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Animal and Human Language, 2004.
This paper discusses that human and animal languages are not fundamentally different in type, but differ in degree.
1,745 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the three elements of language ? abstractness, grammar, and cultural ramifications ? are not unique to human language, but merely more advanced or merely more evident from our perspective than the language of animals. The author points out that chimps and parrots in laboratory settings seem capable of grasping abstract terms (such as ?mad? or ?bad? or ?blue?), generating new combinations of words to express new ideas, and referring to distant events or objects. The paper relates that animals may be more driven by instinct than by learned behavior, yet they show a propensity, in many cases, to learn language.
From the Paper
"Grammar is one of the strictest supposed differences between human and animal languages. Grammar involves the organization of discrete words into complex sentences that have specific required orders and syntaxes. Even human sign language tends to require certain specific syntaxes. While animals appear capable of understanding syntax, there is little evidence that they use it in communication (though it is difficult to prove a negative). According to one influential chimp research, Terrace, ?No chimpanzee has learned sign language. They?ve certainly learned some gestures, but sign language is not just a system of gestures. It?s a full, grammatical language with its own systematic grammar, like Latin.? The lack of grammar is evident in cases such as that of Koko, one of the stars of the talking-chimp movement."
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Animal and Human Communication, 2002.
a comparison between animal and human communication.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper distinguishes between the debate of animal communication and human language.
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Animal Effects on Human Mood, 2005.
A look at how animals can have a positive and uplifting effect on their human owners in the home, the workplace and therapy and rehabilitation programs.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 5 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the psychological effects that animals, specifically pets, have on their human owners. According to this paper, such benefits include lowered stress and depression, greater happiness and a plethora of physical health effects and improvements. This paper also reviews the positive incorporation of animals into therapy and rehabilitation programs, as well as the general workplace.
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Animals as a Human Food Source, 2005.
This paper discusses and argues against the consumption of animals as a human food source.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This essay examines many of the issues associated with the consumption of animals for food. It is argued that this practice is flawed from two perspectives: ethically and as an issue of human health. As the writer shows in this article, from the perspective of ethics the only supportable position is to refuse to consume animals for food while, from a health perspective, the clear dangers from animals fats and, in particular, the transmission of toxic pollutants from animals to humans suggests that the consumption of animals for food carries with it considerable health risks for the human species.
From the Paper
"In September 2001 the well-known animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) sponsored a billboard in Vancouver, British Columbia that triggered widespread controversy within the environmental and animal rights movement. The billboard read, simply: "Eat the Whales". Not surprisingly, this advertisement provoked a heated response from many environmentalists and, in particular, from the influential anti-whaling movement. However, PETA was unrepentant and argued that their advertisement made an important point: why do so many people, including environmentalists and anti-whaling activists, make distinctions between species and consider eating domestic pigs, cows or chickens permissible but whales, dolphins or seals abhorrent?"
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Human-Animal Relations, 2004.
Explores the evolving human-animal relationship.
3,580 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
This research paper investigates the changing nature of mankind's dependencies on animals and the consequences of these transformations in human-animal relations for human society.
From the Paper
"About 10, 000 years ago, human groups began to take the first tentative steps towards domestication and livestock husbandry. A fundamental change in human-animal relations occurred as a result - from being simply one of hunter and prey, to one of master and servant. Humans turned their attention from the dead to the living animal and primarily to its offspring. Meat and other by-products of slaughter were gradually superceded in importance by secondary animal products such as milk, natural fibers, excreta and muscle power. Animals, therefore, became inherently more valuable alive than dead. Caring for these animals from the time of their birth to the table became an important preoccupation within human societies. As a result, gradually people began to develop the practical knowledge, skills and discipline essential to ensure a continual and healthy supply of food producing animals."
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Do Animals Have Language?, 2002.
An examination into the question of whether animals have a language of communication, focusing on dolphins.
1,220 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that higher mammals like primates, dolphins and whales are capable of and have evolved a complex language of their own. Towards this, the paper looks at the recent research done regarding the ?whistling? and other auditory communication among dolphins. In arguing that this ?whistling? constitutes and fulfills the functions of language, the paper uses the framework on the syntactic structures and the various aspects of language. Through an application of Chomsky?s criteria, this paper argues that dolphins have evolved a communication system made of whistling sounds that serve many of the purposes of human language.
From the Paper
"For Chomsky, human language is characterized first and foremost by structural principles like grammar, an underlying system of rules that govern the communication exchange. By understanding the rules that govern this communication, humans are able to develop a "creative ability" that allows them to speak or understand sentences that they have not heard previously (Chomsky 19-21)."
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Animal Rights/Animal Liberation, 1999.
