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Autism, 2007.
This paper provides a detailed discussion of autism.
2,237 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the subject of autism. The writer describes, in detail, how autism affects all areas of a person's life from the moment they are born all the way into adulthood. The writer explains that autism means living in terms of the self. The writer further explains that, to a spectator, a child in a condition of autism emerges to be self-centered while he shows little response to the outside world. In reality, however, the child in such a state has little awareness of being a 'self'. The writer concludes that the design of truly individual treatment plans that use strengths and compensate for weaknesses starts with a thorough understanding of how learning is different for children with autism from those without autism and how learning is different among different children with autism.
Outline:
The Autism of Early Infancy
The Autism Associated with Psychosis
Autism as a Learning Disability
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This is a normal condition. There is little responsiveness of the outside world as such, which is experienced in the mode of the infant's bodily organs, processes and zones. A normal infant emerges from this state due to an innate disposition to recognize patterns, similarities, repetitions and continuities. These are the raw materials for such mental processes as recognition, classification, object creation and understanding. Through these processes, the child builds an inner representation of usually agreed reality and turns out to be self-conscious. The study of children who have failed to emerge adequately from the state of normal primary autism brings home to us the intricacy and delicacy of the time-consuming process of becoming aware of the world and its objects, persons and other minds."
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Autism: Overcoming Communication Barriers, 2006.
An in-depth look at autism.
2,223 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews and discusses autism. According to the paper, autism typically appears during the first three years of a child's life, and can be attributed to a neurological disorder that affects the normal functions of the brain. The paper goes on to discuss how individuals with autism will show difficulties in verbal and non-verbal communication and social interactions.
Background: Autism
What is Autism?
History of Autism, including research done in an effort to understand Autistic.
Characteristics of a child with Autism
Background: Communication
Communication definition, methods, history.
Importance of communication to human life.
Analysis of the effects of Autism on communication.
Development of a normal child with regard to communication.
Development of an Autistic child with regard to communication.
Barriers created due to the difference in development.
Effect of barriers on the life of an Autistic child.
Conclusion: Overcoming barriers of Autism in communication.
Application of knowledge?How to overcome barriers of communication.
What more can be done to help.
From the Paper
"Significant barriers are created for children of autism. There are personal barriers associated with the lack of expressed emotions. This affects the relationship between the autistic child and their family, which uses communication as a method of showing affection and engender closeness. Barriers are created on a social level for several reasons. First autistic children are unable to communicate affectively with peers, which means that they suffer from severe social alienation from their peers. Another major problem is that their inability to understand and appreciate nonverbal communication means that they are not able to integrate effectively into the culture and social situations that they are placed. This causes social barriers between both peers and adults, who are not used to the lack of basic social conventions."
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Autism, 2005.
This paper is an extensive literature which discusses autism, its cause and rehabilitation.
7,560 words (approx. 30.2 pages), 40 sources, APA, $ 165.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that autism is a brain disorder, which generates poor growth of language and social capabilities and can entail mental handicap, seizures or mental disorders. Only about one third of children diagnosed with autism will be able to attain some degree of self-sufficient living as adults. The author points out that early findings from some studies have revealed people with autism have unreliable signaling molecules in the brain, inclusive of serotonin;, however, no particular biological markers have been detected and etiologically based treatment or intervention has not been fostered to cure individuals with autistic disorder. The paper concludes that, more than ever before, people with autism can be assisted through a combination of early intervention strategies such as special education, family support and, in some cases, medication to enable an enhanced numbers of children with autism to live more normal lives.
Table of Contents
Introduction
History and Current Trends of Autism
Characteristics of the Population
Review of Literature
Recommendations and Applications to the Field of Rehabilitation
How Autism Affects Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors
Medical Aspects of Autism
Autism and How It Affects Independent Living Situations
From the Paper
"To illustrate, Duchan and Palermo defined autism in terms of thematization disorder. Thematization is regarded as the cognitive capability to think representatively; thematization accords meaning to images, movement and speech. While such ability is disabled, the individual has a hard time in becoming aware of the events, sequencing, or perceiving order. During 1982 Dunchan and Palermo considered that individual with autism generate meaning in modes that differ from those in absence of autism. To illustrate, rhythmic, self-stimulatory attitudes may have a temporal regulatory function, assisting people to keep pace with time. In this manner preservation could indicate problematic varying themes; uncommon application of language like pronoun reversal and metaphorical speech."
