| Papers [1-15] of 38 :: [Page 1 of 3] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 —> | Search results on "ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION": |
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Antibiotic Production, 2000.
How antibiotics were discovered and how they are produced.
2,890 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 85.95
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Abstract
An essay about antibiotic production. The author examines the historical view of how antibiotics were first discovered, how antibiotics are naturally produced in microorganisms and the biotech aspect of it with focus on how today's antibiotics are produced commercially.
From the Paper
"Today, some 5000 different antibiotics are known. Of these, around 100 are currently used to treat infections. Some are broad spectrum weapons, while others have more specialized applications. In the continuing battle against infectious disease, substances produced by living microbes continue to hold the center of the stage. Microorganisms are not only the workhorses that manufacture well established antibiotics, they also continue to be the source of new ?magic bullets? to deal with hitherto untreatable infections, and to combat disease causing bacteria that have become resistant to the already existing armamentarium of drugs. The antimicrobial capacity of the microbial world seems inexhaustible. "
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Antibiotic Resistance, 2002.
A paper which discusses society's misuse of antibiotics and the potential threat of antibiotic resistance.
1,392 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how antibiotics have kept our society safe from the harmful effects of many diseases since the discovery of penicillin in the 1920?s. It shows that in the decades since its discovery, antibiotics have been so widely used that bacteria have developed resistance to them. Once this resistance has been developed, antibiotics become useless. The paper examines how, through the misuse of antibiotics, society may effectively find itself returned to the pre-1920 days where no effective treatment is available for bacterial diseases like smallpox and tuberculosis. It discusses ways to prevent this from happening and to manage the problem.
From the Paper
"Part of the problem relates to the misuse of antibiotics and especially the over-prescription of them. One article reports that ?more than 50 million of the 150 million antibiotic prescriptions written each year for patients outside of hospitals are unnecessary? (Nordenberg). Consumer awareness involves realizing that antibiotics are not necessary for every condition. For example, the common cold is a viral infection, not a bacterial infection. Taking antibiotics for a cold does nothing to cure it. The emphasis here needs to be put on both doctors and patients. Patients need to use antibiotics only as necessary and not treat them as a ?just in case? drug. At the same time, doctors need to determine that a patient has a bacterial problem before prescribing antibiotics."
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Antibiotic Resistance, 2006.
This paper researches if antibiotic resistance be prevented.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 5 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a widely speculated on topic that has serious consequences in the modern day and age. This paper is a high level exploration discussing how antibiotic resistance cannot be prevented. The paper cites current literature. Statistics on antibiotic prescribing patterns relative to effectiveness of the drug are also explored in the paper.
From the Paper
"According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (2001 as cited by MacKay, 2003), over 235 million prescriptions were written, dispensed and consumed. The CDC estimated that as many as 50% of them were written unnecessarily for viral infections where antibiotics would be of no value (2001 as cited by MacKay, 2003). MacKay (2003) states that it is precisely due to this type of overuse that is resulting not in overkill but under kill: antibiotic resistance. When penicillin was found to inhibit bacterial development in 1928 (Plonczynski & Plonczynski, 2005) it was considered a miracle given that infectious diseases were considered the leading cause of death at that time (Armstrong, Conn & Pinner, 1999 as cite by Plonczynski & Plonczynski, 2005). Penicillin then came into production and was released into the mainstream in the late 1940s."
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Antibiotic Resistance, 2006.
This paper explores the evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria and focuses on bacteria's rapid mutagenic properties.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper that examines the effect of antibiotics on the evolution of present day bacteria. These bacterial are considered in light of anti-biotic resistance. The paper also focuses on bacteria's rapid mutagenic properties. Additionally, the paper further explores how pharmaceutical companies are trying to outsmart bacteria's ability to mutate and survive. The mechanisms of action for antibiotics are provided as well as an explanation of why antibiotic resistance is so prevalent.
From the Paper
"Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928. When it was first introduced to the public in 1944, 94% of the most commonly known bacteria were still susceptible to eradication and it saved countless lives. By 1950, the number was reduced to 50% and the number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has continued to increase. Similarly, life threatening bacterial infections are on the rise as new forms of bacteria are discovered. Many of these bacteria had their origins in disease strains that were previously treated effectively with antibiotics. However, with the rise in use of antibiotics over the past several decades in industry and agriculture along with the increase in number and types of antibiotics produced and over prescribed by physicians, bacteria being highly adaptogenic have mutated into antibiotic-resistant strains. This paper will discuss the main mechanisms of antibiotic effectivity, discuss what is leading to antibiotic resistance among bacteria, state..."
