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Affirmative Action and the Police, 2006.
An assessment of affirmative action within the police force.
1,580 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the morality and efficacy of following an affirmative action policy for making decisions regarding the hiring and promoting of police officers. The author bases his findings on a case study of the Pittsburgh police force, focusing in particular on the hiring of women.
I Introduction to Affirmative Action and the Pittsburgh Police Department
A. Affirmative Action as a Policy
B. Affirmative Action Under Attack
II The Pittsburgh Police Department
A. Statistics on New Cadets Over the Past Three Years
III The Importance of a Diverse Police Department
A. Moral Question
B. Psychologically Important for Victims and Witnesses
C. Psychologically Important for Young People
D. Potentially Better Suited for Job
IV Census Statistics
A. Population of Pittsburgh
B. Gender Breakdown of Pittsburgh
C. Racial Breakdown of Pittsburgh
D. Minority Officer/Resident Ratio in Pittsburgh
V Pittsburgh P.D.'s Policy Effect on Women
A. Number of Females in the Pittsburgh Police Department
B. Effect of the Policy Change on Number of Women in Pittsburgh Police Department
C. Comparison with Number of Female Police Officers in Other Large Cities
VI Police Department Hiring Procedures that are a Deterrent to Females and Minorities
A. Military Record
B. College Requirement
VII Conclusion
From the Paper
"Affirmative action. Only a few public policy issues, namely abortion and capital punishment, can evoke such strong opinions as affirmative action. Some say that it is an outdated policy that is no longer needed while other claim that affirmative action is needed now more than ever. Some claim that affirmative action is grounded in the constitution while others claim that the whole concept of affirmative action is unconstitutional. Today, affirmative action policies are under attack. Universities are under fire for using race as a component in admission processes as are private companies making hiring decisions based on race. Every day in the news seems to bring more news of affirmative action. How then is a company or a local government to handle this policy? Some have taken the steps of reaffirming affirmative action, private schools claiming that they will continue the policy even if the courts make it illegal for public schools to do so. Companies, striving to be as community-friendly as possible saying that they will continue to be blind in their hiring process, while other institutions and local governments have gotten rid of affirmative action altogether."
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Affirmative Action, 2004.
An explanation and comparison of goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action.
1,354 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper distinguishes between two forms of affirmative action policies, the goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action. This paper argues that most people who protest against affirmative action are actually against goals-based affirmative action. This paper further argues that a greater emphasis on process-oriented affirmative action policies will more effectively address the concerns of both sides of the affirmative action debate.
From the Paper
"Critics decry race-based admissions policies as an undermining of the merit-based system. However, Jesse Jackson points out the effects of race and socio-economic class in the academic performance of many minority children. Jackson argues that unlike affluent white, many minority students from low-income families do not access to resources like honors classes and SAT preparation courses. Also, the fact that many have to work after school to augment the family income places minority students at a distinct disadvantage at the college applications process (Jackson 290)."
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Affirmative Action in the Medical Community, 2002.
Looks at the continuing debate over affirmative action programs and, in particular, affirmative action programs in the medical community.
857 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper presents arguments on the advantages and disadvantages of affirmative action programs. Specifically, it looks at the arguments presented in favor of and in opposition to affirmative action in medical schools. A landmark legal case about affirmative action is reviewed, and the utilitarian view of affirmative action is stated. The paper concludes by asserting that, ultimately, affirmative action programs do more harm than good.
From the Paper
"COMMUNITY
America has a long history of racial segregation and gender discrimination and unfortunately most actions to resolve these ugly issues have resulted in a failure. The opponents of affirmative action programs maintain that this law is also one of those failed attempts. Affirmative action was developed to remove racial and gender discrimination problems by making merit the only criterion for selection thus promoting equal opportunities among qualified women, colored and disabled people. But it has been noticed that despite its good intentions, the law has failed to produce positive results because it is ironic that while the law aimed at removal of racial discrimination, it has resulted in a new kind of racial segregation, which can be called ?reverse racism?"
