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Affirmative Action in Higher Education, 2005.
This paper argues in favor of equality in education and that affirmative action in higher education and beyond is very necessary.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This essay makes the argument that, in the wake of the upholding by the Supreme Court of the University of Michigan's race-based admissions policies, affirmative action in higher education, and beyond, is still very necessary. The paper claims that while facts and figures can be distorted and false, what is right, that being equality in education and life for all, must be upheld.
From the Paper
"In June 2003, the Supreme Court upheld the use of affirmative action at the University of Michigan and among places of higher education overall. A group of Caucasian students from Michigan had sued the school, claiming that affirmative action laws at the school that admitted certain numbers of minority students were actually race quotas. Race-based quotas would have gone against the federal affirmative action laws; affirmative action is allowed, but quota-based systems of admitting minority students are not. While the writer feels this court ruling is just, much of what the writer has read since has been very disturbing. When talking of minority students and college, lots of facts and figures are often tossed around, such as test scores and percentages of those who graduate."
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Affirmative Action in Higher Education, 2004.
This paper is a personal essay that discusses how affirmative action helps qualified candidates overcome racism and sexism in higher education.
1,235 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the whole point of affirmative action in higher education is to stop the discrimination of minorities and increase minority enrollment in higher education; but some white individuals feel as if they are the ones now being discriminated against. The author points out that California Proposition 209 banned all programs involving race and sex preferences run by the state. The paper relates that many students of color attend public schools that do not offer the advanced placement courses that can raise their GPAs in excess of 4.0; therefore, they will not even be considered for admission.
From the Paper
"Affirmative action quest to equalize groups has instead allowed for legalized prejudicial practices against white males. In face in Texas a lawsuit was filed alleging discrimination against white males. This is known as the Hopwood act. The affirmative action programs has been under attack in many cities because of many men, who like minorities, feel that they have been discriminated against by a system that prefers minority and gender preferences. It can be argued that the very groups targeted to benefit from affirmative action are no longer the ones that need protection. Instead the direction has changed to so that white males are now looked upon as minorities in many educational areas."
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Affirmative Action in Higher Education, 2007.
An analysis of the benefits of racial diversity in the American higher education system.
1,604 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the role of racial diversity in the affirmative action issues currently being debated within higher education. The writer discusses how the beneficial aspects of affirmative action in higher education help to create a diversified and culturally multi-lateral academic institution. The writer advocates that by understanding the critical issues such as reverse discrimination for "reserved spots" and the concept of "reverse racism", one can realize the arguments that are counter productive to a more diverse higher education. The writer concludes that affirmative action integrates both minorities and whites into a system that provides a greater academic and cultural multiplicity to the American higher education system.
From the Paper
"The issue of inclusion in higher education has often been a major problem for the United States in relation to the adhering to the Bill of Rights and the irony of problems with institutional racism in a so-called democracy. Affirmative Action has played a role in lessening these barriers within academic institutions, which has been a slowly changing racial factor within the diversity needed for an idealized society of this type. Although the strict racism of past eras has been reduced to a certain degree, there are still problems with the system:
Skin color is no longer as much of a barrier to higher education as it once was. But skin color --and race, gender, sexual orientation, physical ability, national origin, and economic status-- continues to be a very real barrier to higher education, employment and full participation in this "democracy" (Soto para.5)."
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Affirmative Action in Higher Education, 2006.
A discussion on race equality in tertiary education.
1,529 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the constitutional history of equality of African-Americans. It examines the cause and effect of racial discrimination against African-Americans and their acceptance into higher educational facilities. The author also discusses the importance of affirmative action and the reasons for its shrinkage.
