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American Presidency and Political Time, 2008.
An analysis of Stephen Skowronek's theory of presidential leadership and political time in his book "The Politics Presidents Make", applied to the Bush administration's handling of the war in Iraq.
3,330 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the concept of presidential leadership and the theory of political time delineated in Stephen Skowronek's "The Politics Presidents Make". The idea of political time means first that the given president is situated at different points in the life-cycle of a given political regime and, second, that presidents stand in different relation to the dominant political regime and its "regime party." The paper also focuses on what Skowronek calls "orthodox-innovators", or leaders whose actions are strongly influenced by the ulterior motives of his regime. The paper considers how this applies to the current war in Iraq and to the actions of George W. Bush in taking the U.S. into that war. It concludes that this issue has been much argued since the start of that war and will continue to be discussed far into the future, not simply until the war ends but long after as historians and others seek to understand the rationale for this war.
Outline:
Introduction
Political Time
Political Regime
The Orthodox-Innovator
Iraq
From the Paper
"Skowronek identifies the orthodox-innovator as a "faithful son," meaning not a son of a political leader but a son of a political party, movement, or regime that shapes the faithful son's political leanings and career. These are also the presidents who are associated with "a resilient set of governmental commitments" (Skowronek 41). The presidents considered here all fit the mold, meaning James Monroe, James K. Polk, Theodore Roosevelt, Lyndon Johnson, George H.W. Bush, and George W. Bush. All emerged from a political tradition they could be expected to support and yet that they in part denied as they pursued their little wars, often in order to assert American power not just to other countries but domestically as well, supposedly correcting earlier failures to do so and thus affirming the strengths their followers want supported, or doing so to counter charges by the opposition of weakness. It is considered less surprising when a Republican president affirms American power by engaging in a military action, for instance, while a Democratic president might do so just to show that the view that Democratic leaders are not able to handle the need for a military response."
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"The Presidency and the Political System", 2002.
A review and critique of the book "The Presidency and the Political System" by Michael Nelson.
1,517 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 0 sources, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the book, "The Presidency and the Political System" by Michael Nelson which consists of a series of theoretical overviews, with several essays and excerpts beneath each rubric, detailing the nature of the modern American presidency. It discusses how at first, this may seem to give the book the quality of a simply summary or an overview of American history, however, the book emerges overall as a penetrating analysis of the nature of the American Presidency in the current era of politics. It looks at how it challenges the reader with the potent question of why should the American system continue in the form that it has over the course of the past century and into the 21st century.
From the Paper
"Nelson frames the book with an editorial preface entitled "Evaluating the Presidency." Nelson suggests that this institution of leadership is both strong, but is in need of further adjustments to become fully responsive to the changing needs of the postmodern era. The first part of the book, entitled, "Presidency in Comparative Perspective" is particularly illustrative in light of current critiques of the United States' relationship with the European powers. "Comparing the Core Executive in Britain, France, and the United States," Nigel Bowles stresses how the British Prime Minister is less invested with the awesome symbolic weight of the American Presidency, because of the existence of the monarchy. Yet the Prime Minister is in a way more powerful as a chief executive, than is the American President, because under the British system, the Prime Minister always has a majority in the legislative branch."
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The American Presidency, 2004.
A discussion on whether the problem with the American Presidency is that expectations exceed capacity.
1,369 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The American President is perceived as extremely powerful and also as constrained in a number of ways. This paper considers the actual power of an American President compared with the perceived power. It also compares the role of the American President to that of the British Prime Minister.
From the Paper
"It is certainly the case that American Presidents are viewed and indeed portrayed as powerful individuals. Part of this is due to the media's focus on the personality of presidents and presidential candidates at the expense of their policies and actual role. A President's influence in Washington relies on how he is perceived by the public - more so than a Prime Minister's, which depends more on the view of his cabinet and parliament, which is then adopted by he media - and so this public image is continuously cultivated by the President himself."
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Books on Civil Rights and the American Presidency, 2005.
Reviews four books: two on civil rights in the South and two on the presidency.