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Affirmative Action in Schools, 2004.
A comparison of goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action within the education system.
2,071 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper distinguishes between two forms of affirmative action policies, the goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action. In goal-based affirmative action, the emphasis is placed on giving minority racial status special consideration even before a qualified pool of candidates is established. This form of affirmative action was evident in the controversial admissions policies at the University of Michigan Law School, where African-American and Hispanic applicants were given 20 extra points solely based on their ethnicity.
From the Paper
"Other opponents of affirmative action in universities argue that by fostering an atmosphere of race-based promotion, these policies also serve to minimize the individual gains that many African Americans, women and other minorities achieve on their own merit. Instead, their achievements are tainted by a stigma. In one example, a young black woman made the University of Virginia's Law Review just as the university's affirmative action went into effect. The change from the previous, merit-based system significantly reduced the value of the young woman's Law Review achievement (Conti and Stetson 44-45)."
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A Historical Perspective of Affirmative Action, 2004.
Discusses affirmative action from a historical, economic, and social perspective.
4,816 words (approx. 19.3 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 123.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an extensive study of affirmative action programs. It begins with a definition and explanation of the objectives of affirmative action policies and then goes on to look at the many societal areas the policies impact. The paper also looks at the primary focus of affirmative action policies, some of the arguments supporting and opposing affirmative action, and rulings on affirmative action programs that will affect their implementation in the future.
A Historical Perspective of Affirmative Action
Worldview
Roles in Affirmative Action
Education
Ethnic View
An Economic Perspective
A Sociological Perspective
From the Paper
"The American government justifies affirmative-action programs as ?the principal of compensatory justice (Giraldo, p. 45)?. Basically, this means that just compensation must be awarded to an injured party if an injustice has occurred. Affirmative action requires employees to hire members of groups that were wronged in the past in an effort to undo or compensate for historical injustices."
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Affirmative Action, 2005.
This paper argues the dichotomy of affirmative action in education and the workforce.
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that affirmative action is a moral and political question which seems to divide Americans more than it unites them, because some people regard it as a program designed to rectify racism and reverse the effects of both past and present discrimination but others simply see it as another form of discrimination. The author feels that affirmative action is a program of opportunity, not a program of discrimination; affirmative action's mission has never been about hiring less qualified workers, but about opening up equal opportunity and ensuring that equal opportunity with equal results. The paper stresses that diversity in education and the workforce not only includes African-American men and women but also includes other ethnicity groups, such as Asians, Latinos and Indians, who have been able to gain both an invaluable education and work experience through affirmative action programs.
Table of Contents
Educational Aspects of Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action in the Workforce
The Counter-Argument against Affirmative Action
Conclusion
From the Paper
"These policies have been when minorities are actively sought or preferred, the reason given is usually that this is necessary to compensate for advantages to groups such as males or those of European descent from racism, sexism, results of historical circumstances, and institutional racism. In the U.S., the most prominent form of affirmative action centers on access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of tertiary instruction. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in question (legacy admissions), and/or gender are often taken into account when assessing the meaning of an applicant's grades and test scores."
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Affirmative Action, 2004.
Looks at some of the criticisms of affirmative action programs and argues that, in spite of the criticism, affirmative action is sound policy.
2,156 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses affirmative action, with particular emphasis on how it pertains to decisions on hiring and promoting. The objective of the paper is to show that, for the most part, affirmative action works well. There are only some instances when it is taken too far so that it becomes detrimental to both white males, because they cannot get work as easily, and minorities, because they are believed to be promoted based on race and gender, and not on the merits of their work.
From the Paper
"Affirmative action is a reasonably new development when looking at the history of this country. It is basically designed to ensure that people who were treated unfairly in the past get equal treatment now, but there are some difficulties with this and there are some people who feel that affirmative action is unfair to those that are not minorities. Mainly white males feel that women and/or minorities are chosen before them in hiring decisions and are also promoted at a better rate in companies that have affirmative action policies in place. It has become difficult for many companies to find a balance between being fair to white males and being fair to everyone else."
