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Alternative Fuels, 2007.
This paper explores global warming and the chemical benefits of alternative fuels.
2,041 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the "greenhouse effect" and the 1987 Montreal Protocol. The paper discusses the controversies surrounding global warming but relates that whether global warming is absolute fact or not, numerous scientific studies contend that greenhouse gases are emitted by virtually all economic sectors and the potential for global warming does exist. The paper lists the chemical benefits alternative fuels have on the atmosphere and global warming. The paper points out that the direct effects of alternative fuels on the atmosphere and global warming are difficult to forecast and impossible to measure. The paper includes images, tables and copies of appended sources.
Outline:
The Greenhouse Effect
Atmospheric Concerns
Direct Effects
From the Paper
"Contrary to global warming theory, a study published in the Annals of Glaciology challenges global warming and contends that facts confirm the global warming concept to be inconsistent with trends of the Antarctic ice. This study reports that NASA satellite observations determined the Antarctic has not melted, and instead has increased during the last 20 years the. Claire Parkinson, a NASA climatologist who ". . . analyzed the role of sea ice in the global-climate system since 1979 . . . measured the duration of Antarctic ice seasons . . . and found nearly twice as much land that had seasons increasing by one day per year between 1979 and 1999 than areas where the opposite occurred." (George) Numerous other scientific studies reportedly support the recent NASA observations."
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Alternative Fuels, 2007.
This paper explores global dependence on fossil fuel and alternative fuel vehicles.
2,478 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the technologies needed to produce personal automobiles that are less fossil fuel dependant. The paper analyzes the current research in alternative fuel vehicles, specifically addressing three types of vehicles; the electric car, the hybrid/electric/combustion car and lastly the combustion engine car. The paper touches upon the issue of pollution, as it is a significant impetus for creating alternative fuel vehicles. The paper presents the hypothesis that the electric vehicle is the best practical option for consumers.
Outline:
Introduction to Problem
Review of Literature
Research Design
Data Analysis
Summary
From the Paper
"One of the most profound social questions of the modern day is the nature of the market addition on fossil fuel usage. Within the global economy the fossil fuel industry, and the worlds dependence on it has driven prices of fuel to enormous levels contributing to a global market situation where a very few hold a growing percentage of wealth and the rest must struggle to eek out an existence with what's left. "Today, more than half the world's population lives on less than $2 per day, and almost 1.1 billion people live in extreme poverty, defined as less than $1 per day." (Rice, 76) Though this may seem divergent of the topic at hand, which is global dependence on fossil fuel, the issues are interrelated."
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Alternative-Fuel Vehicles (AFV), 2005.
This paper discusses alternative-fuel vehicles (AFV) and the advantages of adding them to the Lotus rental car fleet.
2,075 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews four alternate fuel options -- hybrids, turbo direct injection diesel, natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG); the advantages of alternate fuel options include healthier environmental impacts, a release reduction of carbon monoxide and other unhealthy gases (lead and nitrogen oxides) in the atmosphere and more fuel efficient options. The author points out that, currently, of the major car rental companies such as Hertz, Avis and Budget, only Budget presently offers alternative-fuel car rentals. The paper concludes that the economic advantages for Lotus Car Rental to offer AFVs to their Fleet are invaluable because (1) the consumer market's opinion has changed due to the rapid development in AFV technology, (2) the increasing gas prices, (3) the environmental crisis, (4) the tax incentives offered by the I.R.S., (5) the great success of car manufacturers in developing, producing and distributing AFVs and (6) the competitive and marketing advantages of Lotus to be associated with the pioneers in this field. Table and charts.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The History of Rental Cars in the U.S.
Alternative Fuel Options
Hybrids
Turbo Direct Injection Diesel
Natural Gas
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Car Rentals and Alternative Fuel Vehicles
Advantages of Offering Alternative Fuel Vehicles as part of the Lotus Rental Fleet
The Future and Alternative Fuel Vehicles
Summary
From the Paper
"Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV's) combine the conventional internal combustion engine with the battery and electric motor of an electric vehicle. The HEV's have gained a lot of popularity in recent years, because it offers the driver the same range in mileage and rapid refueling options as the conventional vehicle. The practical benefits of HEV's include improved fuel economy and lower emissions compared to conventional vehicles. A disadvantage is the purchase price, which is about $3,000 higher than a comparable car with a internal combustion engine that uses petroleum."