From the Paper
"In 1868, the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution overrode previous constitutional language stating that blacks were inherently inferior to whites under federal law ("Constitution", 2000). Before that date, however, in the mid-1800's, then-United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, in the Dred Scott Decision, ruled that the U.S. Constitution did not include Negroes as a participating element, or beneficiary of privileges (Dred Scott Case, 2002). That landmark Supreme Court ruling was eventually negated by the results of the Civil War itself, and by nationwide abolition of slavery throughout the United States, shortly thereafter. Today, however, often Americans themselves (and even some black Americans (see Moos, 2000) remain divided (as Americans have been for decades) about the advantages or disadvantages of using race as a factor to admit students to colleges or universities (U.S. Supreme Court Rules on University of Michigan Cases, June 23, 2003; Bowen and Bok, 1998; Thernstrom and Thernstrom, 1997; Comer and Poussaint, 1975)."
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Affirmative Action in Higher Education, 2002.
An investigation into the practice of affirmative action in U.S. higher education institutions.
1,030 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper begins with a definition and history of affirmative action in the U.S. The controversy surrounding this practice is then explored. Statistics are cited and the University of Michigan is used to illustrate the controversy. Advantages and disadvantages of the practice of affirmative action are discussed.
From the Paper
"Much of the debate over affirmative action focuses on the notion that affirmative action gives preference to minorities at the expense of whites. For example, California?s Proposition 209 ended local and state affirmative action programs in public employment, public education, and public contracting. Advocates of proposition 209 claim that affirmative action is unconstitutional since it gives preferential treatment to certain groups."
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Affirmative Action and Equal Education, 2004.
An evaluation of affirmative action?s ability to provide equal educational opportunity for low-income minority students.
3,495 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how statistical data on affirmative action programs in American institutions of higher learning seems to suggest that affirmative action policies have helped to increase cultural and racial diversity on college campuses. It looks at how minority students have made significant gains in approaching representative populations at American colleges and universities. It also explores how current affirmative action policies do not substantially assist low-income minority students in attaining admission to college and how affirmative action programs that consider only minority status as a factor in determining admission do not benefit low-income minority students.
From the Paper
"Statistically, gender may also play a role in minority utilization of American higher education. According to the American Council on Education (2002), African American and Hispanic females attend colleges and universities at a higher rate than African American and Hispanic males. The last twenty-five years has also seen an increase in the population of white females attending college (American Council on Education, 2002). The gender gap in college attendance for minorities is significant in that affirmative action would seem, on the surface, to be more successful in drawing female minority populations to American colleges and universities than it is in drawing male minority populations. Whatever the answer may be to the question of unsymmetrical gender statistics concerning minority enrollment at institutions of higher learning, the result is the same: lack of true diversity within the educational institution?s population."
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Affirmative Action in African- American Education, 2002.
This paper looks at the intentions of the 14th Amendment in relation to a federally funded all-male African-American academy that works as a type of affirmative action to help combat discrimination.
1,375 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the establishment of an all-male African-American academy in California created in order to combat racial discrimination and inequality. The author discusses how the academy may violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by deciding admissions solely on the base of race, and examines why this case is a battle between the legality of the school's policies, and the pressures of social needs, and therefore seen as justifiable by many.
From the Paper
"Proponents of an all-male African-American academy argue that such an act to create a federally funded school can be legally justified by looking back to the original intent that the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act carried in providing equality to disadvantaged minority groups. However, the laws were drafted in universal terms, warranting an application for equality to all persons, including majority groups. Such an academy does indeed violate the law, but the purpose can be socially justified. A separate school for blacks would not hinder the growth of black children, but instead would provide them with knowledge, confidence, and faith in the black race. This is certainly necessary to equalize the structural inequalities that exist in higher education. "
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Affirmative Action ? Making it Work, 2006.
This paper details the causes and controversial affects of affirmative action in higher education.
