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Aristotle, Cicero and Friendship, 2008.
A comparative analysis of the concept of friendship according to Aristotle and Cicero.
2,561 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the parallels between the two perspectives on friendship, as proposed in Aristotle's "Nichomachean Ethics." and in Cicero's "Lealius." It looks at how they mutually reveal illuminating refutations of friendships, which are false in pretense and how the discord between their assessments shows Aristotle's view to be more refined in its differentiation between friendships based on shared virtues and those based on shared goods.
From the Paper
"Cicero's concurrence with Aristotle on the nature of friendship as it flows from 'goodness' points to a resolution that ends which accompany friendship and are not complimented by the presence of goodness do not then forge a true friendship. Cicero's foray into the subject of friendship is given prelude by the statement of intent that he must "at the very beginning lay down this principle - friendship can only exist between good men." (Cicero, I:5) This underlines Cicero's admonition that friendship stemming from a lack of good qualities, either within the parameters of the friendship or inherent in one or both of its parties, is not a friendship at all. Rather, he asserts, it is a relationship forged on false pretenses. Rather than through the pursuit of a mutual good, it is a relationship defined by its advantages to one or the other. "
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Cicero's Writings on Friendship, 2002.
Analysis of Cicero's views regarding freindship and some of the contradictions within his view.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The Roman politician and philosopher Cicero, in his writings on friendship, conceived of it as being a high-order relationship; a relationship that was so intense and personal that it seems, in his view, to be more important than any other human bond. However, Cicero was a philosopher and, as such, was honour bound to give consideration to opposing arguments. One view of friendship in particular - what may be termed the cynical or realistic thesis - caused him great difficulty in his discussion. From this perspective, friendship is nothing more than a mode of exchange or an association between two parties for mutual profit or benefit. In this paper we will examine the reasons behind Cicero's difficulty in dismissing this counter-definition of friendship. As a counterpoint to Cicero's view of friendship, we will analyze the depiction of love in the love poetry of John Donne.
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Aristotle and Friendship, 2000.
An argumentative paper on Aristotle's view on friendship.
850 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Aristotle's analysis of friendship. The author discusses three types of friendship: a useful friendship, a pleasurable friendship and true friendship. These belong to two aspects of friendship: character friendship and advantage friendship. Included are examples.
From the paper:
"It is argued that there are three branches of friendship: (1) doing favors for each other, (2) using each other for pleasure, and (3) true friendship. These branches belong to the two characteristics of friendship, which are character friendship and advantage friendship. Character friendship belongs to or is related to civic relations because it requires citizens to have active goodwill toward each other."
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Aristotle and Friendships, 2008.
This paper analyzes the highest level of friendship that induces Aristotle's idea of friendship as a virtue in Nichomachean Ethics.
1,660 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the three different tiers of friendship in Aristotle's philosophy: friendships of utility, pleasure and of the good. The paper discusses Aristotle's argument that a friendship "of the good" provides a foundation for eudemonia (the happiest life). The paper explains how this level of friendship strives to discover the greatest good or happiness between friends, rather than seeking immediate gratification through superficial relationships.
From the Paper
"For Aristotle, the greatest good of life comes from having a friendship that can be purified from immoral or materialistic causation. The importance of friends is one of the major virtues of life that must be taken into account when living for eudemonia or for the greater good of life in Book VIII:
"After what we have said, a discussion of friendship would naturally follow, since it is a virtue or implies virtue, and is besides most necessary with a view to living. For without friends no one would choose to live (Aristotle para.1)"
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Aristotle and Friendship, 2007.
This paper offers a personal opinion on Aristotle's ideas of friendship among equals.
1,024 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Aristotle's beliefs about the requirement for equal intelligence and reciprocity for true friendship. The writer concedes that some of Aristotle's points are correct. The writer contends, however, that to say that the intelligence of a person is directly related to his/her value and that people of different intelligence cannot be friends, is elitist and untrue.