5,424 words (approx. 21.7 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 135.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a review of "Ghosts of Mississippi", by Maryanne Vollers; "Sons of Mississippi", by Paul Hendrickson; "The White House Staff", by Bradley H. Patterson; and "The American Presidency", by Sidney M. Milkis and Michael Nelson. The first two books listed are about civil rights in the South and the second two are about the American presidency.
From the Paper
"Maryanne Vollers introduces her text by stating that Byron De La Beckwith was not an ordinary prisoner and he was not treated like one. The subject of Vollers' book is the murder of civil rights activist of Medgar Evers by Byron De La Beck and the determined efforts of Myrlie Evers to bring Beck to justice -- an effort that took quite literally decades despite the fact that it was well known that Beck was Evers' killer."
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"The American Presidency", 2002.
A review of this exhibition situated at the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C.
991 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 0 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
"The American Presidency" is an exhibit at the National Museum of American History at the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C. This paper discusses the exhibit and shows its importance at conveying information of the presidency in American life, in American history and in the development of a new form of government with the Constitution. The author explains that the exhibit is a chance to see pictures of all 42 presidents, get a sense of their time, a sense of their place in history and an idea of some of their accomplishments. The exhibit conveys this as information, but through the various objects in the exhibit which came from the presidency of each man, the visitor can feel closer to these men as human beings by being in the presence of objects they may have touched and used. The paper also quotes from the booklet which accompanies the exhibition.
From the Paper
"The exhibit says much about the nature of that job--the problems faced, the responsibilities heeded, the legacy created, and the relationship of each man to the history of his time. Some of the objects in the exhibit take the visitor directly to the human being who held office, such as Abraham Lincoln's ink stand (most certainly not different from thousands of ink stands of the period, but with a different aura because of who used it), the military uniform worn by Eisenhower (which gives a good sense of the stature of the man in real terms), or President Grant's carriage. The first thing that strikes the visitor about these different objects is their normal size, for the image we have of these men and their actions is larger than life, while the objects they used are quite normal and remind us that they were only human beings after all."
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The American Presidency, 2004.
This paper discusses the nature and growth of presidential powers as defined by the authority of the Constitution.
1,770 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the authority of the presidency is enumerated by Article II of the Constitution; but, because of the efforts of specific office holders, presidential powers have stretched beyond the limitations envisioned by some of the founding fathers. The author points out that, in spite of the best efforts by each man who has held the office of the president, the presidency remains quite separate from the president as manifested with each transition of power from one president to the next; nevertheless, the framers of the Constitution left enough room for ambitious office holders to increase the power of the position as demonstrated by Presidents Nixon and Bush II. The paper states that the growth of presidential authority is not inherently bad for the American people because it is a response to the changing climate and difficult threats of the modern world, which usually require a single leader to ensure the survival of the country.
Table of Contents
Enumerated Powers
Increasing the President's Constitutional Authority
The Future of the Presidency
From the Paper
"Since the United States Constitution officially took effect in 1788, very few changes to the document have been made; yet in spite of the relative static nature of the document, the power of the American presidency has increased. And rather than fight against the expanding authority of the president, the American public seems to embrace an ever-enlarging assumption of power by the president. Americans want their president to be strong but not overreaching, decisive but inclusive, commanding but not overbearing. These kinds of demands on the American chief politician have stretched the powers of the presidency. Today, the office has grown to immense proportions not just in the United States, but also in the eyes of the entire world. This all takes place in spite of the efforts of various individuals, groups and even nations that attempt to reign in the power of the leader of the world. Interestingly, this enlargement of the presidency has occurred in spite of the "legislative supremacy"1 many of the framers intended."
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American Presidents, 2002.
An overview of the life and political careers of seven presidents in American history.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 1 source, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper presents political biographies of seven selected American presidents. In brief accounts, the paper highlights accomplishments, challenges and legacies of the presidents in their political career.
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American Presidents, 2002.
An insight into the first five presidents of America.
1,937 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces the topic of American history as it relates to the first five presidents of the United States. Specifically, it discusses the impact of early leaders of America on the democratic government and how the first five presidents impacted early American government. It also looks at the accomplishments of each president and different facts about each that contributed positively and negatively on America as it formed as a nation. The first five presidents of the United States were George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and James Monroe. It shows how each man influenced American history in his own unique and significant ways, with both positive and negative results and how these leaders were really creating the office of President as they tried to run the country with intelligence and finesse.
