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Anthrax as a Biological Weapon, 2005.
An analysis of anthrax and its potential use as a biological weapon in the 21st century.
1,191 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper analyses how anthrax is a powerful biological weapon, which when used appropriately, may result in the death of thousands or even millions of people. It examines how, in order to maximise the efficiency of a response to a bio-terrorist attack involving anthrax, wider knowledge of the microbiology and spore formation of anthrax is needed, as well as effective biological counter measures to ensure the safety of civilian populations.
Outline
Introduction Releasing Anthrax
Epidemiology Symptoms
Microbiology
Pathology Methods of Control
Recommendations
Conclusion Bibliography Appendix
From the Paper
"Releasing anthrax would be relative simple, a cloud of anthrax spores released in a strategic location, with a high civilian population, could kill thousands or even millions of people if released according. A lethal dosage of anthrax is considered to be 10,000 spores; 80% of a population that inhaled such a dose would die. Less than one millionth of a gram is invariably fatal within a couple of days after exposure. (REF) An anthrax aerosol would be odourless and invisible following release and would have the potential to travel many kilometres."
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Biological Weapons, 2004.
A history of the development of biological weapons and the threat they pose today.
1,287 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the origins and history of biological weapons, especially in the United States. In knowing its history, this research also looks into the development of technology as one of the precursors that helped ?develop? and proliferate the creation of microorganisms that can destroy not only the human body, but the Earth?s physical environment as well. Furthermore, the use of biological weapons as an alternative for weapons in the act of terrorism and as a means to destroy another nation or society is also studied and analyzed, thereby putting the production of biological weapons in its socio-political context. Classifications of biological weapons presently produced are also identified. Lastly, measures and policies formulated to encourage and promote non-proliferation of biological weapons, a socio-political issue, is also tackled.
From the Paper
"The origin and history of biological weapons can be traced as far back as the 14th century, where plague epidemics become biological weapons used by conquerors in order to easily overpower other nations/societies. In American history, biological weapons use is evident in the use of the smallpox disease as a way for the French and British forces to defeat the Native Americans, original inhabitants of the US territory, in the 18th century (Lederberg, 1999:18-9). Biological weaponry has become more developed in the 20th century, during the First World War, when Germany used ?wind-blown chlorine? as a weapon to physically weaken the enemy?s army forces. Germany?s use of chlorine later developed to phosgene to mustard gas, attacking the skin and lungs of its victims, proving itself to be a pervasive form of biological weapon, since gas masks proved to be ?ineffective? protection to this biological weapon (Falkenrath, 1998)."
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Biological Weapons, 2003.
A review of the history and use of biological weapons.
1,722 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This research paper, entitled "The History and Use of Biological Weapons," provides an overview and discussion of how biological weapons are used by terrorists and war-makers. The paper includes some examples of how they have been used in the past, how they could be used in future attacks and an assessment of the ramifications of their use. The paper explains the science of the biological weapons.
From the Paper
"Even though the use of biological weapons has been a fairly recent phenomenon, the direct use of biological warfare against enemy personnel is very old. Today, however, the use of biological weapons such as anthrax in our country?s mails has received enormous levels of attention because of its direct impact on the nation and on each of us as potential targets. That is what makes it such an effective terrorist tool, but overall, biological warfare is tricky stuff indeed -- just as likely to kill the bearer as the intended recipient."
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Chemical and Biological Weapons, 2001.
Discussion of chemical and biological weapons and Kurt Vonnegut's novel "Cat's Cradle".
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper examines chemical and biological weapons, by defining them, defining their use in past wars and their use today. It illustrates the repetition of history in the correlation between historical use of mass destruction weapons and today. The paper uses Vonnegut's novel "Cat's Cradle" as an example to poses a scenario in which an ultimate chemical weapon (ice-nine) is used on soldiers. The paper shows that the greed in the novel results from the creation of chemical and biological weapons, which threaten to tear apart the world, which it eventually does, leaving a barren frosty wasteland.
From the Paper
"For the last century, the use of chemical and biological weapons has stood in the back of people?s minds as an impersonal and distant horror. This is especially true in the United States, which did not see the poisonous clouds over its battlefields or the sight of businessmen choking to death on its subways like Europe and Japan did. This has changed in recent times, with cases of anthrax continuing to arise from within the bounds of America. Though this danger of chemical and biological weapons is not anywhere near the proportions seen in the novel Cat?s Cradle, by Kurt Vonnegut, it has shown Americans that the threat and destructive power of chemical and biological weapons is valid. Now more than ever it seems that more measures need to be taken to stop the production and use of deadly chemical and biological weapons."
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Biological Weapons, 2004.
