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American Justice on Trial, 2006.
This paper discusses issues of American justice and looks at the Braintree Robbery and the case of Mumia Abu Jamal.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this essay the writer notes that there are very few criminal justice trials which have been as remarked upon as the 1920s Braintree Robbery involving co-defendants Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, and the much later trial of Mumia Abu Jamal. The writer points out that these trials, because of the dubious verdicts reached in each instance, put American justice on trial and called into question the underlying assumptions which could bring the full wrath of the state down upon unpopular but not necessarily guilty defendants, despite a dearth of compelling evidence against them. With this in mind, the following paper examines both cases and discusses the issues of fairness, evidence and celebrity-hood which lie at the respective heart of each.
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The American Criminal Justice System, 2004.
This paper discusses various issues confronting the American criminal justice system such as the right to a speedy trial, identity theft, youth gangs and child pornography.
1,245 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the right to a speedy trail, which is the key feature of the American criminal justice system, is guaranteed under the American Constitution; however, it was not until the cases of "Klopfer v. North Carolina" and "Barker v. Wingo" that this right was handed down to lower courts, too. The author reviews the cyber-crime of identity theft, which is defined as someone stealing another person's name and identification information such as Social Security number, credit card numbers, passwords and personal identification numbers (PIN) and uses them to make unauthorized withdrawals, purchases and other activities. The paper suggests that social learning theory, in which children learn the skills of violence from modeling and observation of sources such as other peers, the media and video games, plays a significant role in the problems of violence in schools and youth violence.
From the Paper
"Youth gangs are not only on the rise, but their level of violence is becoming increasingly worse. The explanation which best fits for youth gangs would be that of Edwin Sutherland's Differential Association theory. "In longitudinal studies, the most examined mechanism through which gang participation might socialize boys into antisocial activity appears in prior research that has considered boys' association with delinquent peers along with their gang participation." These youths, who are typically lower-class, realize that they will never reach the goals of the middle-class and have no urge to conform to middle-class standards. This cognitive dissonance produces a type of stress or strain. Instead, they form their own deviant subculture with their own rules, norms and mores. Travis Hirschi's Control Theory may also explain gang participation."
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Jerome Skolnick's "Justice Without Trial", 2005.
A review of Jerome Skolnick's book "Justice Without Trial: Law Enforcement in Democratic Society".
891 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes and reviews author and criminal law professor Jerome Skolnick's book on justice in a democratic society. The paper explains the main thesis of Skolnick's book that the first line of defense in the protection of personal safety and property in any democratic society is that of effective law enforcement and then explains why Skolnick see this as inherently problematic.
From the Paper
"Skolnick wrote in 1966 that despite the appearance in the instutitionsal fabric of American society, of a disinterested justice ethic, the systemic focus upon clearance rates in the then-current American policy model of criminal justice encouaged police to merely create an appearnce of doing their job. Police, Skolnick argued when he first wrote the article that became the text under discussion, that the police were pursuing convictions rather than seeking truth at any price. Police were willing to see the innocent convicted, at the price of justice itself, merely to 'do their job' and they thought, to create a more secure society."
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Justice in "King Lear", 2002.
An analysis of King Lear's sense of justice in the four trials within William Shakespeare's "King Lear".
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the four trials in Shakespeare's play "King Lear" and discover if King Lear possesses any justice in the his participation over the trials. By analyzing these episodes that tell us how Lear plays the judge, we can see how he behaves in the scope of justice and what that means to him. An analysis of the motives in his judgment will be brought forth and revealed in the way that he plays king and judge in this play.
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A Restorative Justice System, 2008.
This paper explores the need for a restorative justice system to take the place of the existing criminal justice system.
2,746 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
The paper explores why the public seems to have low levels of confidence and trust in the justice system and the extent to which community residents participate in justice initiatives. The paper examines the potential and the limits of restorative justice as a mechanism and discusses increasing community and citizen involvement in the justice process. The paper clearly shows the evidence that approaches to justice in our modern Western society are ineffective. The paper explains how the criminal justice system ignores the public's role in addressing crime, and thus alienates the community. The paper concludes that future approaches to justice should revolve around a restorative system as opposed to a criminal justice system.
