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Analyzing the ?Right? Institutions in International Relations, 2003.
A discussion and evaluation of institutions such as democracy and human rights and their applicability to international relations.
1,032 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
If all countries had the right institutions, the world would be more peaceful, prosperous and just, but the institutions considered ?right? do not necessarily have to be democracy, human rights and free markets. Evaluating international relations is difficult because each situation requires different institutions; however, history provides a reasonable basis for analysis. History suggests that the correction or elimination of troublesome institutions would greatly contribute to world stability and cooperation, but recognition of the ?right? institutions to replace them proves difficult and arbitrary. This essay evaluates American ideals for international relations. It questions the universal appeal of democracy and other "right" institutions. It uses historical examples such as the two World Wars as case studies to support its claims.
From the Paper
"In contrast, the institutions causing World War II could have been avoided more easily. World War II was largely the result of an inadequate conclusion to the war preceding it and growing institutions such as nationalism. The victorious countries of WWI were blinded by their pursuit of the ?right? institutions such as democracy, so they inadvertently recharged international tension by thrusting a weak democratic republic on an unwilling German populace. In this case, the ?right? institution would have been one that the Germans chose rather than necessarily requiring democracy. Also, the quest for an adequate balance of power had created poorly constructed boundaries between countries, often ignoring the nationalities of the inhabitants. These causes of friction led to unrest and the escalation of conflict to yet another World War."
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International Relations, 2006.
A discussion about liberalism and realism and how they relate to international relations, especially with the current terrorist threat.
2,273 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the merits and flaws of liberalism, using negotiations, institutional measures, and other non-military means to achieve political goals; and realism, believing that a powerful military threat is the most effective method of influencing other states in the international arena. The paper examines how both schools of thought have had success in achieving their ideals. The paper analyzes the current military threats to the US, and how "soft power", a fusion of realism and liberalism, has been most effective in international relations. The paper further discusses how finding a middle ground between the two paradigms is vitally important in today's international climate, especially in light of the threats to the state. The paper concludes that an ability to address or reduce such a threat is imperative to U.S. national security, and neither liberalism nor realism alone has been able to provide this.
From the Paper
"Liberalism and realism proceed from different fundamental interpretations about the international system: assumptions about the identity of the other state actors , the relationship of those actors to both state institutions and international ones like the United Nations, and the determining factors of state relations with one another. Realists must take the liberal critique seriously, and vice versa; neither theory has been proven as superior thus far. This essay will examine the underlying failures of both schools of thought and examine the possibility that they are in actuality much closer to one another than originally perceived."
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A Framework for International Relations, 2002.
This paper discusses two leading theoretical paradigms used to explain a framework for dealing with international relations: Idealism and realism.
895 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper states that successful policy theories encompass aspects of both idealism and realism as exemplified by the Marshall Plan after World War II. The paper defines idealism as ?Can?t we just get along?? or cooperation through institutional mechanisms such as the United Nations. The author explains that realism, an alternative school of thought, believes that idealism fails because international conflicts were inevitable.
From the Paper
"The Bush administration reluctantly submitted our goals of regime change to the United Nations Security Council hoping to persuade the body to approve their plan of military action if complete disarmament was achieved in a short period of time. Under the theme of U.S. national security it is argued that Iraq history of aggressive behavior towards its neighbors posses a continued threat to the world. This threat includes possessing and using weapons of mass destruction and possibly delivering these weapons into the hands of terrorist who would eventually use them against U.S. targets, either abroad or domestically.
The use of force to change a regime, without publicly acknowledged proof of an immediate threat to the sovereignty and security of the U.S. signals a move away from even the realism paradigm approach in international relations to one of hegemony driven desire to mold the world in our own image."
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The Institutional Model of International Order, 2004.
A discussion of the Institutional Model of International Order using the Congress of Vienna as an example.
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses the institutional model of international order and contains a review of its development from the Congress of Vienna until the post-Cold War period. This essay compares the behaviour of great powers in post-Napoleonic Wars and in post-Cold War and subsequently, compares their attitude toward the institutional approaches in sustaining the international order. The post-Cold War period is selected because of its special features: the existence of the United States as the sole great power and the concern about the U.S. unilateralism due to its feasible effects on the future of the international order.
