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Affirmative Action and Public Policy, 2002.
This paper examines how various interpretations of equality are mirrored in the contentious debate on affirmative action.
2,254 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
The first part of the paper, examines how the liberal camp?s belief in the ?disparate impact theory of discrimination? conflicts with the more conservative view of equality based on access to the same opportunities. When affirmative action was first enacted, the liberals were successful in enshrining the disparate impact approach.
The second part of this paper looks at the impact this disparate impact approach has on both the political and judicial landscape. The most evident problem of affirmative action as it is currently practiced is seen in the backlash effect. In the last section, the paper evaluates the possibility of a unified definition of equality being enshrined in affirmative action principles.
From the Paper
"In the book Equality Transformed, Herman Belz (1991) presents two clashing views on the nature of equality. One theory, which Belz associates with conservatives such as Mississippi senator John Stennis, saw equality as a question of individual rights. The focus was on nondiscrimination, in providing equality of opportunities in areas such as employment. By removing the obstacles to discrimination, many conservative theorists believed that every person ? black or white ? would thus have equal opportunities for advancement."
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Affirmative Action Policies, 2002.
Examines both the positive and negative sides of current affirmative action policies.
2,551 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper evaluates both the positive and negative effects of affirmative action policies today, with a particular focus on racial minorities, such as African-Americans and Latinos, in higher education. The paper defines affirmative action, traces the policies? history, examines their goals, and looks at the various legal challenges that have been mounted against these policies. Finally, the paper includes a critical examination of the arguments both for and against the continued use of affirmative action policies and concludes by taking the position that affirmative action policies are ineffective and actually harm the parties they are intended to benefit.
From the Paper
"Jackson further argues that many affluent white students have access to SAT preparation scores and have the time and resources to participate in extracurricular activities and honor courses. This places many minority students from lower-income families who need to work after school and do not have resources for SAT preparation tests at a distinct disadvantage (Jackson 290). For proponents like Jackson, affirmative action is a way to address these discrepancies and ensure that disadvantaged youth receive an equal opportunity towards higher education."
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Affirmative Action Policies, 2004.
Looks at the history of affirmative action in the United States.
1,530 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the origins of affirmative action, considers the pivotal role that the Warren Court ruling on Brown vs. Board of Education played in affirmative action policies, and highlights their purpose. The paper, while recognizing the need for affirmative action and expressing an overall positive opinion of the concept, also details some of the negative consequences of affirmative action programs, mistakes made in their implementation, and suggests a need to revitalize present affirmative action programs.
From the Paper
"Affirmative action statutes have in recent years been struck down in a number of parts of the country. Despite this fact, affirmative action remains important in this nation and the premise behind it ? that all Americans should be given an equal opportunity to succeed, especially in some arenas such as school and the workplace ? remains even more important, especially in the area of education. Much of the social, political and economic progress that African-Americans have been able to make in the second half of the 20th century came about as the result of legal and social challenges to the second-class education that they had been receiving. Without a continuing, firm commitment to providing equal education opportunities to all children, the continuing differences that exist among different groups of Americans as defined by race (including everything from average salary to expected lifespan) will never disappear."
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Affirmative Action Policies, 2001.
Explanation and evaluation of four types of affirmative action policies.
1,630 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This essay defines and explains four types of affirmative action, ranging from mild to severe, discusses common opinions regarding AA, and examines philosophical arguments for and against AA The four sources quoted in the essay are all philosophers, and their positions and rationale on the issue of affirmative action are explained. At the end of the essay the author indicates her own position on the morality and justice of AA programs, coming out in favor of affirmative action.
From the Paper
"One of the primary values of American society today is equal opportunity, and while there is still far to go true progress is occurring. Second, within a few years society will realize that the debate over weak and strong AA is simply diverting attention from the real issues: providing every child in America with the same quality education, health care services, and working to strengthen families."
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Modern Affirmative Action Policies, 2003.
An analysis of modern affirmative action policies, with a focus on university admissions.
1,453 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of affirmative action policies used today at several universities. The paper also examines several solutions to the issue of affirmative action in university admissions procedures. The paper debates the benefits of giving preference to minority groups as opposed to providing these groups with the education that will enable them to be admitted to university on the basis of their knowledge.
From the Paper
"How many times in the last six months have you heard about affirmative action in the news? Probably many times due to the recent Supreme Court case involving the University of Michigan. But what is affirmative action? Affirmative action is giving preference to minorities in the college admissions process. Some schools must meet a set quota. Others create a point system where students get extra points because of their race. The objective is to create a diversified student body. But this method is not fair. Everyone should be given the same chance no matter their race. Setting quotas to admit a certain percentage of minority students is not the most effective way to create a diverse student population. There are other methods that put everyone on a more level playing field instead of forcing colleges to lower their standards."
