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Aristotle on Economic Exchange and Slavery, 2001.
An analysis of the works of the philosopher Aristotle and the economist Karl Polanyi, evaluating Aristotle's arguments on slavery and economic exchange.
1,095 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Aristotle?s arguments on slavery and economic exchange. The paper outlines how Aristotle validates the concept of slavery under one principle of economic exchange. The paper also provides that when measured against economist Karl Polanyi?s definitions of the market principle, Aristotle?s views on slavery fall into his own definition of the ?unnatural? category of economic exchange.
From the Paper
"Economist Karl Polanyi and the philosopher Aristotle have differing views on economic exchange. According to Polanyi, the three principles of exchange are market principle, redistribution, and reciprocity. The market principle describes the buying and selling of goods and services based on the laws of supply and demand, and often involves bargaining. Redistribution is the moving of products from the local level to a hierarchical center, reorganization of those products, and sending them back down to the local level. Redistribution is a form of exchange that works with the market system."
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Aristotle and Slavery, 2005.
This paper discusses Aristotle's belief in the relationship between slavery and political government and constitution.
1,045 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Aristotle's view that reason was the primary and most important aspect of human nature has important implications for his theory of the political constitution of society and particularly for his justification of slavery. The author points out that Aristotle states that women and slaves have a specific place and function in society because they are more dependent and not as naturally free as men. The paper concludes that, in Aristotle's view, all people are not born equal in political terms; the difference between men, women and slaves in the society is reflected in the political constitution.
From the Paper
"This reasoning may seem to be somewhat contorted and self-serving. However, one should bear in mind that Aristotle saw slaves as forming an essential part of the functioning of the society. More importantly, the constitution of the political body - if it was to be seen to be directed to the greatest good of all - should include a logical and rational place for slavery. The idea of the city-state which underpinned Aristotle's view of political theory required that a model based on the natural order in nature and particularly on medical science where the different parts of the body functioned to support each other. For example, the rnind which is supported and helped to support the body. The idea of slavery that Aristotle supported was based on analogies to these ideas."
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Aristotle and Slavery, 2002.
Assesses Aristotle's "Politics" in which he presents slavery as a fundamental element in the constitutional state.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the justification of slavery that Aristotle provides as occurring from the distinction that occurs between the ruling and the slave classes, as well as how this distinction helps to promote constitutional government.
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Slavery in Aristotle, 1999.
Examines philosopher's social, political & moral rationale for slavery & man's rule over women in household.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Aristotle's treatment of politics and rule begins, not with a discussion of elections and public administration but rather with a treatment of property, and not real (land) or personal (movable) property but rather persons as property, or slaves. Slaves are classified, not according as they do physical labor but according as they belong to (hence are subordinate to) part of a fundamental environment of rational human experience, the management of the household. The treatment of slaves as an aspect of household management is crucial because Aristotle conceptualizes the household in the same manner as he conceptualizes the political environment, as the highest and best expression of human rationality.
Human rationality is a naturally occurring, organic structure, and so are its products. For example, Aristotle refers to the.."
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Aristotle, 2005.
This paper discusses the persons who influenced Aristotle and Aristotle's influence on many fields including the physical and biological sciences, politics, psychology, poetry and logic.
1,170 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Thales (c. 640-546 BC) of Miletus, who is considered to have been the founder of natural philosophy, and Empedocles' system of four elements, earth, water, air and fire were major influences on Aristotle. The author stresses that Aristotle's influence was not isolated to Western civilization but was translated first into Syriac and later into Arabic, beginning in 450 A.D.; the Arabs were primarily interested in the medical, astronomical and mathematical aspects of the Aristotelian tradition. The paper relates that one of Aristotle's contributions, which is still in existence today, is the university where Aristotle lectured at regularly scheduled hours as opposed to the debate of his predecessors.
From the Paper
"Biological principles were highly influenced by Aristotle. William Harvey, the founder of modern physiology was very much influenced by Aristotle and "...founded much of his work on the Aristotelian assumption that the shape, structure and size of each organ of the animal body indicated its purpose and function in the whole system." The idea of spontaneous generation was a commonly held belief, with it roots dating back to Aristotle and was not disproved until experiments were performed by Louis Pasteur."