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Antibiotic Resistance, 2002.
This paper examines antibiotic resistance in two government hospitals in the United States.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 16 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper examines antibiotic resistance in two government hospitals in the United States. It outlines an experiment designed to determine levels of anti-biotic resistant respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in two hospitals and an intervention to reduce rates
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Antibiotic Resistance Analysis, 2004.
Discussion of Antibiotic Resistance Analysis as a method for differentiating between different sources of fecal pollution in rivers and streams.
1,528 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the technique of Antibiotic Resistance Analysis (ARA), developed by Dr. Bruce Wiggins of James Madison University, as a means of differentiating between different sources of fecal pollution in the rivers and streams in the Rockingham County area. The paper reviews the latest Bacterial Source Tracking (BST) techniques and argues why ARA is needed. The paper also proposes a plan that would test the temporal stability of the existing watershed library.
From the Paper
"Unsafe drinking water is a problem that not just third-world and developing countries face. Maintaining strict water quality standards is something any government should be responsible for, but it wasn?t until June 11th, 1999 that a lawsuit finally forced the Environmental Protection Agency to be more aware of the problem. The federal Clean Water Act of 1972 states that it is the federal government?s job to identify impaired waters if the state government does not (3). This was the main argument of several grassroots organizations when they sued the EPA. They argued that the EPA must set total maximum daily load (TMDL) restrictions. TMDL means the maximum amount of a pollutant that a body of water can receive in one day, and still meet the water-quality standards. Furthermore, TMDLs must include a plan to lower the amount of pollutants for bodies of water that do not currently meet water-quality standards (3). The grassroots organizations won the lawsuit, and the court order mandated several changes take place. First, the EPA now ensures TMDL amounts, and also reviews Virginia?s plans for each year. Moreover, ?all readily available data and information must be used to identify the state?s most heavily polluted waters? (3)."
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Antibiotic Resistance, 2002.
This paper investigates the present-day rise of a resistance to antibiotics.
610 words (approx. 2.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 21.95
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Abstract
The paper begins with a description on how antibiotics have proven useful to the eradication of certain diseases. It then turns to address the problem of antibiotic resistance, and states the two areas that need to be effectively managed in order to solve this problem ? public awareness and the development of new research. The two areas are explored in more depth. The issue of misuse of antibiotics is discussed and the goal of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) is explained. The paper concludes with an explanation on how a combination of the two areas involved can help improve the situation of antibiotic resistance.
From the Paper
"The discovery of antibiotics in the 1920?s changed the future of medicine and meant that deadly diseases, including plagues, could be easily controlled. Prior to the introduction of penicillin, diseases like smallpox, tuberculosis and the bubonic plague were major problems. In modern society, these diseases are almost non-existent. In modern times though, the problem of antibiotic resistance has arisen. If organisms and diseases become resistant to antibiotics then the situation returns to one like the pre 1920?s, where there is no defense against these diseases. To prevent this from happening, the problem of antibiotic resistance needs to be managed. The problem can be effectively managed by concentrating on two areas."
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Antibiotic Resistance, 2006.
This paper explores drug resistant strains of bacteria and examines the relationship between probiotic use and disease immunity.
1,767 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the growing trends in antibiotic resistance and discusses non-conventional therapies for combating bacterial infection, which include use of probiotics. The paper explains how probiotics relieve bacterial infection, inflammation and help restore the balance of healthy bacteria in the gut. The paper also reviews evidence supporting the use of probiotics in lieu of or as complementary therapy when antibiotics are used to treat certain illnesses. The paper concludes that
more research should be conducted to examine the full potential benefits of probiotic therapy for patients with all kinds of diseases. The health and survival of mankind may depend on it.
Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Conclusions
Appendix
From the Paper
"The prevalence of antibiotic resistance has stimulated much interest in the use of probiotics or live microbial supplements to combat infections otherwise resistant to traditional antibiotic therapy. In recent years overuse of antibiotics have stimulated antibiotic resistant strains of disease rendering antibiotics useless in many cases (Diped, 2003).