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Racial Affirmative Action Policies, 2000.
A discussion about the pros and cons of affirmative action policies.
1,675 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 8 sources, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the issue of affirmative action policies, looking at how these policies were installed within the social system and discussing their pros and cons.
From the Paper
"Affirmative Action policies are used in the United States to increase opportunities for minorities by favoring them in hiring, promotion, contracting and school admissions. Minorities are defined by race, ethnicity, or gender. Affirmative action has been accepted by governments, businesses, and educational institutions to remedy the effects of past discrimination against a group. It has been widely criticized for creating reverse discrimination in the workplace and at schools."
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Affirmative Action, 2004.
An explanation and comparison of goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action.
1,354 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper distinguishes between two forms of affirmative action policies, the goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action. This paper argues that most people who protest against affirmative action are actually against goals-based affirmative action. This paper further argues that a greater emphasis on process-oriented affirmative action policies will more effectively address the concerns of both sides of the affirmative action debate.
From the Paper
"Critics decry race-based admissions policies as an undermining of the merit-based system. However, Jesse Jackson points out the effects of race and socio-economic class in the academic performance of many minority children. Jackson argues that unlike affluent white, many minority students from low-income families do not access to resources like honors classes and SAT preparation courses. Also, the fact that many have to work after school to augment the family income places minority students at a distinct disadvantage at the college applications process (Jackson 290)."
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Affirmative Action: Ideals, Ironies, Complexities, Politics, Rhetoric and Values, 2002.
This paper concentrates on the background of legislative efforts to equalize opportunity for American blacks and discusses the efforts made to realize non-discriminatory values, specifically the public policy of 'Affirmative Action'.
6,270 words (approx. 25.1 pages), 22 sources, MLA, $ 146.95
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Abstract
The following essay examines the affirmative action legislation that was created with the intention of offering the values of equal opportunity, racial equality and individual liberty as public policy. The writer examines how the rhetoric and political jargon involved in the implementation often overshadowed or confused the values that originally were intended in the legislation. It is of this writer's opinion that the Declaration of Independence established the idealistic intent of the United States of America to be a place for democratic equality and today Americans are still dealing with the complexities of turning the ideal into the real.
From the Paper
"Polarization over public policy attempting to legislate values is common. Affirmative action is an especially emotional, value oriented legislative issue. The complexities and ironies involved were present in the roots of American democracy and reverberate into modern times. Rhetoric resonates when affirmative action is the topic under discussion. Words like discrimination, reverse discrimination, preferential treatment, justice, equality, politics of inclusion, quotas, color-blindness fly fast and furiously. The main values under consideration in public policy concerning affirmative action are equal opportunity and civil rights. At it's inception affirmative action legislation was aimed at racial equality centered on the black/white dichotomy. As it evolved affirmative action came to include concern for the civil rights of other American ethnic minorities as well as the equality of civil rights between the sexes. In order to somewhat limit the vastness of the subject, this paper will concentrate on the extensive background of legislative efforts to equalize opportunity for American blacks and the public policy that emerged as efforts to realize non-discriminatory values evolved into what became known as affirmative action."
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Affirmative Action in Schools, 2004.
A comparison of goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action within the education system.
2,071 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper distinguishes between two forms of affirmative action policies, the goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action. In goal-based affirmative action, the emphasis is placed on giving minority racial status special consideration even before a qualified pool of candidates is established. This form of affirmative action was evident in the controversial admissions policies at the University of Michigan Law School, where African-American and Hispanic applicants were given 20 extra points solely based on their ethnicity.
From the Paper
"Other opponents of affirmative action in universities argue that by fostering an atmosphere of race-based promotion, these policies also serve to minimize the individual gains that many African Americans, women and other minorities achieve on their own merit. Instead, their achievements are tainted by a stigma. In one example, a young black woman made the University of Virginia's Law Review just as the university's affirmative action went into effect. The change from the previous, merit-based system significantly reduced the value of the young woman's Law Review achievement (Conti and Stetson 44-45)."
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Affirmative Action in the Medical Community, 2002.
Looks at the continuing debate over affirmative action programs and, in particular, affirmative action programs in the medical community.
857 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper presents arguments on the advantages and disadvantages of affirmative action programs. Specifically, it looks at the arguments presented in favor of and in opposition to affirmative action in medical schools. A landmark legal case about affirmative action is reviewed, and the utilitarian view of affirmative action is stated. The paper concludes by asserting that, ultimately, affirmative action programs do more harm than good.
From the Paper
"COMMUNITY
America has a long history of racial segregation and gender discrimination and unfortunately most actions to resolve these ugly issues have resulted in a failure. The opponents of affirmative action programs maintain that this law is also one of those failed attempts. Affirmative action was developed to remove racial and gender discrimination problems by making merit the only criterion for selection thus promoting equal opportunities among qualified women, colored and disabled people. But it has been noticed that despite its good intentions, the law has failed to produce positive results because it is ironic that while the law aimed at removal of racial discrimination, it has resulted in a new kind of racial segregation, which can be called ?reverse racism?"