Defends the ethical basis for the animal rights movement in their fight against the use of animals in research, based on ecocentric philosophy.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 16 sources, $ 95.95
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Abstract
Serious questions have been raised about the ethical justification of the use of animals in research designed to benefit human beings. Moral condemnation for the use of animals to benefit humans, however, is not the principal point of such questions. The issue of the use of animals in research is an integral part of the framework of animal rights/animal liberation within the larger structure of environmental ethics. This research defends the ethical framework of animal rights/ animal liberation. The primary focus in this defense is on the use of animals in research designed to benefit human beings
From the Paper
"ANIMAL RIGHTS/ANIMAL LIBERATION: AN ETHICAL DEFENSE
Introduction
Serious questions have been raised about the ethical justification of the use of animals in research designed to benefit human beings. Moral condemnation for the use of animals to benefit humans, however, is not the principal point of such questions. The issue of the use of animals in research is an integral part of the framework of animal rights/animal liberation within the larger structure of environmental ethics. This research defends the ethical framework of animal rights/ animal liberation. The primary focus in this defense is on the use of animals in research designed to benefit human beings.
The Ethical Basis of Animal Rights/Animal Liberation ..."
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The Use of Animals in George Orwell's "Animal Farm", 2001.
This paper looks at George Orwell's novel, "Animal Farm."
1,105 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper is an in-depth examination of George Orwell's use of animal characters in his novel, "Animal Farm." The use of animals as metaphor is also detailed. The author looks at the political environment at the time the book was written and at the message the author was trying to convey to his readers.
From the Paper
"Animals are not simply seen as innocent. Common stereotypes about animals tie into their roles in the story nicely. For example, in many countries pigs are often seen as lazy and greedy animals that like to hog resources. Fittingly, in the novel we are told that first the milk and apples, prized delicacies among the animals, were taken by the pigs, with the false explanation that ?milk and apples (this has been proved by Science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig? (27). Later, the pigs award themselves the privilege of waking up an hour after all the other animals and sleeping in ?very comfortable beds?, and they again spread propaganda and create false reasons for their actions (50)."
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Humans, Animals and Expeditions to Indonesia, 2005.
This paper looks at the relationship between animal culture and human culture.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer examines whether or not groups of animals share a language and/or culture. The paper also explores the differences and/or similarities - such as they are - between human and animal culture and communication. Further, the writer argues whether or not there is a difference of degree and/or of kind between human beings and their animal counterpart.
From the Paper
"In the complex and often tangled world of cultural anthropology, there are a host of questions for which no easy answers are apparent. For instance, any inquiry into why human beings act as they do - or comparatively, any inquiry into whether or not an understanding of human culture can be derived from close observation of animals - does not yield itself to easy resolutions. Be that as it may, the following paper will examine whether or not groups of animals share a language and/or culture. The paper will also explore the differences and/or similarities - such as they are - between human and animal culture and communication and argue whether or not there is a difference of degree and/or of kind between human beings and their animal counterpart.
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Second Language Acquisition: Noam Chomsky, 1993.
Discusses Chomsky's theory of language acquisition, in which there exists some sort of "language organ" that makes language possible for humans & impossible for animals.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 9 sources, $ 23.95
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From the Paper
"Nativist Theories of Second Language Acquisition: Noam Chomsky
Introduction
According to Larsen-Freeman and Long (1991), nativist theories posit the existence of a specific, innate biological capacity or organ that makes learning possible. Some of those nativist theories are specific to language acquisition, with Noam Chomsky perhaps the earliest and foremost exponent of the theory that language acquisition follows a universal pattern based on an innate language organ, or system of hard-wiring within the brain.
Noam Chomsky and Universal Grammar
Chomsky became most visible in his struggles with the researchers who were working with chimpanzees and gorillas to ..."
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"Animal Farm" by George Orwell, 2004.
Describes the use of language in the novel, "Animal Farm," to promote propaganda.
1,397 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, $ 46.95
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Abstract
"Animal Farm" by George Orwell is a political satire used to illustrate the condition of the government in Russia during the reign of Stalin. This paper describes how Orwell's pigs, symbolizing the political figureheads in Russia at that time, use language to brainwash the "lesser" animals into going along with their self-serving plans. The paper makes use of quotations from the text to support its points.
From the Paper
"The pigs, meant to mirror the actions of Trotsky and Stalin, twist the concept of Animalism, meant to represent the Socialist ideal, into something that could be manipulated and used to their advantage. Even before Snowball (Trotsky) had been banished from the farm due to false allegations of treason, the treachery had already begun; what with the insistence of the pigs that they needed more food than the other animals to do their all-important jobs of ?supervising? and ?organizing,? as Squealer explains in this passage, ?Milk and apples (this has been proved by Science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers. The whole management and organization of this farm depend on us (pg. 52).?"
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The Study of Language, 2001.
The following paper examines the theories of bilingualism and multilingalism, language acquisition and language learning, making reference to a number of case studies.
2,790 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
The following paper examines the theories on language acquisition and looks at the useful distinction between acquisition and learning. The writer also comments on approaches and methods to teaching second and foreign languages. Lastly the writer comments on interference as a factor in language learning.