"While the discovery of antibiotics marked a changing point in modern medicine, in recent years scientists have begun to realize that the health benefits of antibiotics may be much more short lived than initially anticipated. As such researchers are struggling to find complementary and alternative methods for treating drug resistant forms of disease that antibiotic therapy once proved sufficient for."
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Medicine After Antibiotics, 1998.
A summary and discussion of causes and possible solutions of the problem of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
1,220 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 7 sources, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes the conditions that lead to antibiotic resistance. The author examines aspects such as over-prescription, high level of both bacteria and antibiotics in hospitals and the use of antibiotics in livestock feed that lead to a resistence. The author discusses the increasing uselessness of newer antibiotics and new strategies for preventing the spread of infectious disease.
From the Paper
'Antibiotic resistance has been building in bacterial populations for decades, but advances in medicine (i.e. new types of antibiotics) have always stayed one step ahead. Antibiotics are becoming harder and harder to develop ? there is a limited number of ways to recreate antibiotics, and drug companies may have come to the end of the list. Vancomycin ? considered the drug of last resort when all other antibiotics fail ? is no longer a sure cure. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have been reported in hospitals across the U.S., and some of these infections are untreatable with any current antibiotic. However, vancomycin is being prescribed more and more often when other drugs fail ? and VRE populations are growing (Mitchell, 1998)."
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Resisting Antibiotics, 2004.
How the overuse of antibiotics in recent years has caused organisms to reject them.
879 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The proliferation of antibiotic-resistant organisms has been the topic of much debate for many years. The overuse of antibiotics has created new strains of disease that no longer respond to antibiotics. This paper discusses two of the most common antibiotic-resistant organisms, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE).
From the Paper
"The bacterium is usually spread through contact with other people that are colonized or infected with the germ. (Control of Antibiotic Resistant Organisms in Home Settings 2003) According to the Virginia Department of Health ?The germ can be spread by direct contact with the person or by the hands of someone caring for the person touching others before washing hands. MRSA can survive for an hour or more on environmental surfaces such as floors, sinks, blood pressure cuffs, etc. but these are NOT the most likely source of spread.? (Control of Antibiotic Resistant Organisms in Home Settings 2003)"
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Bacteria & Antibiotics, 1997.
Examines resistance to antimicrobial agents. Discusses reasons for their spreadability, genetic transfer and mutation. Examines the use of prescription & broad spectrum drugs and patient compliance.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 10 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
" BACTERIA & ANTIBIOTICS
Introduction
Lele (1991) reports that non-response to drugs is a problem that all clinicians face. The cause may be due to resistance of the invading micro-organism or the drug used, drug dose, frequency, duration, and administration, or inadequate patient compliance.
Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms
Antibiotics have been found to reduce mortality from infectious diseases, however, the prevalence of these diseases remains. It is hypothesized that use and misuse of antimicrobial agents facilitates the evolution of bacterial resistance which results in therapeutic failure. This trend is due to new resistance mechanisms and the spreading of well-characterized.."
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Bacteria and Antibiotics, 1999.
Examines the effects of streptomycin from a molecular genetics perspective. Discusses binding, mutation, synergy and experiments.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"BACTERIAL RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS: A MOLECULAR GENETICS PERSPECTIVE WITH A FOCUS ON STREPTOMYCIN
An antibiotic is any substance produced by a microorganism (such as bacteria or fungi) that it sends outside its cell to harm or kill another microorganism. Thus, if an organism is able to produce chemicals that inhibit or kill other nearby organisms, it has an advantage in competing for local resources (Harley, Klein, and Prescott 15).
Antibiotic resistance is a growing clinical problem as bacterial infections become more difficult to treat. An understanding of the mechanism of antibiotic resistance can enhance the effectiveness of the future development of new compounds that can combat antibiotic resistance (Leung, Hon, Wright, and Berghuis 1)."
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Manuka Honey, 2004.
An examination of the benefits of using New Zealand produce, Manuka honey, as an antibiotic treatment.