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Autism, 2005.
An overview of autism and a literature review of the available therapies.
2,171 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the major impairment areas of autism, and the symptoms of each. It then evaluates the effectiveness of treatments used in treating autism in general, through a literature review of 15 different source materials.
Outline
Characteristics of Autism
Impairments
Diagnosis of Autism
Etiology of Autism
Psychodynamic Explanations
Candida Infection
MMR Vaccination
Current Scientific Findings
Treatments for Autism: Questionable Theories
Sensory-Motor Therapies
Psychotherapies
Biological Treatments
Promising Treatments for Autism
Applied Behavior Analysis
Pharmacotherapy
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Auditory Integration Training (AIT) involves listening to filtered, modulated music that presents sounds of differing pitches and volumes. AIT is typically administered in two daily half an hour sessions for a ten day period. The theory is that a major factor in the behavioral problems with individuals with autism is that they have hypersensitive hearing. The idea is that the individual adjusts to the sounds he or she hears in therapy so they become more 'normal.' Arguers for AIT claim that the benefits include improved comprehension, memory, eye contact, appropriate social behavior, willingness to interact with others, and responsibility in school (Berard, 1993)."
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Autism, 2004.
This paper discusses that, although the etiology is unknown, a number of theories are being suggested for autism, a mental handicap that results from abnormalities in brain development.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that autism is not a disease in itself, but rather a condition or a disorder of development; children afflicted with this disorder exhibit a strange behavioral complex, do not form normal social relationships, and have seriously impaired communication ability. The author points out that the biological theory of autism includes a broad array of causative factors, including genetic anomalies, viral infections, metabolic conditions, congenital abnormalities, and biochemical imbalances. The paper concludes that the rapid advancement in molecular genetics is shedding new light in the study of autism; there is no question that this will further the understanding the neuropsychology of autism.
Table of Contents
Thesis
Introduction
Biological Theory of Autism
Genetic Causes of Autism
Genetic Conditions that Cause Autism
The Central Coherence Theory
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A growing amount of literature has furthered our understanding of the mental states particular to autism and other related disorders. It is known that 75% of people with autism have intellectual disability, and 30% of people having intellectual disability have autistic disorders. When compared with other subjects individuals with autism perform well in tasks that require analytical processing rather than global processing. A recent study by N.van Lang et al analyzed the connection between autistic disorder or autism on central coherence. For the study 43 subjects were chosen from special education schools. The whole pool of subjects having intellectual disability were neatly identified into two groups, one which fell under the autistic spectrum and other which have learning disabilities that fell outside the autistic spectrum. The study result supported the "central coherence theory" by confirming that the subjects with autism or comorbid disorders related to the autistic spectrum, performed well in highly analytical and detail focused tasks."
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Autism, 2006.
This paper discusses autism, a serious developmental disorder in children.
2,585 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that children with autism do not follow the correct development milestones and thus suffer from various forms of speech and cognitive defects. The author points out that, from a very young age, children often start exhibiting symptoms of autism such as lack of proper eye contact, appearing deaf and pretending as if he or she cannot see the people around him or her. The paper reports that the actual cause of this disorder remains an unsolved mystery ranging from some defect in the brain chemistry to faulty genes.
Table of Contents
Introduction to Autism
Symptoms of Autism
Social Development in Autistic Children
Communication Problems
Causes of Autism in Children
Prevalence
Autism Research and Breakthroughs
From the Paper
"Patricia Rodier is of the view that this mutation of gene could be the result of a drug that some women take during pregnancy. But Rodier is not the only scientist to maintain that autism exists prenatally, there are some other researchers who have presented theories that support this view. It is very interesting that scientists normally do not give views in favor of or against any particular research findings. Instead most scientists have developed their own theories, each one being more intriguing than the other."
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Shirley Cohen's Book on Autism, 2004.
A book review "Targeting Autism: What We Know, Don't Know and Can Do to Help Young Children with Autism and Related Disorders" by Shirley Cohen.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview and discussion of Shirley Cohen's book, "Targeting Autism: What We Know, Don't Know and Can Do to Help Young Children With Autism and Related Disorders". The paper focuses on areas most relevant to educators and includes an overall review of the book. The paper contends that Cohen's book is a comprehensive and objective examination of the key areas of autism.
