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Addiction: Drugs and Alcohol, 2006.
This paper focuses on addiction to alcohol and drugs and explores how both factors lead to drug addiction.
2,145 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author examines the several reasons for why people become addicted, looking at how some are more susceptible to addiction than others.The paper then explores addiction to alcohol and drugs and how both factors lead to drug addiction. The paper concludes with the author's opinion that the answer to drug addiction lies within the physiology of reinforcement stating that the addiction is caused by an interaction of biology and behavior.
From the Paper
"The tragedy of addiction lies closest to those who are most innocent and susceptible to advertising and influences from peers, the children of our society. Many addicts start when they were young. A look at the cigarette company's campaign to target children can reveal why kids turn towards smoking and alcohol. A large proportion of heavy drug user addicts started first on smoking cigarettes and drinking. Partial blame for addiction to drugs must be place upon the shoulders of alcohol and cigarette companies that target children and teenagers in their advertising (Zimbardo, 7). The cigarette companies spend a combined total of $2 billion dollars in advertising, more than any other consumer product. "
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Psychological Effects of Drugs and Alcohol, 2004.
Discusses the psychological effects of drugs and alcohol on the human brain.
2,872 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 30 sources, APA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses in detail the psychological effects of drugs and alcohol on the human brain and how those effects play a role in the overall psychological constitution of the user/addict. The topics included in this paper include a brief yet detailed overview of substance dependence in conjunction with the evidence for psychological dependence as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-IV and other pertinent scientific sources. In addition, a number of recommendations for future research on the psychological effects of drugs and alcohol are discussed at the conclusion of this paper.
Substance Dependence
Substance-Induced Disorders
Alcohol
Cocaine and Amphetamines
Caffeine
Cannabis
Hallucinogens
Inhalants
Nicotine
Opioids
Phencyclidine
Sedatives
Recommendations
From the Paper
"The study of the psychological effects of drugs and alcohol on the human brain, as compared to other medical conditions, is relatively new in the field of medical research. Only within the last fifty years or so has the medical community focused on how drugs and alcohol affect the human brain and the conditions that arise from prolonged abuse of the various associated substances. As Dent J. Yerbury points out, "literally hundreds of substances cross the brain barrier to influence human behavior and psychology" (June,1986), especially those connected to substance abuse. Reflecting those substances that are most widely abused and that cause the most significant problems to the abuser, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM--IV) has divided the universe of substances into eleven specific drug classes--alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, cannabis (marijuana), hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine, and sedatives. Most recently, one other category has been included for less commonly abused substances, being over-the-counter medications."
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Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2004.
This paper discusses that drug and alcohol abuse and addiction can be viewed as behavioral issues with psychological and physiological consequences.
2,790 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that it is important to recognize how the more known and dangerous drugs influence neurochemistry. For example, heroin increases the release of dopamine by increasing the firing of dopamine neurons. The postsynaptic neuronal receptors are then inundated to levels far higher than normal; therefore, heroin usage is associated with the feelings of mood elevation and euphoria. The author points out that drug and alcohol metabolites, which are residual substances of drugs that remain during the drug and alcohol metabolism that takes place in the liver, are implicated in problems during withdrawal, remission, and craving. The paper recommends that treatment modalities should include pharmacotherapeutic as well as psychological and emotional support structures, including family involvement and 12-step programs such as AA (Alcoholics Anonymous), NA (Narcotics Anonymous) and CA (Cocaine Anonymous).
From the Paper
"From the above therefore, a new motivational perspective of drug abuse emerges. It can be classified as two fold: extreme motivational strength and extreme motivational toxicity. Motivational strength is associated with the extent to which addiction can replace other basic motivations such as food, sex and the need to maintain a career. Motivational strength is also associated with to what lengths an addict will go to procure drugs. The psychosocial ramifications (as mentioned above) are a consequence of motivational strength. Motivational toxicity, on the other hand, can be defined by how it can be disruptive. Cocaine affects the user differently than heroin and methamphetamines. Typically, addiction can be towards anything. Most people are addicted to mild sedatives, cigarettes (though some aver that it is more addictive than cocaine), coffee, shopping, chocolate and gambling. Any of these addictions can be measured based on motivational strength and motivational toxicity."
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Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2004.
This paper discusses the devastating impact of drug and alcohol abuse on families and community.
1,330 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that one of the more serious effects of drug and alcohol abuse is the phenomena of co-dependence; others members may resort to drug and alcohol consumption to relieve stress, and this may lead to the spread of this disease in the whole family. The author points out that children in such families are more seriously affected than adults because of the children?s inability to comprehend the situation or cope with it. The paper stresses that drug and alcohol addiction can have negative impact on the community as well, as illustrated by the well-documented correlation between addiction and increased criminal behavior.
From the Paper
"Children may even begin holding themselves responsible for drug abuse within the family. This is because the child is cognitively unable to make sense of the situation and thus he loses self-esteem, becomes socially isolated, and develops feelings of intense guilt and shame. Children in affected families exhibit poor academic performance, social isolation, psychological and emotional problems etc. Disintegration of family unit and increased domestic violence has also been found to result from the presence of a drug addict within the family. Research found that children with a drug addict parent are likely to take over as parent to fill the vacant space in the family unit. Drug addicts usually shun their important responsibilities as parents, which results in children taking on the role of a responsible adult. However, this can be detrimental in the long run when these children become parents themselves. The research found that such children might abandon their own families once they become parents."