2,988 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
In light of the rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria and the ensuing difficulties of treatment for the medical community, patients are expanding their treatment options to include more nontraditional techniques. This paper examines how Manuka honey, a honey produced in New Zealand, offers the possibility of an effective alternative treatment for H. Pylori infection and wound infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The resistance of the traditional medical establishment to nontraditional treatment methods has meant that quantitative, evidence-based studies into the effectiveness of Manuka honey are not common. This paper presents a randomized, double-blind, controlled study that investigates the effectiveness of Manuka honey treatment for H. Pylori and antibiotic-resistant organisms such as MRSA and gram-negative bacteria.
From the Paper
"Not long after penicillin was introduced for the treatment of a variety of infections, the first strains of penicillin-resistant bacteria began to appear. The nature of the bacterial lifecycle made them more capable of rapid evolution to respond to antibiotics. Bacteria reproduce so quickly (usually on the order of a few hours) that any mutations introduced are rapidly propagated through the generations. When a chance mutation enables a bacterium to resist antibiotics, this bacterium survives and quickly replicates, passing this resistant mutation on to subsequent generations. The problem is made more severe when doctors prescribe antibiotics more as a treatment of psychological complaints than genuine bacterial infections. To further complicate the issue of antibiotic resistance, patients sometimes do not finish a course of antibiotics. Assuming they're well and the infection has been cured, patients may stop a course of treatment prematurely. This results in the less hardy bacteria being killed off, while the more resistant bacteria remain to reinfect, and reinfect more virulently."
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Moxifloxacin, 2006.
Presents a complete overview of this form of antibiotic.
4,575 words (approx. 18.3 pages), 37 sources, MLA, $ 118.95
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Abstract
Moxifloxacin is an antibiotic, and it comes under the classification of fluoroquinolones. It is primarily used to fight bacteria in the body, and to treat bacterial infections, including pneumonia, acute bronchitis and sinusitis. This paper presents an in-depth overview of Moxifloxacin, including its composition, the way patients are treated and its therapeutic applications and effects. The paper includes diagrams.
Paper Outline:
Composition and Structure
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion
Mechanism of Action
Therapeutic Applications/Effects
Adverse Effects/Contraindications/Drug Interactions
Regulatory Issues for New Zealand
Reference List
From the Paper
"Most adverse effects reported in clinical trails of the drug Moxifloxacin were described as being either moderate or extreme, and where it affected the entire body, it resulted in headache, abdominal pain, asthenia, injection site pain, and allergic reactions, and also certain moliasis, and certain pains all over the body. Cardiovascular reactions included palpitation, vasodilatation, tachycardia, and hypertension, or the QT interval would be inordinately prolonged. In the nervous system, the side effects are insomnia and vertigo, or somnolence, tremors, nausea, diarrhea, a severe anxiety, and so on and so forth, and in the digestive system, vomiting and constipation."
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Pharmaceutical Chemistry: Levofloxacin, 2008.
A discussion of the levofloxacin antibiotic and its use in the treatment for pneumonia.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
The paper focuses on levofloxacin, an antibiotic that has been used to treat pneumonia, sinusitis, urinary tract infections, bronchitis and exposure to anthrax. The paper describes the drug and how it is effective in the cure for pneumonia. The paper provides a description of its discovery, an evaluation to assess its efficacy and a discussion of the artificial route used in its dynamics. The paper also looks at clinical trials, post-launch market information and at comparisons to other drugs used for pneumonia in terms of suitable treatment.
Outline:
Introduction
Explanation of the Disease that the Drug is involved
and its Effects
Description of Discovery
Evaluation Used to Assess Efficiency
Artificial Route Used in its Dynamics
Information from ADME and Toxicology
Clinical Trials Date and Data
Post-launch Market Information
Comparisons to Other Drugs
Conclusions
From the Paper
"In the previous years, the development of consecutive generations of antibiotics have been elevated and dissected to deter specific diseases. For example, fluoroquinolones with lesser generations such as "levofloxacin, grepafloxacin, sitafloxacin, sparfloxacin," (Ball, 2003, p. 647) has been formulated to deter various infections. Specifically, levofloxacin, an antibiotic has been used to treat an array of bacterial infections such as pneumonia, sinusitis, urinary tract infections, bronchitis and exposure to anthrax. It has also been used as an antidepressant and heartburn. This drug sternly damages the cell walls of the infecting bacteria avoiding any multiplication."
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