From the Paper
"The establishment of institutions the and the effort to sustain the international order and the prominent role of great powers in formulating such an effort were two of the most important achievements of the Congress of Vienna. As Ikenberry has observed; in the Congress of Vienna the great powers ?made increasingly elaborate efforts to institutionalize the post-war security relations? between them and such efforts were implemented in a combination of balance of powers strategies and the establishment of commitments by creating various types of binding institutions. Ikenberry argues that the aftermath of major wars presents the winning states with three main choices: to dominate the weaker and defeated states, to abandon the other states and simply go home, and to use their commanding power position to gain acquiescence and participation in a mutually acceptable post-war order. The third choice was preferred by Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria as the most responsible countries for the defeat of Napoleon, and they decided to sit together at the Congress of Vienna to establish not only a peace settlement but also a new international order in Europe. From Ikenberry?s viewpoint, the motivation behind such a decision was the intention ?to establish a set of rules and arrangements that are durable and legitimate, but rules and arrangements that also serve the long-term interests of the leading state.?"
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Institute of Internal Auditors, 2005.
An examination and overview of this institution.
1,524 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The Institute of Internal Auditors, founded by the New York Chapter in 1941, is the primary supporting organization of internal auditors today. This paper explores the organization's role and duties and looks at the principles it follows and tries to implement in its subjects.
From the Paper
"The Institute serves its members in internal auditing, governance and internal control, IT audit, education and security for more than 120 countries. The IIA leads the world in certification, education, research and technological guidance for the profession. They are considered the profession's watchdog and resource on significant auditing issues around the globe. The IIA provides internal audit practitioners, executive management, boards of directors and audit committees with standards, guidance and information on best practices in internal auditing."
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The Failure of International Institutions, 2005.
This paper argues that international institutions fail because actors like the U.S. refuse to allow them to work effectively.
2,990 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper, based on John Mearsheimer's article, "The False Promise of International Institutions", argues against the effectiveness of international institutions by attacking three leading institutionalist theories: Liberal institutionalism, collective security and critical theory. The author points out that international institutions have failed up to this point because they do not have in place effective mechanisms for those who break international law and there are double standards in these institutions, which clearly favor the more powerful states. The paper concludes by offering suggestions for a re-organization in international institutions, which will result in more positive conclusions resulting in a more interdependent, cooperative international society.
From the Paper
"The attack upon liberal institutionalism suggests that this idea does not provide a sound basis for understanding international relations or promoting worldwide stability. This argument is based upon the fact that liberal institutionalism focuses on cooperation and avoids the direct question, which propounds on whether or not international institutions cause peace. Another strong argument against liberal institutionalism besides its narrow definition of "cooperation" is that it virtually ignores the other major obstacle to cooperation: relative-gain concerns. A prime example of this in current institutional history can be gleaned from the arguments made against Turkey's inclusion into the EU, which appear to be much less concerned with Turkey "cheating" the system and much more about relative-gain concerns with regards to this new addition. "EU Business" backs this assertion with forecasting high costs for European taxpayers when "EU Agriculture Commissioner Franz warned last month that Turkey's inclusion could cost 11.3 billion Euros a year in agricultural subsidies" and "EU regional development aid could reach 10 billion Euros a year.""
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International Institutions, 2005.
This paper discusses the value of international institution in an increasingly unipolar world.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the value of international institutions towards maintaining peace, international security and inter-state cooperation. The author examines the role that the United States plays in this new world order as the undisputed hegemon of the day. The paper explains the role of the European Union and the difficulties that exist in establishing international security and peace.
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International Operations and Internalization, 2005.
Considers how international operations affects a company's marketing function.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper considers how international operations affects a company's marketing function, including all four components of the marketing mix. It looks at Porter's model of international strategy and stages of internationalization. The paper provides examples.
From the Paper
"In today's economy companies can no longer be satisfied with serving a single geographic market. This strategy is still effective for some businesses but many companies-including small and medium-sized organizations-have recognized the benefits of expanding their operations to the global market. With the advent of the Internet and the ability to transfer funds across borders seamlessly and with low transaction costs the move toward globalization is no longer limited to only large companies ..."
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The English School's Case for an International Society, 2005.