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Alternative Fuels, 2005.
This paper analyzes the American transportation system and discusses the need for alternative, environment-friendly fuels.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the American metropolitan transportation system and maintains that it is in dire need of improvement, especially in terms of reducing air pollution. The paper discusses how the massive use of fossil fuels derived from oil is becoming prohibitively expensive, but that the gravest consequence is the constant emission of poisons into the atmosphere from vehicle exhausts. The paper points out that this problem has become especially acute over the last thirty years and needs to be resolved through the use of alternative fuels.
From the Paper
"The American metropolitan transportation system is in dire need of improvement, especially in terms of reducing air pollution. The massive use of fossil fuels derived from oil is becoming prohibitively expensive, but the gravest consequence is the constant emission of poisons into the atmosphere from vehicle exhausts. This problem has become especially acute over the last thirty years and needs to be resolved through the use of alternative fuels. The initial development of fuel-efficient cars was primarily in response to the OPEC oil crisis of the nineteen-seventies and the resulting dramatic rise in gasoline prices for American motorists. Up until the Yom Kippur War of 1973, Americans drove high-powered, gas-guzzling cars and since gasoline was so cheap no consumers were interested in buying fuel-efficient cars."
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Lotus and Alternative Fuel, 2008.
This paper presents an feasibility study regarding the use of alternative fuel vehicles for the Lotus rental car company.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This research examines the rental car industry from the competitive profile of the Lotus rental car company (Lotus). The writer notes that Lotus operates rental car fleets across three major regions which include North America, Europe and Asia. The writer points out that currently Lotus is considering deploying alternative fuel vehicles and is targeting the European market as its test market and initial target market. The writer maintains that Europe is deemed a better test and roll-out market because it is ahead of both North America and Asia in terms of alternative fuel availability and use.
Outline:
Abstract
Company Overview
Industry Overview
Market Overview
Competition
Generic Competitive Strategies
Alternative Fuel Technology
Bio-fuel & Bio-diesel Overview
Economic Rationale
From the Paper
"The competitive profile in the rental car industry in Europe is uniquely different than it is in the U.S. market and several other large markets. In most of Europe's larger internal markets, such as France, Germany, and Italy, vehicle manufacturers control most of the operation fleets in the rental car industry within those respective markets. However, the UK market within the larger European rental car market is the most developed rental car market and has additional financing schemes that allow other independent operators other than the large vehicle manufacturers to enter the rental car market. Thus, in the UK, companies such as Avis tend to dominate the market. Currently, no rental car competitor in Europe is operating even a partial fleet of AFVs which creates quite an opportunity for Lotus."
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Alternative Fuel for Automobiles, 2005.
An overview of three different alternative fuels available on the market.
772 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the differences between three alternative automobile fuels, explains why it is preferable to use these fuels instead of oil and looks at how the alternative fuels are produced and their cost efficiency.
From the Paper
"Alcohol can be blended with gasoline for use as transportation fuel and may be produced from a wide variety of organic feedstock (Alcohol pp). The most common alcohol fuels are methanol, which can be produced from coal, natural gas, wood and organic waste, and ethanol, which is usually made from agricultural plants containing sugar (Alcohol pp). Twelve percent of the nation's motor fuel is blended with ethanol (Alcohol pp). "Producers can lock in prices on the futures market, using their known production cost figures, rather than relying on the volatile spot market" (Alcohol pp). In 1998, the federal government extended federal ethanol fuel excise tax incentives through the year 2007, meaning that the fuel blender can take either an income tax credit of 54 cents per gallon of ethanol used, or an exemption from the excise tax of 5.4 cents per gallon of 10 percent blended fuel (Alcohol pp). "
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Alternative Fuels, 2008.
This paper analyzes hydrogen and ethanol as potential replacements for gasoline.
