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Air Traffic Control 'Free Flight' System, 2004.
Compares the current air traffic control system with the newer air traffic control 'free flight' system.
1,217 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a brief overview of the ?free flight? system of air traffic control and compares it with the present air traffic control system. The paper also describes the limitations of the current air traffic system and then goes on to explain how the 'free flight' system promises efficiency and profitability for the airline industry.
From the Paper
"With more than 50,000 flights taking to the skies everyday the present US air traffic control system places increasing strain on the control room staff who have the responsibility of tracking, guiding and directing the pilots. Under the current system, the air traffic controllers resolve conflicts in airspace using radar signals and regulating traffic by means of adjusting the altitude and speed limit of the different flights. As James Coyne, president of the National Air Transportation Association, says, ?All of the information that flows to and from a pilot today in virtually all aircraft is done on a strictly single-voice channel, back and forth, with human beings actually saying all the words live. As anyone can imagine, that is an extremely inefficient way to convey data." [Jacques Leslie] Pilots are dependent upon the instructions from the control room to avoid conflicts and disaster in airspace. Once the aircraft is cleared by the departure controller and left the TRACON (terminal radar control) airspace, it is monitored enroute by the personnel in the ARTCC (Air Route Traffic Control Center) who continue to provide the pilots with the traffic, altitude and speed instructions. [Craig C. Freudenrich Ph.D] For most airways however, the stipulated altitude, route and speed restrictions do not contribute to optimal efficiency."
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Air Traffic Control Communication.
This paper discusses air traffic control communication, the interactions between the pilots, and the traffic controlling authorities.
3,780 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the entire system of air traffic management is dependent upon the accountability of pilots on board and the air traffic controllers, who are dependent upon the data displayed and acquired from their computer screens, dials, and gauges simultaneously being ratified by their insights of past experience and pre-determined operational guidelines. The author points out that, although English is acknowledged as the international language in aviation history, many pilots present problems of dialects, accents, and interpretations, which have resulted in crashes. The paper relates that efficient communication will go a long way in guaranteeing secured air travel; advanced technology is now being launched, and rules are being slackened to render the pilots and air controllers greater freedom. Includes a PowerPoint presentation.
From the Paper
"The confusion resulting in misinterpretations of the terminologies lead to visualization of different objects other than those it indicates to. The lack of proficiency in the English language is noticed both among the Air Traffic Controller and the pilots the United States. However, it is not confined only to the foreign pilots. It is also essential in case of the US pilots flying across the other nations and facing the controlling crews of other nationalities, to effectively comprehend the short, disconnected and unintelligible English communications similar to the expectations of the proficiency in English by the foreign pilots. (Guest Editorial: Barriers to Effective Communication: Implications for the Cockpit) Moreover, the fact of deficiency of the foreign pilots in the English Language and their confinement to some of the standard aviation phraseologies must be acknowledged."
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Air Traffic Controllers Strike in 1981, 1989.
Discusses central issues, consequences & impact on major differences between labor & government/management, Reagan's actions & their appropriateness, public interest, use of military controllers, impact of FAA and air traffic safety risks.
9,000 words (approx. 36.0 pages), 54 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO), a labor union representing civilian air traffic controllers employed by an agency . the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) . of the United States (US) government, called a strike on 3 August 1981 (Office of AFCC History [OOAFCCH], 1985). In the ensuing months, PATCO's effectiveness as a collective bargaining organization was destroyed, the lives of hundreds of air traffic controllers and their families were quickly characterized by high levels of uncertainty and distress, air traffic safety in the US was temporarily compromised, military personnel were used as temporary replacements for the civilian air traffic controllers, and the quality of the industrial relations environment in the country deteriorated (...)"
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Air Traffic Control, 2004.
An analysis of the changes made to the Airline Traffic Control system following 9/11.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the fact that following the 9/11 tragedy many politicians and airline industry representatives began to search for improvements to the Airline Traffic Control system (ATC). The paper explains that these improvements were deigned to increase security and safety for all flight personnel, as well as for all passengers. The paper outlines some of the changes made to the ATC systems and examines the benefits of each new policy or procedure.
