decide their own life, and is defined as individual choice, freedom of the will and being our own person (Beauchamp & Childress, 2001). Autonomy is very important because it is concerned with the patient's freedom of choice."
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Client Autonomy and Nursing, 2005.
A discussion of the issues of client autonomy in community health and nurse safety in community practice.
1,584 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that nurses involved in community nursing often face ethical and practical dilemmas, particularly with regard to the issue of patient autonomy. It also discusses how community practice differs for nurses in a more formal settings in that there are many complex variables that can intervene in nursing care.
From the Paper
"Examples of this complexity are cases where access is refused by the client, even when the client is in need of urgent assistance. This presents an acute problem on an ethical level for the community nurse. As Stulginski (1993) points out. "The nurse may be the deliverer of care, but the setting is borrowed and every interaction is negotiated with respect to this." (Stulginski, 1993, p.405) Refusal of entry is only one of the issues that a community nurse might face. In essence the problems that the community nurse faces are often of an ethical nature and need careful consideration. These may include the following examples of some scenarios that community nurses sometimes face."
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Employee Autonomy, 1994.
This paper discusses organizational and performance benefits of employee autonomy: Reduction of sick leave, turnover, dissatisfaction, burnout, accidents, distrust and stress.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 17 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
".... report that in the early years of Industrial Psychology, the dominant perspective was that organizational inefficiency resulted from the fact that workers were both given a job to perform and allowed to decide how the job should be done. In other words, the belief was that employee or job autonomy decreased performance and productivity and thereby had a negative impact on organizations.
However, the authors note, that existing research slowly and steadily indicated that this view of employee autonomy was incorrect and that, rather than being a negative, autonomy was strongly linked to both organizational and performance benefits. The purpose of this paper is to examine the current research on employee autonomy in an effort to answer two research questions: ... "
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Rousseau, Mill, Burke and Individual Autonomy., 2002.
A look at their theories on individual autonomy.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the theme of liberty runs through a significant amount of liberal theory. The views of Rousseau, Burke and Mill are examined in this context.
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?The Vicissitudes of Autonomy in Early Adolescence?, 2002.
Reviews this 1986 article by Laurence Steinberg and Susan B. Silverberg.
995 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The article ?The Vicissitudes of Autonomy in Early Adolescence? (1986, by Laurence Steinberg and Susan B. Silverberg, 'Child Development') looks at young adolescents and the development of autonomy between childhood and adolescence. The paper shows that the researchers recognized that autonomy may be an umbrella term and actually consist of several different types. The paper examines how the researchers divided developing autonomy into three types: emotional, freedom from peer pressure and personal feelings of self-reliance.
From the Paper
"The researchers' findings supported their hypothesis. They found that the participants did not move simply from non-autonomous to autonomous on one continuum. Rather, as the youth moved emotionally away from parents, they transferred that emotional dependence to their peer group. This left them more susceptible to peer pressure. There were age variants: fifth graders were less susceptible to peer pressure, and so were ninth-graders. Fifth graders were more able to resist peer pressure when it involved poor choices than older students; eighth graders were the most susceptible. At all levels, girls were more autonomous than boys."
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Rousseau - The Ultimate Defender of Autonomy, 2006.
An overview of the political views of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
2,457 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
Jean-Jacques Rousseau makes it explicitly clear in his writings in "The Social Contract and Discourses", that he believes strongly in personal freedom and autonomy. This paper examines how Rousseau believed that a truly free government is one where everyone votes and how he argues that by everyone surrendering his or her rights to the sovereign equally they maintain freedom. It also discusses how Rousseau adamantly defends his belief in autonomy in his discourses on the "State of Nature", the "Social Contract" and "Sovereignty".
From the Paper
"Rousseau believes that for man to exit a State of Nature he must agree to a Social Contract. Rousseau's Social Contract in the simplest terms is, "each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will, and in our capacity, we receive each member as indivisible part of the whole" (Rousseau. P. 192). Unfortunately, this Social Contract will require all individuals to relinquish their rights to the legislative whish is to be made up of all citizens, and raises a question about personal autonomy and freedom in Rousseau's philosophy. The Social Contract allows individuals in the State of Nature to establish a whole community."
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Autonomy of the Law, 2007.
This paper highlights the independence of the judiciary as an important pillar of the US government.
1,894 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the autonomy of the judiciary branch of the US government. The author presents a brief history as to how this independence was established and further discusses the importance of its autonomy. Several different perspectives of the judiciary system are considered.
Outline:
Introduction
Roosevelt's' New Deal Plan & Courts
The Internalist Approach
The Externalist Approach
Courts Handling of Commerce Power Issues
United States v. Lopez
Heart of Atlanta (Motel) v. the United States
Discussions and Conclusions
From the Paper
"The executive, legislature and judiciary are the three branches of the national government in United States. Speaking on the occasion of 2003 Law-Day, President Bush highlighted the independence of the judiciary as an important pillar of the administrative system. He said, "Our constitutional system of separation of powers places careful limits on the powers of judges and separates the responsibilities of making laws and interpreting laws between the Legislative and Judicial branches. Independent Federal judges have the autonomy to make decisions and interpret the law unfettered by outside influences. In this way, we are assured that our laws will be interpreted justly and applied with uniformity". "
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Globalization vs. State Autonomy, 2005.
Examines the impact of globalization on state sovereignty, focusing on political economic aspects.
3,417 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
The paper raises and answers the following questions. What is the scope of state autonomy in an age of "globalization"? Can states realistically achieve stability, autonomy, development and prosperity? How does the design of the international monetary system and the rules/norms of the international financial system impact the role of the state? What is the relationship between national-state and multi-national corporations?
From the Paper
"Responses to the question of the scope of state autonomy within the context of globalization differ tremendously because the response ultimately reflects the responder's own attitude towards, and definition of, globalization. For some economists, such as Prof. Robert Wade, globalization has severely curtailed state autonomy to the extent which states are virtually incapacitated when confronted with a domestic financial or monetary crisis. In essence, the governance of financial markets has largely transferred from states to those international institutions and actors which, and who, function to order and manage the global financial and monetary systems. Theoretically speaking, that transference is justified by the overall aim of coordinating economic activity among and between states so as to reduce financial crisis and ensure the implementation of an economic agenda which moves towards economic growth and stability. However, as Wade points out, that aim has not been fulfilled as is evidenced in the fact that crises have increased. It is within the framework of financial and monetary systems that are increasing characterized by instability and susceptibility to shock resulting in crisis, that the issue of the scope of state autonomy acquires special significance."
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The Realization of the Lost Tools of Autonomy, 2004.
A look at how globalization has been detrimental to the Third World.
999 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a view of the so-called "Third World" as an indicator of the state of the planet and examines how one must look at the marginal peoples not as an undeveloped society, but one that lives in harmony with the planet. Through a literature review, it shows the various tools for autonomy that have been snatched away due to forces that do not have an understanding of the communities that they affect.
From the Paper
"With the plethora of free trade deals that have been devised, people have not realized the damage that these bureaucratic organizations are doing to subsistence peoples and their environment and social fabric. One such example is the corn farming communities of Mindanao. These people were self-sufficient and happy with their lifestyle until transnational corporations, aided by the advent of the WTO and GATT, were able to disrupt their lives. Because they had more buying power, the TNCs could sell their product at a much lower rate, the people couldn?t compete and they had to abandon their lifestyle, either ending up in poverty or working for these big businesses, all of this being ?celebrated as a further victory of ?comparative advantages? and of free trade? "
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