3,799 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
The paper considers the advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen and ethanol and determines that hydrogen is not a feasible alternative fuel until technology is developed to hold higher quantities. The paper explains why ethanol is the better alternative of the two and concludes that if we adopt ethanol as the fuel of the future, we are sure to have a cleaner and greener earth. The paper includes full color images.
Outline:
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Production
Hydrogen Storage
Hydrogen Transportation and Distribution
Production of Ethanol
Storage of Ethanol
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Hydrogen is one of the many competitors looking to replace gasoline at the pumps. It has many advantages over an ethanol fuel, hydrogen requires less heat to ignite than ethanol, which means that more energy is used for powering the vehicle as opposed to igniting the fuel. (2006) In addition, its flame gives off much less radiant heat than a hydrocarbons flame, yet the flame is just as hot. (2006) Hydrogen's energy produced per unit of mass is larger than that of hydrocarbon fuels by a factor of 2.8. (Snyder, 2006). The higher specific energy means that the car can produce more heat energy for the same amount of fuel mass."
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Alternate Fuels, 2002.
A look at the possibilities of using alternative methods of fuels.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This five-page undergraduate paper reviews the positive and negative aspects of using crude oil in running cars in the United States. The main emphasis of this paper is to persuade the President of the United States for the imperative need of replacing crude oil with alternative energy sources.
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Alternative Fuel Vehicles, 2005.
This paper recommends the use of hybrid automobiles, alternative fuel vehicles, in the case of Lotus Rent-a-Car in America.
2,030 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that hybrid cars are any vehicle, which combines two or more sources of power such as a gasoline engine, fuel tank, electric motor, generator, batteries and a transmission. The author points out that Honda introduced hybrid cars, the Honda Insight, which was created to increase fuel economy and reduce emissions, to the public in the United States in 1999. The paper states that hybrid vehicles with high gas mileage and low emission, the alternative vehicles of the future, are now available on the market; there are several types of hybrids available from the standard economical cars Toyota Prius and the Honda Accord to the SUV, Toyota Highlander and Ford Escape and as an option in the luxury SUV, Lexus Rx 400.
From the Paper
"Since 1999, car companies have put alternative fuel cars and hybrid cars on the market in the United States. Some of these cars are fully electric; these cars need to be recharged at the end of the day. Some of the cars available are a combination of an electric and gas motor; these are known as hybrid cars. These motor vehicles are the most popular on the road now. The engine is started from a gas-powered engine. Once the car is moving the electric and gas power engine propels the vehicle forward, maximizing the consumer's gas mileage. There are also vehicles that use fuel cells, which are cells that change fuels into electrical energy. Many different fuels can be changed into electrical energy, fuels such as hydrogen, methanol, natural gas, and gasoline. These fuel cells never need to be recharged, only need to be refueled. Fuel cell cars are not in major production in America."
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Alternative Fuel Replacement, 2005.
This paper discusses new alternative fuel options for the internal combustible engine (ICE) especially hydrogen and hybrid cars.
2,060 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 24 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, to reduce America's dependence on foreign oil, it is necessary to phase out the conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) gasoline engine; however, for now, gasoline must continue to be a widely used fuel in order to keep the gasoline industry of America strong. The author points out that, as oil prices continue to rise, hybrid automobiles (gas engine with electric motors complimenting them) seem to be the near-term solution. The paper relates that the next viable solution to the pollution problem posed by ICE is hydrogen (H2) and fuel cell technology; a fuel cell combines H2 and oxygen to create power through the by-product of this chemical reaction without the pollution problem.
From the Paper
"Another way to save fuel with out using new engine technology is described in Wald's work on pg.1-2, and was developed by the EPA. It uses current engines to pressurize a hydraulic tank to 5,00psi.. The built up pressure is then used to drive a turbine, which drives the wheels. Lab tests show a 60-70% gain in fuel efficiency. This technology is currently in use by John M. Hewitt of Memphis Tennessee. John is using a Chevy s-10 pickup engine (less than 100hp) to pressurize the tank and is getting better than 100mpg. Ford has said they are working with the EPA to make a SUV with this technology."