From the Paper
"One of the most significant changes to ATC has been the implementation of key technology, deployed at the headquarters of NORAD, located in Colorado Springs. This technology, known as Explorer, enables the NORAD team to monitor all commercial aircraft flying across the country at any given time. Previously, the technology had been used solely to monitor for incoming missiles, or military planes (Carr and Cone, 2002). The FAA also added a staff of air traffic controllers to the NORAD base, as well as in many busy sectors across the country, to assist local ATC operators in the event of a hijacking situation (Strohm, 2004). In an effort to ensure proper handling of airline safety issues, the FAA also separated the responsibility of those dealing with hijack situations. The TSA, or Transportation Security Administration, has been established. In the event of a hijacked flight, the TSA is responsible for all actions while the plane is in the air. When the flight lands, the FBI is responsible (Strohm, 2004)."
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Air Traffic Control, 2002.
A look at how aviation safety has evolved.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the evolution and the development of safety programs within the Air Traffic Control System in the U.S.
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Air Traffic Control System, 1994.
The implementation of a National Airspace System Plan, including functions, history of problems and new technologies.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 13 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"The Air Traffic Control System
The responsibilities of air traffic control are varied and complex. In addition coordinating air traffic flow, they also provide traffic advisories and weather information. In recent years, considerable effort has been focused on upgrading the air traffic control system in the United States. The National Airspace System Plan (NASP) will replace 1960s vintage equipment with new technologies, and also streamline control operations. Moreover, the plan's automated systems will rely heavily on space for both communication and navigation. The NASP promises to set the standard for air traffic control.
Perhaps the primary challenge for air traffic control (ATC) is to keep up with the ever increasing demand on airspace. Between 1980 and 1987, the number of people travelling by air in..."
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Airline Safety, 2007.
This paper discusses the technical complexities of regulating air traffic.
1,528 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that the problem of air traffic accidents as a result of poor traffic control occur more often than is recognized. The paper discusses conflict alert technology regarding air traffic control and looks at the human factor and its interaction with this system. The paper explores accidents that have occurred and concludes that even state of the art technology is not enough to ensure a safe flight. The paper shows how safety requires the complex integration of both humanity and technology.
Outline:
Conflict Alert Technology
The Human Factor
From the Paper
"Faulty design in terms of either the planes themselves or the technology designed to guide them safely to land, for example, can cause accidents. While these design flaws are the result of human error, they are not as directly related to the human factor as air traffic controllers themselves. These workers are also human. Any number of factors, including fatigue, distraction or a momentary lack of concentration can cause an accident and the death of hundreds or even thousands of people. Most accidents as a result of this human factor, according to Don Brown (2005), occur in lower air space, where there is a significant amount of traffic landing or taking off."
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Air Pollution In Buenos Aires, 2006.
This brief, yet concise, paper examines the lack of regulations and enforcement capabilities in Buenos Aires which are the main contributing factors in the high levels of air pollution in the city.
720 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper describes the escalating air pollution problem in Buenos Aires, mostly due to the increase in poorly maintained automobiles that are permitted to operate. This paper examines the increase in mortality rates due to respiratory and circulatory diseases which are a direct result of declining air quality. This paper also discusses the various strategies that the government and environmental groups are considering instituting in the Argentinean capital, which include spot controlling of diesel vehicles as well as a training and awareness campaign.
Table of Contents:
Sources of Air Pollution In Buenos Aires
Emissions of Pollutants in Buenos Aires
Air Quality Monitoring in Buenos Aires
Conclusions
References
From the Paper
"In 1988 estimated emissions of particulates were 68,000 tons per annum, stationary sources being responsible for 96% of emissions in the early eighties. These sources were given 5 years to comply with strict guidelines aimed at reducing emissions. The imposed reductions have been met by industry, however the particulate problem remains. Probably caused by the fleet of poorly maintained diesels. To resolve this problem several measures have been introduced including Spot control of diesel vehicles, certification of distributed diesel oils and a training and awareness campaign especially for truck, taxi and bus owners."