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Racism and Slavery, 2005.
An examination of the history of slavery in America and an explanation why racism and slavery are clearly related.
1,221 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that racism can exist and foster an environment and an attitude that sanction an institution like slavery. However, slavery itself can and has brought out the worst in people, including undiscovered feelings of supremacy over another race. It discusses how slavery has engrained in people's minds the thought that since such a practice is allowable and even easy to maintain, it must be right. The paper concludes that this concept may imply a new idea that slavery encourages racism, in as much as racism establishes slavery.
From the Paper
"In investigating this concept, we turn towards the past United States enslavement of black people. This particular institution of slavery seems to be aligned perfectly with and idea of dual causality. Its establishment was based in economic possibilities, and was fostered by a division among races. The first element mentioned finds its roots in the Renaissance and Commercial Revolution of Europe. With the rise of towns, the increased centrality of interests in commercial activities, the focus on capital strength, and the fall of feudalism, Europe reinvented its societies to become much more competitive, and focus its attention on individual's prosperity. From England specifically, came the already established aristocrats who ventured to the open land of America to expand their wealth. To do so required a cultivation of the land. Agriculture was the main venue towards wealth, however the already wealthy were not going to perform their own labor. As such, people of lower social statuses searching for greater prosperity, who ventured to the open America, found an opportunity to prosper, by becoming an indentured servant to the wealthy landowner. These servants, who were primarily young white men, would work for a sustained period and at the end of their required servitude, they would be granted land of their own."
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Slavery in the 21st Century, 2008.
A look at the existence of slavery in the 21st century in its traditional form of absolute subservience by a slave to a master and in an oppressive economic form characterized by virtual, if not actual, slavery.
1,080 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper reports that human rights groups have documented the existence of traditional slavery in Sudan, Mauritania, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan and of coercive labor systems in several Middle East countries, which are so exploitative that they have been condemned as virtual economic slavery. The author points out that, although the Arabian Peninsula in 1964 became the world's last region to officially abolish slavery, forty years later Saudi Arabia still has more than two-hundred and fifty-thousand slaves. The paper relates that Islamic doctrine provides religious justification for slavery and enables slave traffickers to flout laws prohibiting it. The paper also asserts that, although slavery does not exists in the United States, millions of migrant workers are subjected to coercive conditions and abusive treatment that are little better than slavery.
From the Paper
"Consequently, in objective terms, a human being who is not free to leave and has no influence on the conditions or length of their economic servitude is a virtual slave. They may have civil rights, but if they are rendered powerless to defend those rights, they are enslaved in a coercive system they cannot defy. They do not have to be bought and sold to be considered a slave, for when they are rendered no effective legal protection by any civil or religious authorities, they are a slave in everything but name."
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A Study of the "Book of Philemon" and the Issue of Slavery, 2004.
Looks at the "Book of Philemon" and how it deals with slavery and the way slavery should be approached from a Christian perspective.
1,270 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the three central characters of the "Book of Philemon" and analyzes the influence their Christianity had on the way they dealt with the social conflicts they encountered. In particular, the paper looks at how each of the characters handles the issue of slavery and its innate contradiction with ethical, moral, and Christian behavior.
From the Paper
"One of the major tenets of Christianity supports the belief that all individuals are the same in the eyes of God. This belief has to include slaves and the issue of slavery is the basic foundation for Paul?s letter to Philemon. Philemon was a wealthy Christian of Collosse who had at least one slave by the name of Onesimus. Onesimus apparently stole some money from Philemon and then ran away to Rome. (Halley 645) In Rome, Onesimus had an encounter with Paul, which eventually led to Onesimus? conversion. The problem that resulted as Onesimus? conversion and Paul?s solution to that problem is the heart of this brief letter."
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American Black Slavery, 1973.