From the Paper
"Thomas Jefferson served as the Vice-president under John Adams, and defeated him in the presidential election of 1800 as a member of the Democratic-Republican Party. His Vice-president was Aaron Burr. The two were actually elected in February 1801, as they had both received the same number of president elector votes, and the tie had to be broken by additional voting. Jefferson served two terms as President. During his terms, he created the Army Corps of Engineers and the United States Military Academy, and signed the Louisiana Purchase, nearly doubling the size of the United States with the purchase. He also funded the exploration of Lewis and Clark, which ultimately led to the expansion of the United States all the way to the Pacific Ocean (Kane 28)."
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American Political System, 2002.
Explains the political system in the U.S. and the role of civic and political institutions in shaping democracy and setting policy agenda.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that although citizen actions have played an important role in the emergence and functioning of American democracy, it is the president and large businesses that determine the major policies in America. Assuming the role of mediator between citizens and the government, the media persuades its own priorities instead of taking a definite side.
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American Political System and Democracy., 2002.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the political system in the U.S. and the role of civic and political institutions in shaping democracy and setting policy agenda. The paper argues that although citizen actions have played an important role in the emergence and functioning of American democracy, it is the president and large businesses that determine the major policies in America. Assuming the role of mediator between citizens and the government, the media persuades its own priorities instead of taking a definite side. MLA Format.
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American Cultural and Political Movements.
This paper discusses cultural and political movements in America in the mid-20th century, including the 'hippie' movement, anti-Soviet policies, and Watergate.
1,325 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that these events illustrate the kind of society cultivated in America, the rise of individualism and modernism, the defilement of traditional values and customs, dirty politics and espionage, nuclear crises, and continued fear for new ideologies challenging America's advocacy for capitalism and democracy. The author uses the work of Tom Wolfe to explore the hippie movement and two political documentary videos to demonstrate that the 1960s served as a transition point from the radical behavior of the hippies to conservatism, which once again became the norm, and the prevalence of public activism in socio-political issues. The paper relates that "Reagan's Shield" illustrates the conservative, yet rash decision, which then-President Ronald Reagan adopted in order to compete against Russia's supposedly advanced state of nuclear technology, and the "Summer of Judgment" summarizes the Watergate hearings, illustrating how the powerful position of President became vulnerable and susceptible to public scrutiny due to the society's active involvement in American politics and governance.
From the Paper
"In the "Electric Kool-Aid", Wolfe illustrates in hippie language and description the life of the novelist and hippie culture leader Ken Kesey, who wrote the radical and influential novel, "One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest". As part of the group called "Merry Pranksters", Kesey embodies the typical American hippie of his time: an LCD user, happy-go-lucky, non-ambitious individual who lives the present and does not think about the past or the future. Wolfe's narration shows Kesey riding with his group, the "Merry Pranksters," in a bus, adopting the group name, "Intrepid Travelers". The bus, colored with Day-Glo paints, symbolizes the psychedelic movement of the 1960s, where dropping-out of school, LCD and alcohol addiction, and expression of one's self (that is "expression for expression's sake) are the norm."
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American Politics, 2005.
A discussion on whether the United States can be considered to have a presidential system of government.
2,323 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to analyse to what extent the American presidency is restrained in terms of political power by the Constitution and the principle of separation of power, appealing to Charles Jones' interpretation of the U.S. political system as a separated system of government. It it is clear that the American presidency has progressively gained in political leadership and the paper also discusses in which ways the modern presidency has tried to impose the image of a presidential dominance on the U.S. political system.
Outline:
The U.S. Political Regime Determined by the Principle of a Strict Separation of Powers
The Balance of Power Between the Executive and the Legislative Branches: The Madisonian Presidency
The American Presidency's Resources of Power
The Question of the Divided-Government as an Evidence For the Irrelevance of a Theory of a U.S. Presidential System of Government?