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Affirmative Action, 2001.
This paper outlines the history of affirmative action starting in the 60s up to present; it is an unbiased argumentative paper on whether affirmative action is still needed.
1,557 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses discrimination and the history of affirmative action in combating it. The author mentions various presidents in American history and their attempts to make a difference in leveling the playing field for all races. Pros and cons for affirmative action are presented by the author.
From the Paper
"For many years minorities were discriminated against in the job market. People in our country felt something must be done to fix this problem in our society. That solution was affirmative action. Affirmative action is a group of policies used by the United States to give minorities jobs and job advancement opportunities by favoring them (Encarta). This affirmative action is in place to make up for years of discrimination in the past, either by the country as a whole or specific companies. The history of affirmative action is a long and interesting one."
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Affirmative Action, Against whom are we Discriminating?, 2001.
A closer look at how Affirmative Action affects the College Admissions process.
3,710 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
This argumentative paper deals with the issues surrounding today's struggle to get into colleges and how race is involved in this process.
Table of Contents
Introduction of Affirmative Action and how it relates to today and the college application process.
History and evolution of Affirmative Action
Causes for Affirmative Action
Pros of Affirmative Action
Cons of Affirmative Action
Theories of how to maintain diversity while eliminating Affirmative Action
Resolutions
From the Paper
"Year after year as high school seniors apply to colleges they are turned away from their school of choice and are forced to watch silently as a less qualified person takes their spot. These students are not turned away because of their test scores, or because they do not have good grades. They are not pushed away from their dream college for a lack of community service or extra-curricular activities. Contrary to the usual reasons for not being accepted into colleges, these students are denied the chance of higher education because of what basically comes down to their skin color. One might assume that racial discrimination ended in the 1960?s with the Civil Rights Act, but that person would be wrong. Perfectly qualified students are being rejected by college admissions time and time again for students who are less qualified, but are ethnically diverse. Affirmative action is often used on college campuses in order to maintain diversity among the student population, as well as to furnish opportunities of higher education to minorities who would have otherwise been unable to attend college. Yet, many students believe that affirmative action has outlived its intended purpose, and that granting preferences towards anybody for anything other than his or her own academic merit is a form of discrimination in itself, a sort of reverse discrimination. Although some schools are slowly ridding themselves of this practice, affirmative action still exists throughout the college world. Should this trend of ?dissolving? affirmative action continue, or do minorities still need the help getting into post-secondary institutions that affirmative action provides? Or, is there some sort of middle ground that can be reached?"
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Affirmative Action in College Admissions, 2003.
Discusses the recent affirmative action lawsuits filed against the University of Michigan and the argument for affirmative action in society today.
1,790 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
A look at how affirmative action is a necessary policy in college admissions because it promotes diversity on campus. This paper discusses how a diverse learning community is essential in order to create a well-rounded student. The University of Michigan Supreme Court lawsuits are used to emphasize the main points of this argument.
From the Paper
"Affirmative action, a policy introduced in 1965 by President Johnson, has always been a topic of heated debate. Initially created as a program to give reparations to minorities, especially blacks, for past discrimination, affirmative action is now seen in a slightly different light. These days, the goal of affirmative action is not so much about paying reparations as it is about promoting diversity. Racial, socioeconomic, and ethnic diversity are the basis in the argument for affirmative action, as they provide a richer, more varied, and real-world learning environment for students. Affirmative action, although controversial, is a necessary evil in our society as it is required in order to promote the integration of various ethnicities and races into the melting pot of American society. As the University of Michigan President Mary Sue Coleman stated, ?Our diversity is our strength." "
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Affirmative Action, 2002.
A study of an affirmative action policy in a hospital setting.
