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The Refugee Crisis and Threat to Australian National Identity, 2003.
A look at how the current refugee ?crisis? challenges the dominant understandings of Australian national identity.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look into the true definition of a refugee and the Australian government's stance on 'boat people' - also referred to as asylum seekers - and their policy on unauthorised arrivals. Mention is made of the condition of Australia's detention centres, and some of the conundrums faced when determining the fate of illegal immigrants. Is it fair to give a place reserved for a genuine refugee to those who do not come via established means? Additionally, the paper looks at the everyday Australian's view on multiculturalism with reference to imagined communities and the old White Australia Policy. Clearly the influx of refugees has changed the way Australians view themselvs as a nation and led many people to re-examine Australia?s cultural and social makeup.
From the Paper
"As Australians, we have all been touched by the recent refugee crisis in some way or another, with an increased influx of asylum seekers coming to our shores over the last few years. Indeed it is a human tragedy that people can be so desperate to flee their homeland that they are willing to travel thousands of kilometres across land and sea, eventually culminating in a ?passage of terror? on an unsafe boat that more than likely would be carrying three to four times the normal number of passengers. The arrival of these ?boat people? has caused of a division within our society ? those who are accommodating to the fact that these people have fled their county and should be allowed to stay, and those who believe that an influx of so called ?illegal? refugees will lead to a perceived loss of national identity ? who want them to be sent back where they came from if no sufficient enough reason is forthcoming. The plight of international refugees is a cause for global concern, however understanding the key issues can be difficult for those with little background knowledge."
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The Australian Identity and the Great War (WWI), 2007.
This paper examines the socio-political relationship that existed between Britain and Australia prior to 1914 and the role of the Great War (WWI) in the development of Australia's own separate identity.
2,045 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Australia's cultural, economic and defensive dependency upon Britain forged a sense of Australian identity that was intertwined with its British counterpart; however, at the conclusion of the war, Australia emerged as a nation skeptical of Britain's continued leadership, confident of its own military prowess and with its own Australian identity. The author points out that the battles of the Western Front and Gallipoli became the historical foundation, which helped to shape Australia's rugged, individual identity. The paper relates that, in the Digger Myth, Australian soldiers were seen to be athletic, hardy and resourceful to the point of perfection due to biological influences and experiences of a frontier lifestyle; however, these soldiers had never been truly battle tested. The author stresses that the 'Baptism of Fire' proved Australia's legitimacy as a fighting unit and as a nation.
Table of Contents:
Imperial Ties to the Australian Identity Prior to 1914
The 'Digger' Myth
From the Paper
"When Britain declared war, 50,000 young, energetic Australian men immediately volunteered to fight for their nation as well as their native homeland of Britain in order to protect against the evil German menace. These men were primarily single men who were attracted by the steady pay of military service. Australian's wave of volunteers quickly waned as many of these eager young men were slain at Gallipoli and on the Western Front. In 1916, Australia gave 14,000 lives to the war effort and another 22,000 in 1917. In 1917, after Gallipoli, Australian enlistment dropped to 45,000 from a high of 166,000 in 1915."
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The Australian Identity, 2007.
This paper explores the history of Australia and its undefined national identity.
884 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Australia's citizens have no national identity and this freedom from a defined national identity allows each separate culture to live and develop according to its own principles. The paper examines how current values in society influence the education system, while education also has a profound effect upon the evolving world in which it functions. The paper traces the history of the ancient Aboriginal tribes, the British convicts and then the later settlers. The paper discusses how a class system developed, with the settlers believing they were a superior class and the convicts being concerned with equality and human rights. The paper illustrates how this class segregation manifested itself in the education system.
From the Paper
"The first national Australian identity in prehistory manifested itself in the ancient Aboriginal tribes. Rather than a single identity, each tribe had its own identity that it guarded fiercely. The in-group identity was maintained at all costs (Swanson, 2000). This seems to have set the stage for the Australian idea that, even in modern times, there is no all-encompassing Australian identity.
"The first white citizens to make their home in Australia were British convicts. Their numbers were later supplemented with free British settlers, referred to as the Exclusives. The Convicts became Emancipists, implying their freedom from British rule, whereas the Exclusives were very pro-British (Swanson, 2000). The hostility between these two groups matched that between the various Aborigine tribes in the country."
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"Mad Max", 2003.
Discusses George Miller's film "Mad Max" and its relevance to Australian character and identity.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses George Miller's 1979 film "Mad Max" and its relevance to Australian character and identity. It looks at the physical and social infrastructure depicted and the film's vision of the horrors of the world's overly dependence on costly oil fuel. The paper contends that the universal aspect of the film's hero--Mel Gibson's Max--is as significant as the movie's expression of Australian identity.