A discussion about the English School and its approach to the study of international relations.
1,382 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at how successful the English School's attempt is to incorporate in the study of international relations an alternative approach - the "international society". The writer maintains that international society, as an explanation of international relations proves to be convincing, not only because of today's growing consensus towards the acceptance of universal norms driving relations between states but also because it provides a useful middle way between two conceptions -the international system and world society- which are inadequate and incomplete. However, the writer argues that the English School's approach fails in creating a powerful theory from a viable concept, because it creates artificial causal links between institutions and order but also because it is unsuccessful in creating a true consensus on what is the international society and how it is distinct from world society.
From the Paper
"It is therefore a fruitful middle way that captures elements of conflict and cooperation as well as the tension between the pursuit of order and the promotion of justice.
"Thirdly, there is today a considerable expansion in the number, range and scope of international institutions which create an increased density to international society . The growing signs of normative convergence and consensus on fundamental beliefs show that international society is not only a theoretical concept but that it is also a reality. For example, the International Criminal Court, the global environment protocol, Human Rights treaty show that states are willing -because they share values- to act in a certain manner. The fact that the English School introduced the concept of international society during the Cold War makes it even more convincing and in advance on its time."
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Contemporary International Economy, 2007.
This paper argues that current international institutions are no longer effective in regulating the contemporary international economy.
4,594 words (approx. 18.4 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the forces at play in the international community today as they affect the contemporary international economy. The writer then provides a discussion of the current trends affecting international institutions in the 21st century. Further, the writer offers an analysis of the impact these events and trends have had on international institutions. This is followed by a summary of the research and salient findings in the conclusion.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Events and Trends Affecting International Institutions in the 21st Century
Impact of Events and Trends on International Institutions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Following World War II, the United States assumed a leadership role in developing new types of international institutions. For example, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) provided for a liberalization of international trade, the Bretton Woods framework created a fixed exchange-rate system (which lasted until 1971), and the International Monetary Fund controlled the flow of credits until the mid- 1970s and once again from the early 1980s thereafter; in addition, these authors note that the EEC institutionalized a free-trade area in the heart of Western Europe at this time. According to Mingst, international institutions are defined as those they are comprised of membership from at least three states, having activities in several states, and whose members are held together by a formal agreement. A coordinating body for international institutions, the Union of International Associations, currently distinguishes between the more than 250 international governmental organizations (IGOs) that have been created by intergovernmental agreements and whose members are states, and the approximately 6,000 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), whose members are associations or individuals."
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"Bringing Transnational Relations Back In", 2007.
A review of Thomas Risse-Kappen's book, "Bringing Transnational Relations Back In. Non-State Actors, Domestic Structure and International Institutions".
3,223 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the book "Bringing Transnational Relations Back In. Non-State Actors, Domestic Structure and International Institutions" by Thomas Risse-Kappen takes a fresh look at the impact of non-state actors on world politics and on the foreign policies of states. It also discusses how it revives the debate on transnational relations which started in the 1970s, and was at the time focused on state-centred approaches. It looks at how Risse-Kappen's new approach highlights the interactions of states and transnational actors, arguing that domestic structures of the state as well as international institutions mediate the policy influence of transnational actors.
From the Paper
"The fifth chapter is entitled "Transnational relations, domestic structures, and security policy in the USSR and Russia (1982 - 1994)". The author, Matthew Evangelista, aims to present a theoretical rationale understanding why the Soviet Union should have been open to the influence of transnational actors - in this case organisation of the Soviet and US scientists pursuing arms control initiatives - even in the high politics of security policy. This represents a break with the literature of the 1970s which assumed that transnational relations would predominate in issue areas outside the realm of 'high politics' and in countries where democratic politics would permit penetration of government policy making by transnational as well as domestic actors. Evangelista also seeks to evaluate an important implication of the generalization linking domestic structures and transnational activities. "
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The International Monetary Fund, 2005.
Considers how international institutions and the IMF are used to stabilize international economies.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper considers how international institutions in general and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in particular, are used in the international economy to stabilize economies. The paper also evaluates the criticism leveled at the IMF in recent years.
From the Paper
"Today's economies are linked on a global level. For example consumers in the United States purchase computers manufactured in Japan and receive service assistance from call centers based in India ..."