From the Paper
"Shirley Cohen's "Targeting Autism: What We Know Don't Know and Can Do to Help Young Children with Autism and Related Disorders" offers comprehensive and objective examination of the key areas of autism. The subsequent review of this book will thus offer a concise overview of the book with a special focus on specific areas that can be highly useful to educators. Furthermore the impact of the book on my views as an educator will also be presented. Divided into three parts this book first introduces readers to..."
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Autism, 2002.
Examines three articles on the subject of autism.
1,401 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses and analyzes three articles on autism, "The Early Origins of Autism" by P. Rodier, on the genetic evidence related to autism and the way in which the brain develops; "Evaluating Behavioral Treatment of Disruptive Classroom Behaviors of an Adolescent with Autism" by J. Gerdtz, a case study relating to evaluating the behavior of children with autism and designing interventions that are more effective and, finally, "Autism" by S.E. Folstein, which explores some of the earlier concepts of autism and focuses on the newest concept of an autistic spectrum of disorders.
From the Paper
"In terms of treatment, Folstein is not particularly sanguine. She noted that medicine has not had much success in finding good medical treatments, and that the best that is currently offered has been discovered by trial and error. She noted that it is clear that with special educational techniques some autistic children can learn and their disruptive behaviors brought under control. The determining factors seem to be the teacher skill, the child's overall intelligence, and the child's language ability. She noted specifically that individuals with autism benefit most from teaching that takes advantage of their gifts, such as their rote memory, attention to detail, and, in some instances, special computational or visual skills."
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Autism and Childhood Immunizations, 2007.
An analysis of the debate about the link between childhood immunizations and autism.
989 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the controversy associated with the link between the development of autism and childhood immunizations. It discusses the theories regarding both the development of autism and the connection between autism and immunizations. The paper argues that autism has a causal relationship with childhood immunizations.
From the Paper
"This connection between the increases in incidence of autism and the fact that the cause is unknown has transformed the country, "Although once considered rare, during the last two decades the chance of a child being diagnosed with autism has skyrocketed from one in 10,000 to one in 150." (O'Meara 24) The idea that autism, a devastating disease could be caused by something we think of as a miracle, namely vaccinations for childhood diseases that have killed children for thousands of years, has also transformed the country, made countless parents and scientists sit up and take notice. The culpability of the government as well as industry that through omission or commission contributed to a problem is foundational and many who believe there is a causal connection between autism and immunizations believe that this is why they are trying so diligently to disprove the theory. Not everyone believes that the causal agent is thimerosol but a long list of dangerous and toxic ingredients provided by one expert demonstrates that it could be any number of causative factors or a combination of several, even coupled with a genetic predisposition, also believed by some."
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Psychological Effects of Autism, 2004.
Discussion of the characteristics, causes, and treatments available in relation to autism.
1,139 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the traits commonly associated with autism, how it is typically diagnosed, the characteristic behaviors of autism, apparent causes of autism, and methods used to treat it.
From the Paper
"Autism is a complex developmental disorder that generally emerges before the age of three. Individuals with autism demonstrate difficulties in communication, both verbal and non-verbal, as well as difficulties in socially interacting with others, as well as leisure and play activities (Autism Society of America, 2003). Autism is one five disorders that are classified as Pervasive Developmental Disorders in the DSM-IV, which are all neurological disorders that are characterized by severe and ubiquitous impairments in many areas of development."
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Autism, 2007.
An analysis of the characteristics of autism and issues related to its management and treatment.
1,166 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the issue of the disorder known as autism, or alternatively autism spectrum disorders. The paper describes the characteristics, etiology, assessment, treatment and management options of autism. It also provides pointers regarding specific concerns for christian counselors who deal with this type of disorder and its treatment.
From the Paper
"The second kind of approach is to comprehensive treatment programs that aim to increase the person's functioning. These programs typically involve thousands of treatment hours, and require an entire team of people with different specialties. These programs aim to change the course of the syndrome, so as to greatly reduce the amount of disability the individual suffers. This is particularly important in the long term, as children with autism grow into adults with autism - and without significant reductions in the levels of their disability, many of them will be unable to manage their lives in the way that most adults are able to do. (Rogers, 1998)"
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Autism, 2004.