From the Paper
"George Miller's film Mad Max pays homage to aspects of Australian national character constructions of gender and identity and culture. However though some critics including Lorraine Mortimer position the film as emanating from an imagined nation-community ..."
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Representations on Australian Masculinity in Film, 2008.
A comparison of the representation of Australian men in "Mad Max" directed by George Miller in 1979 and "The Adventures of Priscilla Queen of the Desert" directed by S. Elliott in 1994.
2,116 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses two films which offer representations of Australian masculinities. It analyzes "Mad Max" directed by George Miller in 1979 and "The Adventures of Priscilla Queen of the Desert" directed by S. Elliott in 1994. It discusses how men are represented in the films and the relationship between this representation and questions of Australian identity.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Mad Max (1979)
The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Both Mad Max and The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert, are about expressing Australian male masculinity in ways that are uniquely Australian, because of Australia's unique history and geographical conditions. Both films uplift the male masculinity, even when it is masked in drag, by denigrating women in the film in ways described by Graeme Turner; that is relegating the woman to a role of sexual significance in relation to the role of the man, or to humiliate and denigrate in order to provide the uplift to the featured masculinity. Both films are geared towards a male audience, and their success lies in their representation of maleness, even though both films do it in a starkly different way."
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Experiences of Refugees and Indigenous Australians, 2003.
A look at the similarities and differences in the experiences of refugees and indigenous Australians according to Australian literature and recent media attention.
1,841 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
A look at race relations in Australia in view of changing culture and how this is reflected in treatment of refugees, asylum seekers and indigenous Australians. Takes a look into the issues of land rights, the stolen generation, asylum seekers vs. 'genuine' refugees and detention centres.
From the Paper
"Issues surrounding refugees and Indigenous Australians have featured prominently in the media over the last few years, covering areas such as the growing ethnic diversity of Australia, asylum seekers and their right to settle, the treatment of detainees, the stolen generation, mandatory detention, land rights for Aboriginals and Indigenous health. Whilst it has to be said that this has greatly increased the general public?s awareness of these issues, it is becoming increasingly apparent that everyday Australians seem willing to place their opinions on the rights and experiences of these two minority groups ? refugees and Indigenous Australians ? into the ?too hard? basket. Also, not knowing much about these two groups and their experiences means that most Australians form their perception of them from stories in the media and what they see on TV and in movies. Could this be contributing to the negative stereotypes and racist sentiment within our society ? all too willing to refer to the stereotypes of ungrateful detainees burning down their quarters or the drunken Aboriginals in the middle of Victoria Square?"
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The 2001 Australian Federal Elections, 2002.
The paper discusses the 2001 Australian Federal Elections and the current issues faced by Australian politics.
2,570 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the 2001 Australian Federal Elections and the challenges faced by the winning party, the Liberal Party. The issues discussed include health, defense, taxation and immigration. It gives a brief history of the party and its principle goals. The paper includes interviews with Afghan Australians and it discusses the detention centers. The paper describes how the Liberal Party plans to resolve these issues.
From the Paper
"The 2001 Australian federal elections had on its electoral list, the Liberal party, the Labor party, the National party, Australian Democrats, the Greens, the One Nation party and other smaller parties. The two major contenders were the Liberal Party winning the majority of the votes with more than 69 seats, and the Labor Party following closely with 66 seats. The smaller parties won the remaining seats."
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Fundamentals of Australian Democracy, 2001.
An analysis of the nature of the Australian government set forth by the Australian Constitution and reasons for disagreements over the style of government.
6,045 words (approx. 24.2 pages), 9 sources, $ 143.95
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Abstract
This paper poses two fundamental questions: 'what is the nature of government set forth by the Australian Constitution?' and 'why has there been such disagreement and disparity in the respective responses?' The paper is organized under the following headings: Organisation of a Liberal Democracy (Power, Legitimacy, Justice, Freedom) The Constitution (Hybridised Constitution, Constitutional-Institutional Relationships, Relationship ? Monarchy / Governor-General, Relationship ? The Executive, Relationship ? Commonwealth / States, The Referendum Process), Australian Federalism, and Responsible Government (Convention versus the Constitution, The ?Washminster? Mutation, Credibility of the Responsible Government Model).
From the Paper
"According to Emy, ?Australia is one of a small group of countries usually classified as liberal democracies. This is a distinctive type of democracy, one in which the ideas and values of a particular kind of Anglo-American liberalism have exercised a pervasive influence on the growth of political institutions over the past 150 years? (Emy & Hughes, 1988: 183). One of the first steps one can take in explaining how the Australian political system works, is to define the theory behind its operation, and to describe how its supposed to be organised. Therefore, we should give a brief account of ?liberalism? and ?democracy? insofar as these modes of thought have significantly influenced the overall shape and character of the Australian political system."
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National Identities, 2006.