3,160 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history of affirmative action and contains detailed research explaining the sharp declines in higher education among varying minorities. The author also reviews the pros and cons of this hotly debated topic with extensive research and statistics.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Trends Revealed in Higher Education
College Enrollment
A Brief History of Affirmative Action
Threats to Affirmative Action
Making Affirmative Action Work
Associations and Organizations
Making It Work
Conclusions
Endnotes
References
From the Paper
"In order for us to attain a truly Democratic Society, regardless of political persuasion as Senator Kennedy points out, all Americans shall need to be made aware of and participate in the programs of Affirmative Action and Diversity. We are indeed a nation made up of a "melting pot," of various cultures however we are still true to the founders of this nation and rather than classification into some "politically correct," group much rather prefer to be labeled as Americans from the United States of America. United indeed by our very diversity that we as a nation are finally after many, many years of struggle one "Great Society," as envisioned by former President Johnson and every one of his predecessors and successors to hold the high office of President of the United States of America."
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Affirmative Action in Schools, 2004.
A comparison of goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action within the education system.
2,071 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper distinguishes between two forms of affirmative action policies, the goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action. In goal-based affirmative action, the emphasis is placed on giving minority racial status special consideration even before a qualified pool of candidates is established. This form of affirmative action was evident in the controversial admissions policies at the University of Michigan Law School, where African-American and Hispanic applicants were given 20 extra points solely based on their ethnicity.
From the Paper
"Other opponents of affirmative action in universities argue that by fostering an atmosphere of race-based promotion, these policies also serve to minimize the individual gains that many African Americans, women and other minorities achieve on their own merit. Instead, their achievements are tainted by a stigma. In one example, a young black woman made the University of Virginia's Law Review just as the university's affirmative action went into effect. The change from the previous, merit-based system significantly reduced the value of the young woman's Law Review achievement (Conti and Stetson 44-45)."
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Affirmative Action, 2004.
An explanation and comparison of goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action.
1,354 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper distinguishes between two forms of affirmative action policies, the goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action. This paper argues that most people who protest against affirmative action are actually against goals-based affirmative action. This paper further argues that a greater emphasis on process-oriented affirmative action policies will more effectively address the concerns of both sides of the affirmative action debate.
From the Paper
"Critics decry race-based admissions policies as an undermining of the merit-based system. However, Jesse Jackson points out the effects of race and socio-economic class in the academic performance of many minority children. Jackson argues that unlike affluent white, many minority students from low-income families do not access to resources like honors classes and SAT preparation courses. Also, the fact that many have to work after school to augment the family income places minority students at a distinct disadvantage at the college applications process (Jackson 290)."
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Affirmative Action, 2005.
This paper argues the dichotomy of affirmative action in education and the workforce.
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that affirmative action is a moral and political question which seems to divide Americans more than it unites them, because some people regard it as a program designed to rectify racism and reverse the effects of both past and present discrimination but others simply see it as another form of discrimination. The author feels that affirmative action is a program of opportunity, not a program of discrimination; affirmative action's mission has never been about hiring less qualified workers, but about opening up equal opportunity and ensuring that equal opportunity with equal results. The paper stresses that diversity in education and the workforce not only includes African-American men and women but also includes other ethnicity groups, such as Asians, Latinos and Indians, who have been able to gain both an invaluable education and work experience through affirmative action programs.
Table of Contents
Educational Aspects of Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action in the Workforce
The Counter-Argument against Affirmative Action
Conclusion
From the Paper
"These policies have been when minorities are actively sought or preferred, the reason given is usually that this is necessary to compensate for advantages to groups such as males or those of European descent from racism, sexism, results of historical circumstances, and institutional racism. In the U.S., the most prominent form of affirmative action centers on access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of tertiary instruction. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in question (legacy admissions), and/or gender are often taken into account when assessing the meaning of an applicant's grades and test scores."
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Affirmative Action in the Medical Community, 2002.
Looks at the continuing debate over affirmative action programs and, in particular, affirmative action programs in the medical community.
857 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper presents arguments on the advantages and disadvantages of affirmative action programs. Specifically, it looks at the arguments presented in favor of and in opposition to affirmative action in medical schools. A landmark legal case about affirmative action is reviewed, and the utilitarian view of affirmative action is stated. The paper concludes by asserting that, ultimately, affirmative action programs do more harm than good.