This paper reviews the origins of American slavery, conditions of slavery and blacks' service in the Union Army.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Unlike the Spanish, the English explorers brought no blacks with them on their expeditions to the New World. No blacks were present in the first English colonies in North America, neither in the lost colony of Sir Walter Raleigh, nor in the little settlement at Jamestown. It was 12 years after the founding of Jamestown that blacks first made their appearance there. In 1619, a Dutch ship, headed for the West Indies, dropped anchor. The captain was short of food and other provisions, and he wanted to exchange the blacks for supplies. He traded them not as slaves but as indentured workers, which meant that they had to work for a few years without pay. These 20 blacks became the first settlers from Africa to make their homes in an English colony. Five years later, in 1624, little William Tucker was born. He was the first black child to be born in what was to ... "
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"Slavery and Freedom in the Rural North".
This paper discusses G. R. Hodges's "Slavery and Freedom in the Rural North," which discusses issues of slavery and the Civil War in New Jersey.
1,180 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that New Jersey was typical of states in the North that were not wholeheartedly anti-slavery, and yet had many activists who were bitterly opposed to slavery. The author points out that, in the 17th century, slaves were brought into New Netherland (New Jersey) from Jamaica, Barbados, Curacao, and Antigua. The slave population continued to grow, and in the 1790s, several "gradual emancipation" bills were voted down in the New Jersey legislature, albeit "popular opinion and party newspapers cautiously shifted" towards an anti-slavery position. The paper concludes that, after the end of legal slavery and for a century after the Civil War, there were still vestiges of the "paternalistic cottager system" in which African-Americans worked for whites on isolated farms, reflecting the continued bitterness of the Civil War.
Table of Contents
Introduction
New Jersey History of Slavery
The Civil War and New Jersey
From the Paper
"After the war, despite the heroism that many black soldiers displayed in defeating the South, "New Jersey's white population remained hostile" to the idea of giving blacks full citizen rights (p. 194). The author, in his Epilogue, explains why it was not easy to rid New Jersey of slavery notwithstanding federal law that demanded the end of slavery: he writes that slavery in Monmouth was not a "fad" which could be easily "forgotten," but to the contrary, it was "a custom two centuries in the making" (p. 203)."
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Aristotle on Pleasure, 2008.
An analysis of Aristotle's views on pleasure, specifically in his work, "The Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle."
1,197 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the views of Aristotle on the experience of pleasure in the world. The paper specifically focuses on "The Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle" by Aristotle and discusses his views expressed in the work. The paper explains how pleasure for Aristotle is an aspect of human existence that guides action and can guide virtuous living.
From the Paper
"Moderation seems to be the stand of Aristotle on pleasure, somewhere in between the contrary idea of all pleasure being a bad thing for man and all pleasure being a good thing for man Aristotle hangs his idea of pleasure and pleasure seeking as a natural state of man seeking eudaimonia. If a man seeks pleasure that is derived form his own desire in a natural state he is seeking pleasure that is necessary for the completion of a virtuous life. If a man seeks pleasure from an unnatural state, such as in the state of illness he is seeking pleasure for un-virtuous reasons and therefore such acts and emotions cannot be considered pleasure."
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Exchange Rate, 2005.
A look at factors affecting the exchange rate of a country adopting a floating exchange rate regime.
1,579 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the primary factor affecting the exchange rate of a country adopting a floating exchange rate regime is the supply and demand of the respective currency on the international market. The paper then goes on to discuss the various factors that make the demand and supply vary, thus affecting the exchange.
From the Paper
"In the respective announcement, the public found out that the US economy had produced only 21,000 new jobs and none in the private sector, from the 150,000 that had been predicted previously. The signal this send the investors was quite clear: the US economy is not performing as well as we may have thought, it is not producing new workplaces (which would be a sign of rising business, as new employees would be needed). The subsequent devaluation of the US dollar was a natural psychological reaction from the investors."
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Aristotle?s Rhetorical Theory, 2005.
This paper discusses Aristotle's rhetorical theory and its influence on modern democracy.