From the Paper
"Jena Vanier states that "Aristotle bases the value of human beings on their rational and intellectual capacity alone", and therefore cannot conceive of the possibility of true friendship among unequals. I agree with this statement. In fact, the truth of this statement can be shown by reviewing Aristotle's ideas about friendship. I also think that Aristotle is for the most part correct - although not completely. As I will show, the idea that true friendship cannot be possible between people of different intelligence can be attacked quite strongly."
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Aristotle, 2005.
This paper discusses the persons who influenced Aristotle and Aristotle's influence on many fields including the physical and biological sciences, politics, psychology, poetry and logic.
1,170 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Thales (c. 640-546 BC) of Miletus, who is considered to have been the founder of natural philosophy, and Empedocles' system of four elements, earth, water, air and fire were major influences on Aristotle. The author stresses that Aristotle's influence was not isolated to Western civilization but was translated first into Syriac and later into Arabic, beginning in 450 A.D.; the Arabs were primarily interested in the medical, astronomical and mathematical aspects of the Aristotelian tradition. The paper relates that one of Aristotle's contributions, which is still in existence today, is the university where Aristotle lectured at regularly scheduled hours as opposed to the debate of his predecessors.
From the Paper
"Biological principles were highly influenced by Aristotle. William Harvey, the founder of modern physiology was very much influenced by Aristotle and "...founded much of his work on the Aristotelian assumption that the shape, structure and size of each organ of the animal body indicated its purpose and function in the whole system." The idea of spontaneous generation was a commonly held belief, with it roots dating back to Aristotle and was not disproved until experiments were performed by Louis Pasteur."
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Aristotle on Pleasure, 2008.
An analysis of Aristotle's views on pleasure, specifically in his work, "The Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle."
1,197 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the views of Aristotle on the experience of pleasure in the world. The paper specifically focuses on "The Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle" by Aristotle and discusses his views expressed in the work. The paper explains how pleasure for Aristotle is an aspect of human existence that guides action and can guide virtuous living.
From the Paper
"Moderation seems to be the stand of Aristotle on pleasure, somewhere in between the contrary idea of all pleasure being a bad thing for man and all pleasure being a good thing for man Aristotle hangs his idea of pleasure and pleasure seeking as a natural state of man seeking eudaimonia. If a man seeks pleasure that is derived form his own desire in a natural state he is seeking pleasure that is necessary for the completion of a virtuous life. If a man seeks pleasure from an unnatural state, such as in the state of illness he is seeking pleasure for un-virtuous reasons and therefore such acts and emotions cannot be considered pleasure."
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Aristotle on Economic Exchange and Slavery, 2001.
An analysis of the works of the philosopher Aristotle and the economist Karl Polanyi, evaluating Aristotle's arguments on slavery and economic exchange.
1,095 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Aristotle?s arguments on slavery and economic exchange. The paper outlines how Aristotle validates the concept of slavery under one principle of economic exchange. The paper also provides that when measured against economist Karl Polanyi?s definitions of the market principle, Aristotle?s views on slavery fall into his own definition of the ?unnatural? category of economic exchange.
From the Paper
"Economist Karl Polanyi and the philosopher Aristotle have differing views on economic exchange. According to Polanyi, the three principles of exchange are market principle, redistribution, and reciprocity. The market principle describes the buying and selling of goods and services based on the laws of supply and demand, and often involves bargaining. Redistribution is the moving of products from the local level to a hierarchical center, reorganization of those products, and sending them back down to the local level. Redistribution is a form of exchange that works with the market system."
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Aristotle as a Scientist, 2002.
This paper discusses and analyzes Aristotle as a scientist and as a philosopher with emphasis on Aristotle?s theory of science.
1,180 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that Aristotle originated the development of logic and logical thinking as related to science and mathematics, independent of the mathematical influence from other Greek philosophers and scientists. The author presents details of Aristotle?s life both as a scientist and as a philosopher. He concludes that Aristotle?s greatest contribution was his ability to communicate his scientific thoughts that were far beyond his age.