Table of Contents
Bilingualism and Multilingualism
Diglossia
First Language Acquisition
Using a text-mapping device to depict the important stages in first-language acquisition
Theories on how language is acquired
Innateness
Cognition
Input
Approaches and methods to teaching second and foreign languages
Interference as a factor in language learning.
From the Paper
"Diglossia is the coexistence of two forms of the same language in speech community. The one form will often be the literary or prestige dialect, and the other one can be a dialect commonly spoken by most of the population. The term diglossia could also be used to indicate bilingualism, or the speaking of two languages by the people of the same community. An example for the first definition is the use of Dutch in Belgium. Dutch is one of the official languages in Belgium. Dutch-speaking Belgians are called the ?Flemish? where the French-speaking Belgians are called ?Walloons?. Dutch spoken by Belgians is also referred to as ?Flemish?, which is not a literary form of the language, but a spoken ?dialect?. They are different varieties of the same language."
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Analysis of the Permissibility of Human Cloning, 2001.
A look at the moral questions around human cloning and public opinion about the issue.
5,385 words (approx. 21.5 pages), 7 sources, $ 132.95
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Abstract
A look at the moral questions around human cloning. The author discusses the effects of mass media on views of cloning, the the religious and scientific questions centered around the topic and the influence that cloning has on society as a whole.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Media Representation of Cloning
Uniqueness and Individuality
Motivations Behind Cloning
The Mad Scientist
Religion on Cloning
Is Cloning Permissible
Crossing the Line
Science and Religion
Unstoppable Science
Who is the Parent
The Dangers in Cloning.
Cellular Problems
A Twist on Creation
Medical OK Human-Cloning No Way
Government Regulations
Anti-abortionists
Clone Animals Benefits Human.
The Human Factor
Being Human ? A Life Worth Living
Expectations
Immortality
Author?s Opinions
Paradigms
Act/Result-based
Conclusions
Work Cited
From the Paper
"In the near future, we will have to face the fact that the course of science will always win and inevitability cloning of human or at least the cloning of organs will be performed. The question is ?is cloning human beings acceptable and where do we draw the line?? Cloning has sparked controversies over the past few years. With the race to map the DNA and its completion, it has steered up the imagination of our society of what to come. In this paper, we will discus how the mass media has influenced our views and values associated with a human life and the possibility of it being cloned. We will also look at the religious point of view as well as the science on this issue. We will take a quick look on how cloning has and will affect society along with what it is to be human. This technology is still new and a lot the following will be opinions, ideas and reflections on this issue. One must take them into consideration. If one simply jumps to a conclusion, then one is fool hearted and naive since it is still too early to make such a decision whether it is permissible to clone to clone human beings. There is simply no right or wrong answer, just a matter of moral, ethics and what you believe in. For decades, cloning has been a novelty of science fiction movies but with the resent development in biotechnology and the arrival of Dolly the cloned sheep, the possibility of cloning a human being came ever so close to reality."
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Animal Rights, 2004.
Takes a look at animal rights regulations and how these regulations have negatively impacted human rights.
4,126 words (approx. 16.5 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 110.95
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Abstract
This paper presents the position that unbalanced animal rights policies have an unfair and detrimental effect on some human rights. The paper presents arguments that support its position and suggests that, in order to balance the rights and safety of men and the rights of animals, the government must develop a means testing approach to wildlife protection, which could be assembled to measure economic impact of proposed animal rights declarations.
Introduction to the ESA
The Cougar's Plight
The Problem of Protection
Protected Species vs. Protected Species
Conclusion and Research Proposal
From the Paper
"According to Merriam-Webster?s Dictionary of Law (1996), the Endangered Species Act (ESA) obligated the government to protect all animal and plant life threatened with extinction. Included in this category are endangered species, which is defined as any species ?which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.? Also protected are threatened species, which are defined as any species ?which is likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.? The wide brush of this act is creating problems for those who are granting the rights to the animals. Unlike humans, who have been granted certain unalienable rights by their creator, (US Bill of Rights) animals receive the rights they enjoy from the highest species on the earth, man."
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Argument against Human Cloning, 2005.
This paper offers a scientific and ethical argument against human cloning, referring to the experiment of the animal Dolly.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This scientific and ethical argument against human cloning presents the pros and cons of this serious issue. The writer claims that the problems of experimentation on animals have not been adequately addressed to suggest that human beings should be cloned at the present time. Furthermore, the writer discusses that the ethical grounds of the property aspect of a cloned human being are not being explored in the environmental or societal ramifications that would logically need to be understood.
From the Paper
"This scientific study examines a scientific and ethical argument against human cloning in regards to the problems with "Dolly", the first animal to ever be cloned. In this manner, the problems of Dolly's death is examined through the science of cell research to realize the premature death of this pioneering animal. In this respect, Dolly died at an early age due to severe arthritis, which may be an error in the development of the cells that created Dolly from her "mother". Through an examination of the details of this erroneous cloning, there needs to be far better research and development before human beings should be considered for the cloning process."
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