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A Historical Perspective of Affirmative Action, 2004.
Discusses affirmative action from a historical, economic, and social perspective.
4,816 words (approx. 19.3 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 123.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an extensive study of affirmative action programs. It begins with a definition and explanation of the objectives of affirmative action policies and then goes on to look at the many societal areas the policies impact. The paper also looks at the primary focus of affirmative action policies, some of the arguments supporting and opposing affirmative action, and rulings on affirmative action programs that will affect their implementation in the future.
A Historical Perspective of Affirmative Action
Worldview
Roles in Affirmative Action
Education
Ethnic View
An Economic Perspective
A Sociological Perspective
From the Paper
"The American government justifies affirmative-action programs as ?the principal of compensatory justice (Giraldo, p. 45)?. Basically, this means that just compensation must be awarded to an injured party if an injustice has occurred. Affirmative action requires employees to hire members of groups that were wronged in the past in an effort to undo or compensate for historical injustices."
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Affirmative Action, 2002.
Defining the concept and examining affirmative action policies in practice today and whether they do more harm than good.
3,158 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at whether affirmative action policies remain relevant today, with a particular focus on racial minorities such as African-Americans and Latinos. In the first part, the paper defines affirmative action, traces the policies’ history and examines their goals. The second part is a critical examination of the arguments of affirmative action supporters. The third part studies the arguments against affirmative action by evaluating both the policies’ effectiveness and their deleterious consequences for African-Americans and other racial minorities. In the conclusion, this paper maintains that though they were instituted with the best of intentions, current affirmative action policies are ineffective against addressing racial discrimination and have even had harmful effects on the people they were intended to help.
From the Paper
"This classical definition of affirmative action as preferential treatment has since spawned more contentious definitions. Opponents of affirmative action, such as law professor Lino Graglia thus characterizes affirmative action as ?a euphemism for discrimination: the granting of preference to some individuals and therefore disfavoring of others on the basis of their race? (47). In this paper, affirmative action is defined neutrally as any policy or effort to facilitate racial integration in society by developing more opportunities in education and employment to people who have traditionally been at the margins of social, economic and political life due to social perception stemming from their gender, race, ethnicity, national origin, or disabilities."
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Affirmative Action, 2007.
A critical analysis of the affirmative action policy.
1,212 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the policy of affirmative action. According to the paper, affirmative action advocates the preferential hiring of historically under-represented groups, causing some to fear that affirmative action could lead to reverse discrimination and the hiring of unqualified people. The paper goes on to say that these fears largely mischaracterize the spirit of affirmative action. The paper goes on to argue that affirmative action is a sensible policy that can be a boon to civil rights, if implemented properly.
Outline:
Workplaces Can Not Police Themselves
Fears of Unqualified Candidates are Unfounded
It Starts With Education
Conclusion
From the Paper
"How can we get under-represented groups to the point where they are on equal footing with white males when some of those groups are only half as likely to enroll in college? Until the achievement gap is fixed in American schools, there will continue to be economic and employment disparities that are influenced by race and gender. The National Governors Association believes that the best ways to close the achievement gap are by increasing funding for early childhood education; improving teacher quality; getting historically under-represented groups to start thinking about college earlier; and providing extra help and learning opportunities (Closing the, No Date)."
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Affirmative Action, 2005.
This paper argues the dichotomy of affirmative action in education and the workforce.
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that affirmative action is a moral and political question which seems to divide Americans more than it unites them, because some people regard it as a program designed to rectify racism and reverse the effects of both past and present discrimination but others simply see it as another form of discrimination. The author feels that affirmative action is a program of opportunity, not a program of discrimination; affirmative action's mission has never been about hiring less qualified workers, but about opening up equal opportunity and ensuring that equal opportunity with equal results. The paper stresses that diversity in education and the workforce not only includes African-American men and women but also includes other ethnicity groups, such as Asians, Latinos and Indians, who have been able to gain both an invaluable education and work experience through affirmative action programs.
Table of Contents
Educational Aspects of Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action in the Workforce
The Counter-Argument against Affirmative Action
Conclusion
From the Paper
"These policies have been when minorities are actively sought or preferred, the reason given is usually that this is necessary to compensate for advantages to groups such as males or those of European descent from racism, sexism, results of historical circumstances, and institutional racism. In the U.S., the most prominent form of affirmative action centers on access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of tertiary instruction. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in question (legacy admissions), and/or gender are often taken into account when assessing the meaning of an applicant's grades and test scores."
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| Term Paper # 25121 |
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