A comparison between the national identities of Australia and the United States.
2,100 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes and then compares and contrasts the Australian and American national identities. The author examines the factors that have shaped those identities, including similar histories as British colonies, democratic systems of government, natural resources and culture. The author concludes that Australia and the United States have forged their national identities based upon similar idealized beliefs tied to the land. Australia, however, appears to be a "little brother" to the United States; always just a few steps behind, yet always following in the footsteps.
From the Paper
"The national identity or image a country presents has an impact on how the citizens of the country perceive themselves and how the rest of the world views them. Several different cultural factors influence and shape this image, and the identity can change with the passage of time. Language, religion, music, and ethnic interactions help to shape the character and perception of a country and its culture. Heritage, beliefs, and traditions all contribute to how a country's people look at themselves and the country they call home. Australia and the United States have journeyed through time along a very similar course. In both of these countries, the perception of land, frontier, and wide-open spaces have combined with the cultural influences to shape this national identity."
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Australian Market Analysis, 2002.
Analyzes the potential of the Australian market to introduce 'Yingyang' heat packs.
1,904 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This report shows how the continuing strength of the Australian economy and the growing relationships between Australia and Asia, make Australia a primary and potentially profitable market for exporting the Yinyang line of heat packs. This analysis includes sections on Australian demographics; Australian economy; potential market; Australian import regulations; and legal considerations in setting up business in Australia.
From the Paper
"Duty is generally levied on the customs value of the goods, which may not necessarily be the same as the sale price. Another element that must be considered in our pricing negotiations is the GST (Goods and services tax) which has been in operation since 1 July 2000. GST is charged at a flat rate of 10% and is levied on the supply of goods and services that are connected with Australia and other transactions, including dealings in real estate, other property and rights. There are exemptions in relation to the supply of certain goods and services. For example, medical devices do not pay a GST, so there could be some benefit in calling our Yinyang devices medical supplies. GST is essentially a value added tax. Tax is paid at each step along the chain of transactions involving the goods or services until the end user is reached, and broadly speaking, tax is paid on the value added. It is the consumer or end user who ultimately bears the tax."
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Religious Education in Australian Catholic Secondary Schools, 2008.
A look at how the religion program of Australian Christian secondary schools has evolved to suit the current diversities of the Australian communities.
1,996 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the obvious cultural diversity occurring in Australia throughout the 1960s up until the present has significantly impeded a response from the educational system of each state of Australia to accommodate the new and assorted students entering the Catholic secondary school system. It looks at how the application of this response has created various reactions by educators and theorists about the direction in which religious education in Australia is heading and consequential implications.
From the Paper
"Ryan (1997, p. 158), introduces the phenomenological approach to religion education, with the considered founder Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), and explains need for people to 'suspend all presuppositions and prior judgements about the phenomena (Ryan, 2007)' which would prevent their own consciousness as it approaches and forms its own perceptions of that phenomenon. This human intuition is allowed to form in order to gain an understanding of the traditions from the believer's position (Moore and Habel, 1982, p.63). ''Bracketing" is used to remove but not dismiss the questions of religion, such as 'Does God exist?' in order to reach this understanding. Husserl's contemporary, Emilie Durkheim (1858-1917) remodelled religion into a new social science of which Ninian Smart used to develop school courses in the study of religion based on his description of the different dimensions of religion commonly shared by the different religious groups around the world (Smart, 1989)."
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The Needs of Indigenous Australian Women, 2008.
A review of the challenges facing Australian aboriginal women in today's society.
1,686 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the topic of feminism in Australia and specifically discusses how white, mainstream feminists in Australia can better listen to, and attend to, the needs and voices of indigenous Australian women. The paper further relates that Australian indigenous women including the Australian Aborigines, the Maori of New Zealand, and the Torres State Islanders, have specific needs, problems, and issues that face them today. The paper highlights the fact that developing understanding, modes of clearer communication and ways to aid these women can help white Australian feminists tear down boundaries and bring about more care and support for Australia's indigenous women.
From the Paper
"Domestic violence is another very important problem facing aboriginal women. An Australian newspaper reporter continues, "Homicide is the leading cause of premature death for indigenous women and they are 45 times more likely to be victims of domestic violence than other Australians". It is also well known that most aboriginal victims of domestic violence do not speak out, because they are afraid of reprisals by their family or the community (Bhandari 2006). Thus, the abuse continues in a cycle of violence that can often lead to death. White feminists need to tackle this problem head on, just as they would for white victims of domestic violence. First, they need to create educational programs for aboriginal women that stress the importance of speaking out when domestic violence occurs."
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Australian Film, 2008.
Looks at the depiction of masculinity in Australian films.