From the Paper
"Aristotle based his findings on his knowledge of Greek mathematics at the time, but since he created a new form of mathematical logic, his findings were also completely new and therefore independent of the mathematical influence from other Greek philosophers and scientists. He drew upon his teachings from Plato in his "Prior Analytics," then went on to refine it and add his own explanation for arriving at middle terms in equations and logical thought. "
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Aristotle?s Rhetorical Theory, 2005.
This paper discusses Aristotle's rhetorical theory and its influence on modern democracy.
4,080 words (approx. 16.3 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Aristotle was not the first philosopher to argue from a rational, humanistic perspective nor to suggest that debates and arguments should be performed as an art form known as rhetoric; however, he is the most influential. The author points out that in his "Rhetoric", which is substantially shorter and relatively more straight-forward than most of his work, Aristotle presents a theory of rhetoric as an art that focuses on the capacity to persuade, the usefulness of rhetoric, the necessary elements of persuasion including appeals to emotion, status and logic and presents a wide range of specific stratagem for convincing an audience of one's point. The paper relates that the foundation of the modern approach to society, including the entirety of the modern political system, is fallout from the medieval rediscovery of Aristotle's work; during the Crusades, Europeans re-discovered Latin translations of Aristotle in various libraries throughout the Islamic world.
Table of Contents
Aristotle's Personal Work on "Rhetoric"
Aristotle's Historical Effect on "Rhetoric" and its Continued Fallout
Aristotle's Effects on Modern Democracy and the Sensitivity of Pathos
Does Aristotle Inadvertently Justify the Chicaneries of Modern Lawyers?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"At the foundation of American democracy, the nation had a relatively homogenous culture. (Assuming, of course, that one follows in the founder's footsteps and ignores the presence of slaves and natives) Athens, also, was a homogenous culture, where the members had most interests in common. So Aristotle's ideas on comprehending the common beliefs on one's audience and building on them based on syllogism and appeals to the common good were quite efficient. However, as the nation aged it has become increasingly multi-cultural, with a wider variety of base worldviews interacting to create the polis. A similar progression has taken place through-out the European democracies, and of course many post-colonial colonies have had to deal with such disparities from the beginning. Hence, it may seem that Aristotle's vision of rhetoric may have difficulties in a modern setting."
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Aristotle's Ethics, 2006.
This paper reviews and analyzes Aristotle's "Nicomachean Ethics," which express the Greek philosopher's numerous fundamental concerns.
1,732 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Aristotle's argument that the happiest life is the one in which a person does everything for philosophical contemplation. The philosopher contends that a life lived for the sake of morally virtuous activity is happy, though in a lesser sense. This paper explores the contents of Aristotle's "Nicomachean Ethics," in which the philosopher establishes the idea of a goal-directed activity as the concept necessary for an understanding of human goodness and excellence. This paper analyzes Aristotle's frequent use of the term Eudemonia, the Greek word for happiness. The writer of this paper contends and explains why eudemonia is constituted, in Aristotle's opinion, not by honor, or wealth, or power but by rational activity in harmony with excellence. This paper also focuses on Aristotle's lengthy dialogues on moral virtue and friendship and his evident admiration for the morally virtuous person, which led many to assume that human good is the exercise of practical and not theoretical virtue.
From the Paper
"The best way to make sense of the notion is to observe happiness as something of a framework for all the other various goods that we aim for. We achieve eudaimonia with the correct ordering of such items, by imposing a pattern on our activities that gives all of them the fitting significance, by adopting a suitable hierarchy for all the different goods pursued by mankind. Therefore, eudaimonia consists of many different goods and will provide the general significance to all of them (providing a significant meaning to our lives). Eudaimonia is not achieved by actively seeking it. Rather, it is attained it by ordering our pursuit of all the other goods in the proper manner. Happiness, which is the highest and final goal of human existence, is, in other words, somewhat of a by-product of carrying out our pursuit of all the other goods (wealth, fame, learning, and so on) in the correct manner."
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Aristotle's "Nicomachean Ethics", 2006.
This paper reviews Book IX of Aristotle's "Nicomachean Ethics," and the philosopher's argument whether a happy man really needs friends.