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Alternative Fuel, 2004.
An examination into the options for alternative, environmentally-friendly fuel.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the environment is in need of an alternative fuel source. It examines option for this alternative and discusses how this will be beneficial, both economically and environmentally.
From the Paper
"It is difficult to imagine a human society without cars. The idea that for millennia humans managed to survive, and even to thrive, without such a contraption is inconceivable to many in today?s Western World. Automobiles are everywhere, and in most American cities it is nearly impossible to work or go to school without access to one. However, the widespread use of cars is not without its negative effects on society. Cars can be cost prohibitive for many people, especially in the lower classes. Maintenance and fueling of automobiles are two things which can truly take their tolls on the pocketbooks of the working class. Additionally, cars are also a cause of much pollution, and quite harmful to the environment. Many solutions have been proposed over the years to help make cars both less costly to run and less harmful to the environment. One of the most talked about solutions involves alternative fuel sources instead of the very costly and environmentally unsound petroleum-based fuels which are currently in use. ?Whether it is natural gas, fuel cells, hydrogen or a popular combination of gasoline and electricity, alternative fuels are being pushed as a solution to America's energy crisis.? (Maier) Cars cause a lot of pollution, therefore it is necessary to find alternative fuels. However, there are still many problems with alternative fuels that must be resolved, and the government should be taking steps to help make alternative fuels a widespread reality."
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The Use of Fuel Cells as an Energy Alternative, 2002.
A paper which discusses using fuel cells as an alternative to traditional energy sources and their advantages.
1,530 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that fuel cells offer tremendous promise and potential as an energy source. Among topics covered in this paper include: How fuel cells operate, why they are cleaner than a combustion powered engine and the research that is currently being conducted to advance this technology. The paper also lays out the roles the federal government, automakers, and oil companies are playing in investing in fuel technology. It also discusses the problems that need to be overcome in order for the use of fuel cells to meet their full potential as an energy source.
From the Paper
"In summary once the fuel cell market begins to take off, the impact can snowball. Using hydrogen to combine such renewable energy sources with highly efficient fuel cell cars would impact many industries such as the automobile, oil, electricity and natural gas. Furthermore, an added benefit of fuel cell will be the elimination of carbon dioxide that are produced by gas powered engines, instead the only by product produced here would be water. In fact this water will be safe enough to drink because it will be pure. Research will continue to advance the potential of fuel cell as a dependable long term energy source."
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Ethanol for Fuel, 2007.
An examination of alternative sources for fuel production in the United States.
2,663 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the progress of ethanol as a fuel derived from renewable crops. It particularly focuses on cellulosic ethanol, which can be produced from agricultural, municipal and forestry waste, corn stalks, sawdust and waste paper. The paper discusses all of these options, as well as the viability of being able to produce enough to significantly reduce the United States dependence on foreign oil.
Table of Contents:
History of Ethanol
Current Uses of Ethanol
Arguments For and Against Ethanol as a Major Alternative Fuel
Retooling for Ethanol
Conclusion
From the Paper
"United States would require an "area of energy crops as large as the current area of food crops grown in the United States. Additional land use of this magnitude would be staggering and contentious" (p. 18). According to Haroon S. Kheshgi, an engineer for EXXonMobil Research, nothing will replace petroleum because to run an average U. S. car with corn-derived ethanol for a year would require 14 acres of cropland--about nine times more land than is needed to feed one person the same length of time. Aside from the fact that Kheshgi is invested in the oil industry, this argument, does not consider the use of agricultural waste products as the source or use of the by-products of distilling ethanol. If the land were still used to grow food, and the wastes were used for ethanol, benefits to the environment would be great. Also, if hydrogen power is the ultimate goal, ethanol could be "part of a transition strategy for shifting from today's internal combustion engine technology to tomorrow's hydrogen-based engines" (Issues in Science & Technology, 2002, p. 17)."
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Hydrogen Fuel, 2005.