From the Paper
"COMMUNITY
America has a long history of racial segregation and gender discrimination and unfortunately most actions to resolve these ugly issues have resulted in a failure. The opponents of affirmative action programs maintain that this law is also one of those failed attempts. Affirmative action was developed to remove racial and gender discrimination problems by making merit the only criterion for selection thus promoting equal opportunities among qualified women, colored and disabled people. But it has been noticed that despite its good intentions, the law has failed to produce positive results because it is ironic that while the law aimed at removal of racial discrimination, it has resulted in a new kind of racial segregation, which can be called ?reverse racism?"
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Affirmative Action, 2004.
This paper reviews an article about affirmative action in institutions of higher learning by Patricia Gurin, et al.
1,245 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper states that the article stimulates thought by providing an educational and cognitive point of view of the potential benefits and detriments of affirmative action at institutions of higher learning. The author relates that Patricia Gurin, et al., conducted a research study at various institutions of higher learning to determine the social, psychological, and legal benefits of greater diversity in education, as achieved through affirmative action programs. This paper stresses that diversity, as an institutional goal, meets both important educational and civic goals through academic and informal interactions on the college campus.
From the Paper
"This article was written during the height of the legal controversy over the University of Michigan?s educational policies regarding affirmative action. At the time, it was alleged that the university was employing a de facto quota system to increase the diversity of its applicants in an illegal fashion. The defendants argued that, had they been minority candidates, they would have been accepted under the university?s ?point? system. The school has since employed a different admissions policy to ensure diversity."
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Affirmative Action, 2002.
An examination of the controversial issue of affirmative action policies in higher education institutions.
1,915 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 19 sources, APA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes and examines the multitude of issues related to affirmative action. Part II examines the affirmative action policies of the University of Dubuque (Iowa), University of Wisconsin- Platteville, and College of Saint Mary in Omaha are examined. In Part III, a brief history of affirmative action in American state universities is offered along with a discussion of key lawsuits related to affirmative action.
From the Paper
"The current state of affirmative action in American universities may be illustrated by examining the affirmative action policies of the University of Dubuque (Iowa), University of Wisconsin- Platteville, and College of Saint Mary in Omaha. While each university has its own distinct and separate affirmative action program, there are numerous common denominators. First, the University of Dubuque (Iowa), University of Wisconsin- Platteville, and College of Saint Mary in Omaha are all equal opportunity, affirmative action employers. As such, these institutions seek to build a diverse faculty and staff and encourages applications from women and persons of color."
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Affirmative Action in the U.S.A., 2008.
An examination of affirmative action in education and in the workplace.
2,247 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the controversial issue of affirmative action by identifying the origin of affirmative action programs in the United States. The paper also looks at the U.S. Supreme Court's views of this debate, and how it relates to education. The paper then explains the myths and facts that commonly surround the affirmative action program to help give a better understanding of both sides of the controversy surrounding affirmative action programs. The writer points out the critics of affirmative action programs often claim that it causes employers to hire less qualified and productive workers, resulting in inefficiencies in the workplace and negative effects on the more qualified minorities. The writer also provides his assessment of this issue within the scope of his research. The writer believes that is imperative that society continues to support efforts toward the betterment of the national education system and maintain working environments that facilitate cohesiveness among its respective members in the local communities.
From the Paper
"The United States Supreme Court has ruled on cases concerning the Affirmative Action Programs. Decisions have varied and the consensus has not always been considered stable. The rulings have ranged from overturning a quota or race-based entry to medical school (Igwebuike, 189-190), to upholding a case involving preferential hiring of minorities by a private employer. In general, the Court has allowed the use of such programs based on race or gender in cases involving hiring, promotion, and admissions. "The Court reasoned that exposure to underrepresented minorities in an educational environment could better prepare students for "an increasingly diverse workforce and society, and better prepare them as professionals." "
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