An in-depth examination of the etiology of autism and the need for extensive research in this field.
4,469 words (approx. 17.9 pages), 21 sources, MLA, $ 116.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history of autism, examining the origins of the disorder. The paper describes autism as a progressive deprivation that results in a person's disability to communicate, difficulty with language, play and social interaction. The paper explores the integration of autistic children in the education system and assesses the future outlook for autism. The paper explains the necessity of more extensive research into this disorder.
Outline
Introduction
History of Autism
How it is a Spectrum Disorder
The Etiology
What are the Big Issues Today?
Future of Autism
From the Paper
"Personal and clinical evidences provide varied nature of data concerning the analysis of the nature of persons suffering from autism spectrum disorders. More particularly, the existence of the fear of confined places may call upon the skills of attachment for scrutiny. Besides the use of narcotic drugs, nicotine, caffeine, alcohol seems to influence the brain in a short term or long term basis thereby necessitating the scrutiny of the current and past use of the substances. The existence of the other conditions may be medical, neurological, psychiatric or psychological also influences the scrutiny of individuals. Awareness of the all present and past disorders pertaining to physical and emotional disorders are therefore, highly essential. (PET scanning in Autism Spectrum Disorders)"
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Autism and Practice, 1997.
Literature review examining the extent of theory on the condition of autism. Also examines the current state of practice in the treatment of autism.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 14 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"Autism and Practice
Introduction
Although his theory has now been discredited, for many years Bruno Bettelheim's "refrigerator mother," psychogenic theory of the aetiology of autism was at the center of theory and practice (Bettelheim 1967). It still affects many people both in Europe and the United States, although practice in Great Britain is relatively free of its influence.
Nonetheless, there still is controversy about the basic issues in autism, and what causes the problems for children. In this analysis, the intention is to provide some background on the problems that autistic children experience, developing theories, and implications of two contrasting theories for practice."
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Autism and Communication, 2002.
A paper which examines behavioral modification models of treating autism.
2,467 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
The paper provides an overview of one of the most severe and disruptive of all childhood disorders - autism - that interferes with an individual's ability to form social relationships as well as to communicate with others. This paper discusses behavioral modification models of treating autism which provide a way of easing the communication barriers between those with autism and other people, thus allowing autistic children to build the kind of initial human connections when they are young that they will be able to build on later in life. Topics discussed in the paper are the causes of autism, behavioral analysis as opposed to behavior modification and assumptions of behavioral analysis.
From the Paper
"It should be noted that while behavioral assessment may help provide a substantial amount of help to many individuals suffering with autism it is certainly not a cure-all (Smith, Chung, and Vostanis, 1994, p. 558). However, it can be used to help improve the communication of many children with autism because it is a highly flexible model that can be used by parents, teachers, therapists and others to help autistic children acquire communication skills no matter what level they may be at in terms of development or severity of symptoms."
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Autism and Education, 2002.
This paper explores autism and the current trends in education that provide treatment for the disorder.
4,776 words (approx. 19.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 122.95
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Abstract
Autism is a serious disorder that often leaves those who suffer from it in a world of isolation. Following a definition of autism, this paper explores the methods that can be used to rescue autistic people from isolation. Since the discovery of autism, a plethora of research has been conducted but there is still very little that is known about its origins or effective treatments to combat the effects of the disorder. This paper examines trends in education that provide treatment for the disorder. It provides a literary review, which details information from sources such as "Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics", "ERIC Digest" and the "American Journal on Mental Retardation". This paper acknowledges the challenges that educators face in addressing the needs of students with autism.
From the Paper
"An article in Eric Digest entitled "Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorder" asserts that there is no known cause of autism although the medical world has concluded that there are multiple factors that lead to the development of the disorder. (Dunlap, 1999) It is estimated that 2 persons in 1000 suffer from autism and it is believed that about 500,000 Americans have the disorder. According to the article there are no known distinctions among different ethnicities or economic backgrounds. However, there have been instances where clusters of autism have occurred in certain area of the country which indicates that there may be some environmental contaminates that contribute to the development of the disease. (Dunlap, 1999)"
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