The Modern U.S. Presidency: A Rising Presidential Leadership
The Appropriation of the Right to Go to War by the Presidency
The Importance of the Presidential Personality and the Socio-Political Context (Idiosyncrasies )
The Need For the Power to Persuade
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Constitution was actually redacted in such a way that each branch of power could counterbalance the other one. The American Constitution grants the president with a strong military power, since he is the "Commander in Chief" of the armed forces, with a central role in the management of American foreign policy, the president being in charge of the negotiation of treaties with foreign partners, and with the traditional administrative power to make appointments in the federal administration, nominating the Cabinet members to assist him in his tasks, the Supreme Court judges and the U.S. ambassadors in foreign countries. The president is not entitled to submit legislation to congressional adoption, he is only in position to make recommendations to the legislative branch."
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Political Analysis and Political Philosophy, 2002.
A look at whether the problems of political analysis and political philosophy are distinct.
6,093 words (approx. 24.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 143.95
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Abstract
Political analysis and political philosophy are two human activities engaged in by men striving to know the world. The problems of political analysis and political philosophy rest on the problems concerning man's knowledge of the world. The paper shows that such knowledge is the result of attempts to describe, analyze, explain and interpret the actions and beliefs of men as they live in the real, material world. This essay presents an argument against that school which would draw a sharp distinction between two sorts of knowledge, each type being the result of a separate and distinct activity. According to this school, political analysis is concerned solely with the identification and description of political phenomena. The paper explains that the problems of political analysis are, thus, said to be "scientific" problems, directed towards the discovery of empirically testable scientific "laws". This essay shows that, despite its empirical orientation, political analysis is underpinned by a wider set of theoretical perspectives, such that analysis itself reflects elements of the observer's political philosophy. The paper concludes that political analysis and political philosophy are intimately connected; many of the "problems" are common to both. Each activity - analysis and philosophy - heightens the level of human knowledge.
From the Paper
"What is presented to the political analyst is a mass of apparently chaotic social phenomena; what Heinrich Rickert calls "formless matter". The task of the political analyst is to structure and give order to that part of reality he has chosen to explain. Already we have recognized two crucial problems for political analysis. The first arises from the necessity of selecting specific areas of reality for study. I shall discuss later the way in which a certain limited range of "problems" present themselves for the political analyst's particular concern. The problem-field is limited in such a way that the possibilities for different accounts of politics is itself restricted. The task of political analysis is also complicated by the fact that knowledge of the world is not immediately attainable; understanding is mediated through mental constructions and elaborations (language, concepts and constructed arguments) of real, observable situations and events. Thus, Aron says of the methodology of science "all science is an elaboration or construction of formless matter" (2)."
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President Bush as Time Magazine's Person of the Year, 2005.
This paper offers a short rhetorical analysis of a TIME magazine article.
678 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer analyzes a TIME magazine article asserting President George W. Bush as Person of the Year in 2004. The writer expresses shock and awe at this award. In this paper, the writer identifies the ethos, pathos and logos on the text.
From the Paper
"It may come as a shock to some that President George W. Bush was recently named TIME magazine's Person of the Year for 2004. George W. Bush is named Person of the Year for sticking to his guns both literally and figuratively, for reshaping the rules of politics to fit his ten-gallon-hat style of leadership and for setting the global agenda, whether the world likes it or not. In order to ... "
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Political Humor in Politics, 2002.
The paper looks at the role played by political humor in providing both political information and comic relief.
936 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the different forms of political humor available and the range of media now available, from newspaper cartoons to digital clips sent by e-mail. The paper examines how political humor has become an increasingly influential force in the American political scene, with high profile politicians, such as the President, often becoming the main target of jokes. The paper portrays such humor as a useful tool in keeping citizens lighthearted in tense situations.
From the Paper
"In the United States, political humor has become a very popular entertaining form of entertainment, and is used as a way to make light of political situations and poke fun at the politicians that have been elected and are in the national spotlight. Political humor has been in newspapers and other forms of mass media since the elections of some of the first politicians. However, unlike the comedians of the French Revolution Era, political humorists today will not be beheaded for making jokes about the president."
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