Looks at the new public awareness of biological weapons and what is being done to protect against this threat.
2,325 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how September 11th brought a greater public awareness of biological weapons and the threat they can pose to world populations. The paper also explains what biological weapons are and why they can be so effective, discusses their history and the dangers they pose, and looks at what we can do to protect ourselves from their devastating effects.
From the Paper
"The terrorist attacks of September 11 played a crucial role in awakening the world to the possibility of advanced warfare. Before this tragedy, the world could hardly imagine that our good old airplanes could actually be used as missiles to kill ten of hundreds of unsuspecting souls. But September 11, proved that terrorists were far ahead of the intelligence agencies and the general public when it came to designing and deploying sophisticated war tactics. War for a terrorist need not involve the military or military tactics of any nature; it is simply a conflict where the side with best strategies and most unique weaponry stands a better chance of emerging victorious. It appears that United States and the entire world was largely unaware of this perspective on war and thus underestimated the intelligence of terrorist groups since they merely focused on conventional ways of securing the nation that had little or no protection to offer against advanced terrorist tactics and strategies. However September 11 was a big eye opener, not only did it divert the attention of the public and government to the horrific nature of new terrorist strategies, it also opened their eyes to the possibility of chemical and biological warfare that had hitherto been ignored as nothing but science fiction."
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The Biological Weapons Connection, 2002.
Discussing the role of the United States in supplying Iraq with biological weapons and agents.
1,976 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper surveys the relevant evidence suggesting that the United States helped Iraq acquire biological agents. The evidence pertains to major claims about the United States and Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War. One is that the United States ignored signs that Iraq was using biological weapons. Another is that the United States directly sent samples of biological agents to Iraq. The paper then surveys the events in question chronologically, by evaluating the evidence and ascertaining when the alleged events took place, within the context of the Iran-Iraq War.
From the Paper
"Whether the US aided Iraq in obtaining or producing biological weapons is controversial. Over the years, many people have pointed out the irony that the United States helped arm Saddam Hussein in the Iraq-Iran War, and that this has come back to haunt the government. It is clear that the United States supplied military assistance in various forms during the Iran-Iraq War; that is not in question. However, whether the United States played a role in or facilitated Iraq?s acquiring or producing biological weapons is more controversial. The evidence suggests that the United States played some sort of role in helping Iraq acquire biological agents and ignored their use of chemical weapons, but there is no evidence that the United States helped Iraq create or acquire actual biological weapons."
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Chemical and Biological Weapons, 2002.
A study of the use of chemical and biological weapons in war.
1,975 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the use of chemical and biological weapons during World War II. It uses many academic sources with eyewitness accounts of the horrors of this type of warfare. It discusses the types of chemical weapons used, such as mustard gas and liquid chlorine. The author discusses the attempts of the international community to abstain from this type of inhumane warfare since World War II.
From the Paper
"All weapons cause damage, but what makes many chemical and biological materials so dangerous is the extent of the damage they can produce. These are weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Chemical and biological weapons are two of the three kinds of WMD, and nuclear weapons are the third type. Chemical warfare is the intentional use of toxic (poisonous) substances resulting in death or injury. World War I is universally considered the beginning of the era of "significant" use of chemical warfare due to the unique "confluence of chemical science and military technology" at the time. "
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Biological Weapons., 2002.
A view of AIDS and Ebola as biological weapons.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This essay reviews and critiques Dr. Leonard Horowitz's book, "Emerging Viruses AIDS & Ebola" for its hypothesis that AIDS and Ebola were man-made viruses deployed as biological weapons.
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Anthrax, 2004.
An analysis of anthrax as a biological weapon.
908 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the threat posed by anthrax as a biological weapon. The paper describes the use and manufacturing of anthrax as a biological weapon. The paper examines the physical properties of anthrax and describes the effects it has on human beings and animals. The available treatment for an anthrax infection is presented in the paper.
From the Paper
"The scientific name of anthrax, bacillus anthracis, is derived from anthrakis, the Greek word for coal. The reason for this is that the disease caused by the substance is associated with black, lesions that look like coal in some cases. The cellular appearance of anthrax can be identified with fair certainty by experienced microbiologists. The problem is however that few of these professionals not working in the veterinary community have had the opportunity to either work with or see the cellular or colonial appearance of anthrax. This makes it difficult to identify and prevent the effects of the weapon in practice."
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Chemical and Biological Warfare, 2006.
This paper examines the issue of chemical and biological weapons and war.