2,115 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the representation of masculinity in Australian film by examining two films: "Mad Max" (1979), and "The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert" (Elliott (dir), 1994). The author points out that both "Mad Max" and "The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert" express Australian male masculinity in ways that are uniquely Australian because of Australia's distinctive history and geographical conditions. The paper describes both films and concludes that they both uplift male masculinity, even when it is masked in drag, by denigrating and humiliating women by relegating their roles to only sexual significance or to provide an uplift to the featured masculinity.
Introduction
"Mad Max" (1979)
"The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert"
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This is a violent film, not gratuitous violence, but the real focus of the action is on the super fast cars and motorcycles and, of course Mel Gibson. Dressed in black leather pants and jacket, Mel Gibson was young and very handsome when this film. The film had the two elements that ensured its success: the fast cars and motorcycles and Gibson. However, it probably caught everyone involved off guard when the film turned into a cult classic, especially in the United States, and was the start of a long and accomplished acting career for Gibson and two more installments of the Mad Max futuristic character."
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Australian Literature, 2002.
A review of the book "Australian Literature: An Anthology of Writing From the Land Down Under" by Phyllis Edelson with an emphasis on relationships.
988 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the book "Australian Literature: An Anthology of Writing From the Land Down Under" by Phyllis Edelson, a collection of tales and in particular an analysis of the section on relationships. It shows how like everyone else, the Australians have their problems with relationships and how these stories illustrate the problems and the best things, about relationships in Australia. It evaluates how from this selection of stories, it seems that many Australians suffer from bad marriages, where adultery is the key to survival and any form of happiness.
From the Paper
"Women of course play heavily in these tales, because they are central to the male/female relationships. They also seem to suffer more than the men in the stories do, but that is the same in every culture, it seems. In these stories, the women are all the victims, and the men are the winners. They have all they want, and do not regret their indiscretions at all. This could be related to culture, because Australian men are not known for their sensitivity, but more their brash recklessness, and it shows in these stories, where they get all the women they want, while the women have little choice in the matter.
One of the most interesting characteristics of all these short stories is the feeling of hopelessness that surrounds them. Not one of the characters is ultimately happy in these stories, and it is depressing to think this is the general outlook on relationships and love, no matter the gender. The stories seem to be saying that love is impossible to find, no matter who or how you love. This seems to be based on their outlook, which may have something to do with Australian culture, but the relationships themselves are not based on any form of culture or belief, they simply seem to be bad relationships."
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Legal Positivism and Australian Law, 2004.
This paper defines the concept of legal positivism and examines how it is applicable in the Australian law arena.
1,766 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how Australian law is very closely linked with legal positivism, since it revolves around the concept of power. It explains that the sovereign order is treated as the final word, which cannot be altered or amended. While the same is the case in the United States, the writer points out that there is some flexibility towards modern interpretations of law. The United States gives its judiciary enough freedom to interpret law according to the circumstances. The same is, however, missing from the Australian legal system where modern interpretations are often met with disapproval. It concludes that this is the essential difference between legal systems of the two countries, a difference that has turned Australian law into a more rigid and positivistic form of law.
From the Paper
"A law must be resistant to change for that is the whole purpose of implementing laws. However they must also be flexible enough to allow modern interpretation, which is unfortunately not the case in Australia and this, is what makes Australian constitutional law positivist in nature. In other words, when a law is so rigid that it cannot allow modern interpretation and fails to keep pace with changing times, it is said to be positivistic in nature. In such laws, the interpretation is rigidly limited and the original law cannot be molded to suit modern conditions and circumstances. While then United States constitutional law is also highly resistant to change, it is nonetheless flexible enough to allow Supreme and High Courts to seek modern interpretation. However that is not the case in Australia where constitutional law is the final word of authority and to allow the law to keep pace with changing times is seen as a threat to the constitution. A very apt example of this kind of rigidity of law can be seen in Bulun Bulun case of 1999.
In this case, the copyright Law of Australia was under consideration and it was found that the rigid interpretation of the law was closely connected with legal positivism. The painter John Bulun sought Court?s help in combining customary law with the Copyright Act. Mr. Bulun Bulun wanted one of his paintings "Magpie Geese and Water Lilies at the Waterhole", to be seen as a work of co-authorship. He wanted his entire community to be the owner of this property since it was more in line with his customs and cultural beliefs.
Judge Von Doussa however refused to combine customary law with Copyright Law and decided to stay with strict interpretation of the law thus taking a positivistic approach as Bowrey (2001) explains: ?It is difficult to ascertain whether or not von Doussa grasped the cultural implications that flow from his endorsement of these precedents about joint authorship. At key points in the decision closure to consideration of the indigenous point of view was achieved by using legal positivist interpretative practice. He identified the appropriate legal rule concerning joint authorship without reference to any discourse about the meaning of the terminology. Copyright law is "entirely a creature of statute"."
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