4,080 words (approx. 16.3 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Aristotle was not the first philosopher to argue from a rational, humanistic perspective nor to suggest that debates and arguments should be performed as an art form known as rhetoric; however, he is the most influential. The author points out that in his "Rhetoric", which is substantially shorter and relatively more straight-forward than most of his work, Aristotle presents a theory of rhetoric as an art that focuses on the capacity to persuade, the usefulness of rhetoric, the necessary elements of persuasion including appeals to emotion, status and logic and presents a wide range of specific stratagem for convincing an audience of one's point. The paper relates that the foundation of the modern approach to society, including the entirety of the modern political system, is fallout from the medieval rediscovery of Aristotle's work; during the Crusades, Europeans re-discovered Latin translations of Aristotle in various libraries throughout the Islamic world.
Table of Contents
Aristotle's Personal Work on "Rhetoric"
Aristotle's Historical Effect on "Rhetoric" and its Continued Fallout
Aristotle's Effects on Modern Democracy and the Sensitivity of Pathos
Does Aristotle Inadvertently Justify the Chicaneries of Modern Lawyers?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"At the foundation of American democracy, the nation had a relatively homogenous culture. (Assuming, of course, that one follows in the founder's footsteps and ignores the presence of slaves and natives) Athens, also, was a homogenous culture, where the members had most interests in common. So Aristotle's ideas on comprehending the common beliefs on one's audience and building on them based on syllogism and appeals to the common good were quite efficient. However, as the nation aged it has become increasingly multi-cultural, with a wider variety of base worldviews interacting to create the polis. A similar progression has taken place through-out the European democracies, and of course many post-colonial colonies have had to deal with such disparities from the beginning. Hence, it may seem that Aristotle's vision of rhetoric may have difficulties in a modern setting."
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Aristotle as a Scientist, 2002.
This paper discusses and analyzes Aristotle as a scientist and as a philosopher with emphasis on Aristotle?s theory of science.
1,180 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that Aristotle originated the development of logic and logical thinking as related to science and mathematics, independent of the mathematical influence from other Greek philosophers and scientists. The author presents details of Aristotle?s life both as a scientist and as a philosopher. He concludes that Aristotle?s greatest contribution was his ability to communicate his scientific thoughts that were far beyond his age.
From the Paper
"Aristotle based his findings on his knowledge of Greek mathematics at the time, but since he created a new form of mathematical logic, his findings were also completely new and therefore independent of the mathematical influence from other Greek philosophers and scientists. He drew upon his teachings from Plato in his "Prior Analytics," then went on to refine it and add his own explanation for arriving at middle terms in equations and logical thought. "
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The Abolition of Slavery, 2006.
This paper analyzes the issue of slavery by focusing on the perspectives of a black slave woman, Harriet Jacobs and a white male preacher, Peter Cartwright.
1,448 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the differences in gender, race and social roles in 19th century American society that created the differing viewpoints of both Jacobs and Cartwright in opposing black slavery. In Jacob's autobiography, "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl," the author delves into her own personal account of what slavery had been for black women like her. Cartwright's "Autobiography of Peter Cartwright, Backwoods Preacher" illustrates his own perception of slavery through the eyes of a white American male. The writer contends and explains that while both authors were vehemently opposed to slavery, the two had very different opinions as to why slavery should be abolished. For Jacobs, slavery was a detriment to her life because she experienced sexual vulnerability and abuse whereas Cartwright considered the practice wrong due to the moral degeneration that occurred with the proliferation of adultery and unexpected pregnancies among black women slaves by their white masters.
From the Paper
"This paper posits that Jacobs and Cartwright's narratives about their opposition and experiences of black slavery reflect that despite their agreement on the detriments of this practice, both have different opinions about the 'wrongness' of black slavery. That is, for Jacobs, black slavery was a detriment to her life because she experienced sexual vulnerability and abuse, while Cartwright considered the practice immoral because of the moral degeneration that occurred with the proliferation of adultery and unexpected pregnancies among black women slaves by white American males. In "Incidents," Jacobs narrated her account of slavery based on her experience as a slave of a family in South Carolina."
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