4,855 words (approx. 19.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 123.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses that, throughout time, the quest to dominate another is limited only to the imagination of one man poised against the other. The writer points out that sometimes common flu symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, coughing, and shortness of breath are the first signs of chemical and biological warfare (CBW). The writer maintains that for some reason, the more one searches for answers to counter the effects of CBW the worse it gets. In this essay, discussion centers upon the 1972 Biological Weapon's Convention and the Geneva Protocol. The writer focuses on scientific research in this regard and identifies several items that are being used to help detect biological and chemical agents.
Outline:
Abstract
Advantages
Disadvantages
Chemical Agents and their Effects
From the Paper
"Throughout history, chemical and biological weapons (CBW), warriors and terrorists have used a wide range of tactics and techniques to help defeat their enemy on and off the battlefield. These weapons are used in war to gain the upper advantage against a more formidable adversary, to enhance the political status of a rogue terrorist group, or to cripple the economy of a nation from the simple mailing of a threatening letter with powder. Whatever the reason, the unknown effects of a release can be devastating. Law enforcement personnel who respond to the initial crisis of a release or assist with the aftermath have to know the difference between a chemical and a biological agent release. These weapons of war also have evolved from throwing rocks and sticks at each other to the unthinkable weapons of mass destruction called bioterrorism. You may ask yourself, what is bioterrorism? The Center for Disease Control defines bioterrorism as the intentional or threatened use of bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, or plants and involves intimidation of nations or people to accomplish political or social ends."
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Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2002.
An examination of the creation, effects and possible usage of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons.
3,846 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
A nuclear, biological, or chemical attack can be devastating for all those involved and the world as a whole. This paper discusses how any weapon of mass destruction would create a devastating reaction both psychologically and economically. It looks at the history and different types of these weapons from their conception and their development throughout the world and evaluates how although world powers such as the United States and Russia are cutting back on WMD (Weapons of mass destruction), nations like Pakistan and Israel are developing large arsenals.
From the Paper
"India is believed to have enough plutonium to make anywhere from 100 to 150 warheads, and Pakistan is believed to have 35 to 40 warheads. The United States currently possesses about 2,000 nuclear warheads and more then 1,000 tactical nukes. Russia, as well as the United States, is cutting back on nuclear warheads and currently possess around 2,000 and 8,000 tactical nukes. Israel is the only country in the Middle East to have a nuclear arsenal. It has 100 to 200 nuclear weapons that can be delivered by plane or by missile. It is believed that Iraq is developing nuclear weapons; however, there is no confirmed evidence of nuclear development since weapons inspections have not taken place since 1998."
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Biological Warfare Against the United States, 2002.
An investigation of the threat of biological warfare against the United States.
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The writer discusses the real threat of biological terror attacks against the United States against the background of September 11th. The paper explores various kinds of weapons, including anthrax, the risks they pose and what can be done to prevent them being used against America.
From the Paper
"Both common sense and our government tell us that our country is still at grave risk for both further physical attacks and further incidents of biological terrorist attacks. The fact is that under the right circumstances, a variety of biological weapons can be transported and released. (Atlas, 1999) Because of the wide variety of materials and methods of distribution that could be used, it will take considerable effort to protect us even partially from bioterrist attacks, so may not be possible to protect us completely. However, our government can examine the issues, consider the risks and plan protective actions."
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Biological Theory, 2002.
This paper explores the biological theory of psychology.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the biological theory including learning potential, hormonal influence, minimal brain dysfunction, neurological impairment, attention deficient disorder and Neurotransmission learning. Furthermore, the paper will support the biological theory with reference to other theories by theorists such as General George Patton and Richard Kuklinski.
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Biological and Social Influence, 2005.
This paper discusses gender development and provides an analysis of biological and social influence.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This three page graduate paper examines whether gender is a social construction or a biological outcome. Viewing the film, 'Ma Vie En Rose' and studying assigned readings helps the writer to examine the influence gender has on shaping human behavior. The writer points out that these sources indicate that both social construction and biology influence gender perceptions and behavior.
From the Paper
"In determining whether gender is a social construction or a biological outcome, viewing the film, Ma Vie En Rose and studying our assigned readings have been helpful, for they examine the influence gender has on shaping human behavior. These sources have indicated that both social construction and biology influence gender perceptions and behavior, and that outcome is generally determined by the degree of social construction applied in each child's case. "Social learning theory proposes that associations found between parental behaviors and child outcomes are primarily due to parents' socialization of the child through a system of rewards and punishments"."
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Biological Threat to the U.S.A., 2002.
Answers the questions: Is there a biological threat to the United States and is the country prepared for the threat?
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the possibility of a biological threat to the United States in terms of how likely this threat is to manifest and the level of preparation that the United States has mustered in order to address this potential threat. This paper takes the approach of a literature review research study in order to address these specific issues.
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