Outline:
Introduction: The General Public and the Criminal Justice System
Why the Public Seems to Have Low Levels of Confidence and Trust
in the Justice System
The Extent to Which Community Residents Participate in Justice
Initiatives
The Potential and the Limits of Restorative Justice as a Mechanism
For Increasing Community and Citizens' Involvement in the Justice Process
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Evidence shows that public confidence and trust in the criminal justice system is low. In Canada, a recent survey revealed that most citizens were dissatisfied with the government's response to crime, even though they found no fault with the police themselves (p. 64). It appears to be the criminal justice system itself that dissatisfies the public. Canadian citizens are dissatisfied with the performance of the criminal court, the prison system, and, in particular, the parole system (ibid). The same findings tend to be replicated in studies of other Western countries, such as the U.S. and Europe (p. 65)."
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Restorative and Retributive Justice, 2004.
An analysis of the differences between restorative and retributive justice and their impact on the American justice system.
3,058 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how different theories of justice prevail at different times and how two of these can be termed restorative justice and retributive justice. It looks at how, stated simply, restorative justice emphasizes rehabilitation, while retributive justice emphasizes punishment. It attempts to show how the conflict between these two theories marks much of the history of American justice and continues to shape penal policies today.
Outline
Introduction
Punishment and Crime
Restorative Justice
Retributive Justice
Current Programs
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Punishment in itself is a problem and has been since the beginning of human society. Some people today see punishment as a vestige of the human past that should have been left behind when human beings came out of caves and formed a social order. These people feel that today we should substitute measures that do not involve cruelty to our fellow man. Others believe in punishment as a retributive instrument and feel that punishment can be used against anyone who breaks the laws of God or Man. Packer (1968) writes: "I think both are wrong, although the danger of the moment is that we will overuse the criminal sanction, not that we will abandon it" (p. 3)."
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Justice in Drama, 2003.
Examines the conflict between human justice and justice of the gods in three works.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper introduces an analysis of this theme in Sophocles's "Oedipus Rex", Euripides's "Hippolytus", and Shakespeare's "Hamlet". It examines characters who follow preordained paths.
From the Paper
"Justice in drama is generally divided into two sorts-human justice and the justice of the gods-and often the two are presented as being in conflict. This can be seen in different ways in the works of Sophocles, Euripides, and William Shakespeare."
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Justice in "Republic", 2002.
Examines the resemblance between justice in the individual and justice in the city in Plato's "Republic".
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
It is clear that for Plato the parallel between the individual and the city was much more than a simple question of resemblance or a useful illustration or metaphor for his text. Rather, as this paper will argue, making the association between the two allowed him to not only justify the rule of his ideal city by philosopher kings, but also to illustrate the social and political power dynamics of his ideal city.
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Women in the Criminal Justice System, 2004.
An analysis of women in the criminal justice system from female offenders to female criminal justice professionals.
1,402 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the treatment of women and girls in the criminal justice system. The paper evaluates the recommendations of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration Task Force on Women regarding female offenders, female crime victims, and female criminal justice professionals. The paper describes the nature of the changes that have been taking place regarding gender bias and inequality within the justice system.
From the Paper
"The criminal justice system provides training to police and law enforcement agencies, prosecutors and judges (Legal Defense and Education Fund 2004). The New York State Police Academy, for example, trains its criminal justice professionals through a week-long Sex Offense Seminar. They are taught how to investigate sex crimes; collect evidence from crime scenes; interview suspects, surviving victims and other witnesses; obtain expert testimony; gather and present forensic evidence; screen for drug-facilitated sexual assault and similar crimes; observe Departmental protocol for crime investigations; recognize trauma syndrome and the surviving victim's emotional needs and rights; and coordinate with crisis programs, health care personnel and related agencies (LDEF)."
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Vigilante Justice, 2005.
A paper on vigilante justice, one of the most controversial issues in today's criminal justice system.