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PSA Flight 182, 2007.
This paper examines the air disaster involing Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 182.
2,966 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
In this article concerning the mid-air collision of Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA) flight 182, the writer traces the events leading up to the event. The writer then describes the accident and explores the possible causes. The writer narrates some of the eye-witness accounts and reviews its aftermath including the effect of the crash on the regulations on air-traffic control around busy airports. The writer concludes that the flight 182 disaster over San Diego remains one of the biggest and most horrific air disasters in the U.S. aviation history, which could have been prevented if better flight rules had been followed. Further, the writer notes that the only silver lining of the appalling tragedy is that the accident prompted the implementation of stricter safety regulations around busy airports in the U.S.
Outline:
The Chronology of Events Leading to the Accident
Communication with San Diego Approach Controller & Lindbergh Tower
Confusion in the Cockpit
The Accident
Eyewitness Accounts
Cause of the Crash
How The Accident Affected Regulations on Air-traffic Control
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Robert Osby, then a battalion chief with the San Diego Fire Department, and later the fire chief, who supervised the rescue efforts at the disaster site recalls that the firefighters due to their prompt and professional efforts were able to contain the fire from spreading beyond a remarkably small area--only two sides of one short block of Dwight Street. He also thanks God that the plane had crashed into a working-class neighborhood on a Monday morning when most of the residents of the destroyed homes were at work; otherwise the death toll on the ground would have been much higher (Ibid.) Another reason why the fireball from the fallen aircraft was contained in a smaller area was because the plane did not fall in a parallel-to-the-ground glide path but crashed nose first."
"Hans Wendt, a staff photographer with the San Diego County's public relations office, who was covering an outdoor press event in North Park at the time of the accident, took two dramatic post collision still color photographs of the falling Boeing-727 trailing blue-and-white smoke streaking from its right wing while plunging towards the ground."
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Federal Aviation Administration, 1989.
Discusses accountability of agency to public & federal oversight. Focuses on founding, purpose, administration, responsibilities, actions & inactions, flight standards, maintenance & safety and air traffic control.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 9 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"The Federal Aviation Administration was created under the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 to best carry out ". . . the preparation, issuance, and revision of regulations governing matters of safety . . . with the day.to.day control of traffic, the inspection of aircraft and service facilities, the certification of pilots and related duties . . ." (Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, & Transportation [CSCCST], 1987). These functions were vested in the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB); more effective performance was to occur as a result of establishing one agency to provide safe and efficient use of the airspace and to provide for the regulation and promotion of civil aviation, meaning non.military aeronautics. Until the closure of CAB in 1985, this agency (...)"
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Air Pollution, 1993.
Discusses the nature of air pollution and of clean air, reviewing the major types and sources of air pollution.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"AIR POLLUTION
The question of what constitutes air pollution should begin with a definition of what constitutes clean air. Even clean air contains many substances other than oxygen and nitrogen, its major constituents, including rare gases such as argon, neon, and helium, as well as ozone, carbon dioxide, radioactive materials from the earth, and various nitrogen and sulfur compounds. The air would also contain variable amounts of water vapor and many suspended solid particles and liquid substances. Suspended materials known as aerosols are defined as dust particles and condensation nuclei, the latter consisting of chloride salts, sulfuric and nitrous acids, phosphorous compounds, and many other chemical substances. These nuclei have an affinity for water and ..."
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Pilot Error In Airplane Accidents, 1989.
Discusses such factors as insufficient sleep, heavy air traffic, misjudgment, bad weather and misreading of instruments.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the human factor in aviation and the degree to which pilot error is the cause of airplane accidents. This will require a brief discussion of the available facts and statistics on air travel as well as a review of the reasons why this happens, even among seasoned pilots, and why the numbers are growing.