This paper discusses hydrogen and examines its use as an alternative source of fuel.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper concerns the alternative fuel hydrogen. The writer notes how this fuel is produced and looks at some of the problems of making it practical for use in automobiles and other vehicles. The writer explains that storage is a major issue, because hydrogen takes up four items the space of a comparable fast energy source. Some of the research being conducted to correct this situation is noted, including new materials for storage.
From the Paper
"There are many reasons to embrace the demand for alternative fuels. The current state of the world's ongoing energy crisis, of the demand for fossil fuel and of the constant fighting over oil in the middle east, are all current events that are related to oil and fuel. However, we should also look to the future for the true reasons for using alternative fuels. The emissions from power plants, refineries and automobiles are causing global warming and irreversible damage to the ozone. This is why it is so important for scientists, engineers and researchers to break down the fossil fuel barrier and replace it with alternative fuels, one of which is hydrogen."
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Alternative Power, 2001.
An outline of the responsibilities and research of the renewable energy source ESEP group. In addition to describing the roles and each member of the group, the proposal explains the urgency and significance of perfecting non fossil fuel energy sources.
5,415 words (approx. 21.7 pages), 23 sources, $ 133.95
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Abstract
This research discusses the world?s current energy crisis. Fossil energy comprises the majority of the world?s energy source; however, these fuels pose threats to the environment and do not provide a renewable source of energy. Analysts predict that the world will run out of fossil fuels in forty to fifty years. Due to this impending crisis, experts research and attempt to determine renewable energy sources that meet the world?s growing energy needs while considering the technical, environmental, financial, and social impact of these alternatives. This report summarizes four of the most developed renewable energy options that could feasibly replace fossil fuels as a source of energy, including fuel cells, solar power, wind power, and hydroelectric power. Fuel cells use substances such as methanol and oxygen to react and provide energy; however, obtaining a clean, reliable hydrogen source and lowering the cost must precede implementation. Solar power harnesses the sun?s thermal with photovoltaic cells to produce electricity; the paper focuses on concentrating solar technologies and the addition research required to employ this alternative fuel source. Wind power uses turbines situated in a field to capture the kinetic energy of the wind; as one of the most frequently used renewable energy resources, this solution may become feasible as prices decrease. Hydropower uses flowing water through a system of turbines and generators to produce vast amounts of clean energy, but its environmental impacts are serious and widespread. All of these renewable energy sources have advantages and disadvantages when it comes to producing energy on a large scale. Some of these factors include cost, efficiency, environmental factors, and political and social factors. The report recommends an increase in research for each of these fields, and concludes that these renewable energy sources will only develop if society as a whole accepts the financial burden that accompanies them. Overall, the financial burden of renewable resources does not compare to the devastating effects that continued fossil energy usage will leave on the environment.
From the Paper
"As the global energy crisis worsens, scientists and researchers internationally race to refine and implement renewable energy resources to provide societies basic power needs that do not depend upon the consumption of natural resources. Within the next century, if energy consumers continue to rely on resources such as coal, petroleum, and other fossil fuels at the current rate, society will deplete its fuel reserves, specifically petroleum, to the extent that alternate power sources become necessary to maintain current standards of living based on power sources. Environmentalists, scientists, and the general public target fossil fuel usage as the primary cause for the environment?s poor condition; renewable resources will offer an opportunity to prevent and possibly improve damage caused by pollution from power procurement. Globally, consumers are ill-prepared for our inevitable reliance upon renewable energy resources; moreover, developing countries in the process of electrifying their citizens will not have the means to progress in the same energy-technology development cycle and cannot base their tenuous energy dependence on a rapidly waning fuel source. In the absence of fossil fuels, people must rely on new forms of transportation and energy to power our increasingly
technology-based society. Renewable resources, such as fuel cells, solar power, wind power, and hydro power offers an environmentally-savvy alternative to fossil fuels, yet many of these technologies require further research, refinement, and optimization before we can rely upon them as a substitute for fossil fuels in basic power needs (SolarPACES 1). The problem involves ensuring global preparedness when low energy reserves mandate the use of renewable energy resources through proper allocation of renewable energy technology, ethical support from the public and the government, financial flexibility, and environmental sustainability."
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