1,714 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the author examines the topic of vigilante justice, defines and presents the history of the issue, looks at current examples of vigilante justice and shows how the courts have ruled on previous cases of vigilante justice.
From the Paper
"Although many people may be confused with the term "vigilante," I believe that after learning a little about the term they will be able to personally relate to the topic. According to a scholarly article found at http://faculty.ncwc.edu, the word vigilante goes back to Spanish origin and means "watchman or "guard." Usually when it is said that someone is taking part in vigilante activity, it means that they are taking the law into their own hands. After completing my research, I have found that this is probably the most commonly used definition when defining vigilante activity. I feel this is an incomplete definition that does not cover many other aspects of the concept. To add to this misrepresentation, most people who have an opinion of the topic are only able to warn of the consequences or dangers of vigilantism without understanding or explaining why it occurs. Out of all my criminology classes I have completed over the last two and a half years, I have only attended one which discussed the issue openly and appropriately. So it is easy to see why people have little knowledge of the issue when we as criminology majors rarely discuss the issue in detail."
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Concepts in the Salem Trials of 1692, 2006.
An in-depth look at the concepts of crime, punishment and justice in the Salem trials of 1692.
2,162 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author looks at the men and women of Salem, Massachusetts who were accused and executed during the hysteria of 1692 as a result of fear, superstition, and a court system that failed to protect them. He highlights how since that time, advocates of civil rights and human tolerance use the events of 1692 as a yardstick to measure the depth of civility and due process in society. The author tries to explain the incidents of 1692 through the fear of witchcraft as diagnosed by the local doctor when he could not explain the strange behavior of some of the village girls. The paper details the events as they were recorded and the aftermath of the hysteria and how the injustices were admitted. In conclusion the author reminds us that we need to learn from the mistakes that were made back in 1692 so that we may apply an understanding to our own society and its concepts of crime, justice and punishment.
From the Paper
"In addition to allowing this case of double jeopardy, admissible evidence to the Court of Oyer and Terminer included spectral evidence. According to National Geographic, a specter is defined as an active agent of a living witch. It can interact with others, but cannot generally be seen by anyone except the victim of the evil. In contrast, a ghost is the active agent of a deceased spirit (nationalgeograpic.com). Thus, spectral evidence could be explained as the afflicted girls falling into convulsions as the accused witches stood up for questioning in court.The afflicted claimed that the accused specter was roaming the room, biting them, pinching them and often appearing as a bird or other animal someplace in the room, usually on a particular beam of the ceiling. Chief Justice Stoughton believed that God would not allow the Devil to assume an innocents shape, (Guiley 293) thereby postulating the use of spectral evidence."
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Social Justice, 2002.
The paper defines the concept of social justice, according the book "Social Justice" by David Miller.
877 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the concepts of rights, deserts and needs, which, when balanced according to the social and moral norms of the day, create social justice. The paper then examines the disagreements that arise on the application of these concepts and thereby the difficulties in promoting a fair, balanced idea of social justice.
From the Paper
"In his book, Social Justice, David Miller emphasizes three concepts: rights, deserts, and needs (17). He points out that there is a distinction between legal and moral rights. Legal are those granted to us through government and our social contract to it. A legal right would include the right to a publicly funded education, or state provided legal defense. Moral rights, on the other hand, are rights not defined legally, but those with which we as society deem justified by moral standards. Unlike legal rights, moral rights are harder to define. There is no objective way to judge standards of morality. What might seem ethical to one individual could be completely unethical to another, so the defining of moral rights is more of a balancing act of the two."
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Art-based Methods in Education for Social Justice, 2007.
A discussion regarding the need for awareness and action in regards to social justice issues, and the effectiveness of art-based methods of social justice education.
3,967 words (approx. 15.9 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the issues surrounding social justice and the need for more awareness. According to the paper, art-based methods of education use creative thought and expression as a means of understanding and incorporating the lessons at hand and, therefore, art-based methods in education can have wonderfully effective results in regards to social justice issues. The paper goes on to say that there is no right or wrong when it comes to the expression of creative ideas. The paper further examines the fundamental roles of education in society as expressed by Aristotle.