1,386 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The author of this paper outlines Aristotle's view on the nature of friendship and goodness. In Book IX, the Greek philosopher concedes that everyone is not the same and that these dissimilarities may be a detriment to friendship. The writer stresses Aristotle's opinion that according to the ethics of the time, a good man would want for a friend what he would want for himself. This paper shows why Aristotle's philosophy continues to have an influence on developing Western philosophical theories.
From the Paper
"Aristotle assumes that a happy man is also a good man. This will be elaborated further in this paper. First, in a consideration of friendship, let us look at what friendship does for the good and happy person. Aristotle's view is that the one characteristic of a friend is rather to do something good for a friend than to do something good for himself. This is of course a virtue. So the good man, being good, would need to do good things for other people. Because
the good man enjoys doing this, many people will be attracted to him and want to have him for their friend. And so many will also do good things for the good person, because they are his friends. And thus goodness and friendship feed upon each other. This need to do good things for people is the basis that Aristotle uses for his view that we need friends both in prosperity and adversity."
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Investigating "Aristotle for Everybody", 2002.
A chapter-by-chapter summary of M.J. Adler's "Aristotle for Everybody" which simplifies the philosophies of Greek philosopher, Aristotle.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 1 source, $ 71.95
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Abstract
Investigates M. J. Adler's book "Aristotle for Everybody" as a text that is accessible and appropriate for open learning. This paper investigates both the presentation of these philosophies and Adler's intentions in formating these philosophies in a more accessible, more "modern" context. There is a chapter-by-chapter summary.
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Plato and Aristotle, 2005.
This paper compares political theories in Plato's "The Republic" and Aristotle's "Politics".
4,320 words (approx. 17.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 114.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although Plato and Aristotle's views on society and its role were fairly distinct, they had an identical purpose, to create a dignified living for communities. The author points out that concepts of Aristotle are different from those of Plato because Aristotle is an empiricist - he appreciates the relevance of immediate examination to find out the truth; whereas, Plato feels that simple logical conclusion can confirm the ultimate authenticity. The paper relates that, employing Socrates as an illusory narrator, Plato regards the character and the importance of justice as they are observed in the composition of society in general and in the character of an individual human being. Aristotle, disciple of Plato, broadened the concept of virtue by reasoning that righteous behavior should take up some midway between extreme conduct and conduct that lacks.
From the Paper
"Concurrently, forgiveness is usually considered as a significant virtue - a society in which there is complete lack of forgiveness will be a society that is oppressive, there is a dearth of freedom and would be devoid of the three fundamental ethics of compassion. That is strange; nevertheless, since forgiveness basically needs that justice not be performed. It has to be understood at this point that forgiveness is not an issue of showing sympathy or behaving well, even though these virtues might result in the likelihood of expressing increased forgiveness. Forgiveness even is not equal to empathy or compassion. The thing forgiveness involves is that certain things less than justice is one. In situations where a criminal who has been convicted begs for forgiveness, in that case he is requesting that a lenient penalty be given compared to what is slated for. While a Christian proscribes before God for forgiveness, she is requesting Him for a lesser penalty than He has in store for her."
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"The Golden Mean" as outlined by Aristotle, 1990.
Reviews Aristotle's "Ethics", focusing on Aristotle's definition of virtue as the "golden mean." Examines this definition and criticizes its validity.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 1 source, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Aristotle described a remarkable set of criteria to delineate between good and bad people in his work entitled, Ethics. Aristotle believed that the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain were important yard sticks in measuring virtuous and continent people, whom he believed were of strong moral character, and vicious and incontinent people, whom he described as dangerous and immoral. 100 pages into Ethics, Aristotle finally provides his definition of virtue:
So virtue is a purposive disposition, lying in a mean that is relative to us and determined by a rationale principle, and by that which a prudent man would use to determine it. It is a mean between two kinds of vice, one of excess and the other of deficiency; and also for this reason, that whereas these vices fall short of or exceed the right..."
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