2,130 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the subject of affirmative action and shows that while many states are curtailing and even eliminating affirmative action programs at the beginning of this new millennium, the fundamental problems that affirmative action was meant to address - the unequal treatment of people not because of their talents or characters but because of the sex or race - remain. The paper looks at the possible uses of affirmative action programs in a hospital setting. Beginning with an historical overview of the way in which affirmative action programs developed in general for their possible usefulness in a hospital setting cannot be understood independently but must be considered within an historical context. This paper then incorporates interviews from individuals in a number of different hospital-related jobs to help understand the ways in which affirmative action might hurt or help hospital administration.
From the Paper
"'When affirmative action emerged in the 1960s, it was part of a larger quest to achieve real equal opportunity and integration throughout American society. But the original purpose of affirmative action changed during the 1970s, from "racial preferences as a temporary bridge to color-blindness" to "racial preferences as a permanent way of life" (Kahlenberg, 1997, p. 11)."
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Affirmative Action, 2007.
A critical analysis of the affirmative action policy.
1,212 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the policy of affirmative action. According to the paper, affirmative action advocates the preferential hiring of historically under-represented groups, causing some to fear that affirmative action could lead to reverse discrimination and the hiring of unqualified people. The paper goes on to say that these fears largely mischaracterize the spirit of affirmative action. The paper goes on to argue that affirmative action is a sensible policy that can be a boon to civil rights, if implemented properly.
Outline:
Workplaces Can Not Police Themselves
Fears of Unqualified Candidates are Unfounded
It Starts With Education
Conclusion
From the Paper
"How can we get under-represented groups to the point where they are on equal footing with white males when some of those groups are only half as likely to enroll in college? Until the achievement gap is fixed in American schools, there will continue to be economic and employment disparities that are influenced by race and gender. The National Governors Association believes that the best ways to close the achievement gap are by increasing funding for early childhood education; improving teacher quality; getting historically under-represented groups to start thinking about college earlier; and providing extra help and learning opportunities (Closing the, No Date)."
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Affirmative Action Laws, 2006.
A discussion on whether affirmative action laws apply to police officers.
3,378 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how women and minorities have a long history in law enforcement and how, despite this, they continue to struggle for equality. It looks at how affirmative action has been found to be extremely helpful in this struggle and how it has become a legal avenue for fighting discrimination. It also examines the debate on whether affirmative action policies should be repealed and contends that affirmative action laws remain solidly in place, to prevent unfair hiring practices from once again becoming an acceptable norm.
Outline
Introduction
Background
Destroying the Myths
Racial Issues
Gender Issues
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The difficulties did not just lie in the structure of society, however, but in the structure of the laws themselves. For instance, these laws usually centered solely on issues of formal rights (such as the right to vote) that were particularly susceptible to judicial or statutory resolution. The problem with this was that formal litigation-related strategies are often dependent upon hard, factual evidence; They neglected to take into account the more subtle forms of prejudice and discrimination which cannot be proven with a "smoking gun". Because of the blurred lines associated with discrimination, many employers were reluctant to risk litigation and therefore felt safer sticking with an all white, all male work population. It was for this reason the introduction of affirmative action was necessary."
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Affirmative Action, 2006.
A review of the history of affirmative action.
1,544 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the concept of affirmative action. The paper reports that affirmative action was first used by President John F. Kennedy during 1961 in his call for action towards greater equality in terms of federal contracting. The paper goes on to say that the President instructed contractors to take "affirmative action" to ensure that applicants be treated equally regardless of race, creed or sex. The paper goes on to discuss some of the problems that affirmative action policies create and concludes that, because of these problems, it is time to terminate affirmative action policies.
From the Paper
"It has been mentioned above that affirmative action policies such as point and quota systems emphasize rather than redress issues of unfairness and racial discrimination. Awarding any favoritism to persons because of their skin color is discriminatory. This has negative effects on both the favored and the disfavored. Persons who are favored for their minority status could be made to feel that they have not achieved their respective positions for their merits or talents. They may as a result doubt their ability to perform well, and concomitantly in actual fact not perform well because of this feeling. This is reinforced by the resentment experienced from disfavored groups who feel that their rights have been violated."
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