From the Paper
"When it comes to the development of effective art-based approaches for education on social justice issues, It may be helpful to incorporate three basic, yet powerful, instructional strategies. These strategies are respect for diversity, the power of reciprocal learning, and personal reflection (Smyth, 2005). These strategies are especially important in the context under discussion due to the sensitive nature of social justice issues, and the vulnerability that may possibly be felt by students involved in creative expression. Being respectful of diversity simply means acknowledging and attending to the needs of students in the classroom, and ensuring that the learning environment is safe and promotes appropriate instruction (Smyth, 2005). Practices in the classroom should reflect appropriate methods that foster the creation of a community of individuals and an awareness of differences. One of these methods is open discussion (Smyth, 2005), and this can provide a basis for learning about and absorbing social justice issues. This then sets the stage for the creative expression of the understanding of these issues."
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Community-based Incarceration and Criminal Justice, 2008.
An analysis of the media's role in criminal justice issues and a look at community-based alternatives to incarceration.
2,706 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews a number of issues pertaining to criminal justice. Firstly, the paper look at the role of the media in criminal justice issues. It then discusses whether or not the criminal justice system can legitimately be called a "system" or whether another description is apt. The paper also examines community-based alternatives to incarceration and, lastly, examines how restorative and community-based approaches to punishment are preferable to punishment-based approaches.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Criminal Justice: Specific Issues
Issue One: The Role of the Media
Issue Two: Major Components of the Criminal Justice System
Issue Three: Community-based Alternatives to Prison
Issue Four: Community/Restorative Justice Models and their Difference from Punitive Models of Justice
From the Paper
"Going further, the simple reality is that one study after another seems to illustrate the fact that punitive criminal justice (incarceration, long sentences, the de-emphasis of diversionary programs by justices when passing sentence) does nothing to reduce crime on its own (Wilson et al, 2002). Ostensibly, all human beings are blessed with a certain measure of capital - intellectual and emotional capital being the most important - and maximizing this human capital by teaching individuals how to serve others, how to behave responsibly and how to curb darker impulses is the best way by which a society can reduce the likelihood that it will become over-run by crime. It may also be added that the essential reason why community-based and restorative justice models are gaining such favor (they have been, albeit to varying degrees, in favor among academics since at least the 1970s) is because the failings of punishment-based justice - the over-crowding of American prisons, high recidivism rates, the growing cost of keeping people behind bars - have become manifest in the eyes of many close observers and new, more innovative approaches are desperately needed."
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Justice in Peru, 2007.
An overview and criticism of Peru's justice system.
12,311 words (approx. 49.2 pages), 24 sources, MLA, $ 237.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the overall justice system in Peru in order to understand the history of the Peruvian society's justice system as it relates to its current status. The paper also attempts to correlate Peru's justice system with the Peruvian governmental, military and religious systems, as well as analyze the problems in the justice system and research possible and/or proven solutions. Additionally, the paper hypothesizes that the Peruvian justice system is really in a chaotic state and both the government and the military system of Peru were the cause of the disorder. However, with the current initiatives of political reform coupled with the continuing efforts of the Catholic and other evangelical churches, the justice system in Peru will likely soon be experiencing dramatic, positive change.
Outline
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Historiography
Chapter 3. The Call for Reform
Chapter 4. Justice in Peru: A Reflection of the Country's Government
Chapter 5. Conclusion
From the Paper
"Peruvian policing has an unpromising history. Policing was militarized under military government from 1968 to 1980. Through the 1980s and 1990s the police confronted Peru's brutal Maoist Shining Path guerrilla movement (Sendero Luminoso) and another smaller guerrilla group (MRTA). For much of this period, the police were under direct military command in emergency zones that covered nearly half the country for over a decade. Both the police and military were responsible for methodical and egregious human rights violations (Mawby 1999). Police were also themselves victims of acts of terrorist violence, and continue to hold views overwhelmingly shaped by the counterterrorist experience, including a tendency to associate human rights with guerrillas and communists. "
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