The modern airliner is a marvel of technology, as safe as man can make it. The statistics convincingly point to the safety of flying over other means of transportation. "In 1978, U.S. airlines completed 99.99991 percent of their flights without a fatality (Norris 11). In 1979 around 800 million passengers travelled by air around the world, and only 1,267 of them (plus 149 crew members) were killed, making the odds about 565.000 to 1 (Norris 11). These figures have remained relatively constant, (...)"
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Air Rage, 2001.
The paper discusses air rage to determine the causes and possible solutions to the problem. It also discusses the recent World Trade Center and Pentagon bombings and determines how that may affect air rage.
1,890 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 60.95
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Abstract
Air rage is a major safety problem today. The author looks at the primary causes of air rage. These include: alcohol consumption, hypoxia, long-haul flights and cramped seating. The the author looks at the possible cures and consequences for air rage. Lastly, the author examines the World Trade Center and Pentagon disasters to show how air rage solutions could have helped prevent them.
From the Paper
"Air rage can best be defined as an action by anyone who fails to respect the rules and conduct onboard an aircraft, and includes that of any passenger who refuses to comply with the safety instructions while onboard the aircraft (Huang 2001). Air rage is more than a safety concern for the passenger, but also a significant safety concern for the airlines and the crew. In-flight incidents caused by enraged passengers involve various types of offenses including assault on crew members or other passengers, fights among intoxicated passengers, child molestation, sexual harassment, illegal consumption of drugs, refusal to stop smoking or consuming alcohol, and vandalizing seats or the cabin."
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New Delhi's Air Pollution, 2006.
This paper examines the cause and effects of the air pollution problem in New Delhi as well as steps taken by the government to improve the city's air quality.
812 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the poor air quality in India's capital city New Delhi as well as the effects on its residents. Industry is by far the greatest contributor to New Delhi's poor air quality due to the emissions of suspended particulate matter, hydrocarbons, sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide. Another major contribution to the air quality was the population explosion which resulted in a dramatic increase in automobiles. The writer of this paper details the changes implemented by the government to improve New Delhi's air quality which include requiring catalytic converters on all vehicles as well as the banning of all leaded gasoline. Another positive change involved the conversion of the gas and diesel fueled city buses to compressed natural gas.
From the Paper
"As it is, the air quality in New Delhi has already had serious consequences for the city's population. "A World Bank study on the health effects of air pollution in Delhi revealed that [suspended particulate matter] in Delhi alone led to premature [the] death[s] of 7491 persons in 1991-1992." In fact, the problem is so widespread that India's privately-run Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute reports that "two of every five residents [of New Delhi] suffer from lung, liver, or genetic disorders due to highly-polluted air." Furthermore, children living in the city are up to three times more likely to suffer from respiratory disorders than children in other parts of India. However, those who are most at risk are people who work in close proximity to automobiles such as taxi drivers and blue-collar workers."
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Air Pollution Control in Ann Arbor, 2006.
A look at regulatory efforts for fighting air pollution in the Ann Arbor region of Michigan and the implications of these regulations for fighting air pollution throughout the country.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 5 sources, $ 151.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the regulatory environment for air pollution and its control in the Ann Arbor region, noting that Ann Arbor is key to the fight against air pollution through the actions of the National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory in the city. The organization provides a technical review of the issue and of the technical and regulatory issues involved in controlling emissions to reduce air pollution.
From the Paper
"Air pollution affects the Ann Arbor region as it does other major cities, and Ann Arbor is also key to the fight against air pollution through the actions of the National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory in the city. The organization provides a technical review of the issue and of the technical and regulatory issues involved in controlling emissions to reduce air pollution. This organization and researchers at the University of Michigan provide recommendations, expertise, and analysis for various governmental organizations at different levels across the country to address the regulatory issues raised by air pollution and the need to reduce it and its effects."
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