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International Financial Reporting, 2005.
This paper explains that many factors, such as history, politics, differential currency types, ease of conversion and regulations of various international banking institutions, prevent full harmonization of international financial reporting.
3,445 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the history of the inter-relationship of political and economic changes that effect today's problem of harmonization of currency and reporting such as (1) competing economic policy objectives similar to today's problems with oil, (2) the Janus-faced nature of international capital flows and (3) the changing center of influence of the international system from the United Kingdom and toward the United States. The author points out that the new ISO engineering standards represent a model for standardizing accounting and reporting processes not only by solving the problems of harmonizing the accounting and reporting process but also by offering an open-ended approach, easily adaptable to even the smallest of enterprises. The paper stresses that this need for global standardization means that the mundane "bean-counters" of the past must be replace by today's global accountants trained in several disciplines.
Table of Contents
Thesis Statement
The Powerful Influence of History
The Gold Standard
The Rise and Dilemmas of Bimetallism
The Development of the International Monetary Systems between WWI and WW II
The Bretton Woods System and its Problems
The Harmonization of the British Pound, U.S. Dollar and the European Common Currency
The Future Outlook from an ISO Point of View
From the Paper
"Between the wars, the United States overtook Britain as the leading player in the commercial and the financial domains. However, America's foreign financial and commercial relations did not yet fit together in a way that produced a harmoniously working international system. Moreover, with even today's technological edge America is finding the attainment of harmonization a difficult task at best. Great Britain likewise struggles with several issues in this area. Hence, when postwar planners again contemplated the reconstruction of the international system, they sought a framework capable of accommodating these changed conditions. The solutions to the problems are not at all straightforward and thus the pronounced lack of harmonization of accounting and reporting."
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International Business, 2004.
A two-part paper analyzing various aspects of international marketing according to business strategist, Michael Porter.
5,733 words (approx. 22.9 pages), 33 sources, MLA, $ 138.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an in-depth analysis of international marketing and business. The first part of the paper discusses Michael Porter's "Model of Competitive Strategy". The paper explores this model and describes its components. This model identifies three critical success factors: Cost leadership, differentiated output, and foray into niche businesses that are not in the realm of competitors. Competition between companies and within companies is discussed at length. The second part of the paper deals with Porter's "Value Chain Analysis," which discusses the relationships between activities that create and add value along various input chains until the final output is delivered.
Outline
Part A
Introduction
Porter?s Model of Competitive Strategy
The Competitive Environment
Inter-Firm Competition
Competitive Advantage of Nations
The Porter Diamond
The Process of Internationalization
Firms on the Verge of Internationalization
Concluding Remarks
Part B
Economic and Political Environment
Cultural Environment
Barriers to International Trade
Legal Aspects
Pricing
Interrelationship between Firms and Prices
Challenges in International Promotional Strategies
International Product Strategy and Its Future
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"Competitive strategy is the bedrock on which companies base business decisions to reach their targets and achieve profitability. Formulating and implementing strategies in international business is much more complicated and difficult task than doing so in home or familiar markets. Competitive strategy deals with the development of abilities by a firm to keep ahead of competitors in the fields in which it operates. Firms develop competitive edge in global markets by possessing certain assets, abilities or characteristics. The primary elements of competitive advantage are the critical offer, the significant operating factors and the firm?s strategic resources. (Bennett and Blythe, 2002) Corporate strategies and international marketing strategies are linked closely and have a bearing on business performance."
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International Commerical Arbitration, 2001.
Analysis of its historical roots; use in international transactions. Development of international legal & institutional framework.
5,850 words (approx. 23.4 pages), 59 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"During the second half of the 20th century, international arbitration has emerged as the method preferred by many private businessmen for the resolution of commercial disputes among them which they have been unable to settle by informal means. The growth of international commercial arbitration has accompanied and gained momentum from the phenomenal growth in world trade and private foreign direct investment (FDI) which has characterized the postwar period. This research paper summarizes the historical roots of commercial arbitration and its use in international transactions, including the role of various legal systems in facilitating or impeding its development, and the steps taken in the early postwar period to establish a solid international legal and institutional framework for its further..."
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