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Drug/Alcohol Use and Abuse, 2004.
This paper looks at drug and alcohol use and abuse in America.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at drug and alcohol use and abuse in America, and the barriers to obtaining treatment for addicts. The writer cites the latest statistics (2003) on drug and alcohol use in the U.S. The writer also refers to some studies which try to explain why people do not seek treatment.
From the Paper
"Drugs and alcohol are major problems in the United States particularly among the youth of this country ... "
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Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2002.
A personal story of one man's experience with substance abuse and his road to recovery.
6,479 words (approx. 25.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 149.95
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Abstract
A personal account of one man's struggle with drug and alcohol addiction. The writer tells this story in the narrative form, using references from literature and statistics to compound his story. After a brief introduction, the paper tells of the experience of becoming an addict and the aftermath and consequences of this time period. The writer includes reflective observations on those around him experiencing similar pains and then offers an insight into the treatment and recovery program.
From the Paper
"I can sometimes tell which people are going to accept the AA program most readily and make good use of it. Certainly people who are at the very bottom are likely candidates, like a friend of mine whose wife left him with the children. He had nothing and he was willing to try anything to put his life back together. At the same time, I am not infallible. There are people I would never have thought would obtain sobriety who have now been sober for many years."
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Alcohol and Drug Treatment, 2008.
This paper provides an analysis of Chicago area drug and alcohol addiction programs.
1,962 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that comparing and contrasting drug and alcohol treatment programs available in the Chicago metro area indicates that the programs offered by New Hope Recovery Center at Lincoln Park Hospital, by Hazelden, and by Haymarket are similar in many ways in terms of the quality of their services, their program focus and treatment approaches. But, the writer points out, these programs also vary. The writer maintains that the primary differences are the degree of emphasis these respective facilities place on the psychological aspects of addiction and recovery, and the economic levels of their respective clients. The writer concludes that although drug and alcohol problems plague men and women at every economic and social level
of society, people at the lowest income levels are more vulnerable to drug or alcohol addiction and are less likely to seek treatment and recover because they simply cannot afford the most effective treatment and counseling.
From the Paper
"Although everyone agrees that drug and alcohol abuse and addiction are harmful, both for American society as a whole and for the individuals and their families who are struggling to deal with addiction and co-dependency, there is much disagreement over what types of treatment are most effective, what factors contribute the most to drug or alcohol abuse, how society should deal with it, what legal measures should be taken, and what can be done in terms of providing effective medical and psychological treatment for those who are addicted."
"Unfortunately, the effectiveness of treatment programs often depends upon the income level of the client. Since addiction has psychological causes, the quality of counseling is a very important factor in determining whether a client can maintain long-term recovery, and the quality of counseling is directly related to the cost of counseling. The best psychiatric therapy is the most expensive, so it is often the case that the clients most able to pay for high quality counseling are the ones most likely to overcome their abuse or addiction problems."
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Drug Addiction, 2006.
A study of drug abuse and addiction.
3,242 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the mechanisms whereby people become addicted to drugs, citing numerous studies. The paper reviews different classes of drugs to which people become addicted - alcohol, opiates, stimulants - and compares the effects. The paper also reviews sociological factors contributing to drug addiction. In conclusion, the writer states that through research, the mechanisms for how people can become addicted has been learned, but why people become addicted is something which scientific research has still been unable to answer. The writer states that the choice is individual and expresses the hope that people will choose wisely to avoid the destructive path of addiction.
From the Paper
"Nicotine works by stimulating acetylcholine receptors and also increases the activity of dopaminergic neurons. Animals in laboratory tests would self-administer nicotine. Because nicotine stimulates the dopaminergic system, smoking can make it more difficult for cocaine or heroin addicts to quit the drug. The stimulant drug, nicotine, even though it may seem "tame" after discussing the hard-core drugs, has the potential to become highly addictive. The combination of nicotine and other carcinogens in cigarettes can lead to cancer of parts of the body which are exposed to smoke. An example of the dangers and addictive nature of smoking can be seen in Sigmund Freud. His theories of psychoanalysis stressed the importance of insight in changing one's behavior. It is ironic that even after most of his jaw was removed due to cancer from smoking, he was still unable to quit. Ultimately, his cancer killed him (Carlson, 586). Even though in the short term smoking may produce less serious affects than other hard core drugs, smoking related deaths remains as one of the top killers of Americans. The psychological dependency of smoking coupled with the physiologic dependence makes it one of the most addictive and possibly dangerous addictions in terms of its long-term consequences. "Approximately 20 million Americans have used marijuana (labeled the "assassin of youth") at least once in a year placing themselves at risk for developing drug dependence and other problems (Zimbardo 129). The active ingredient in marijuana is THC. Psychological effects of marijuana include mild highs in small doses, and long hallucinogenic reactions in high doses. It also produces euphoria, distortions and occasional out of body experiences. However, marijuana can produce fear, anxiety, and confusion as well as impair motor function. The physiological effects of THC remain a mystery. There are THC receptors in the brain, but the chemical produced by the body for this receptor is still unknown. What is known about THC is that is has an effect on dopaminergic neurons. (Zimbardo, 129). Marijuana also affects short term memory and a person's ability to keep track of a topic in conversation (Carlson, 588)."
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Prescription Drug Addiction, 2006.
A discussion regarding addiction to prescription medication.
4,615 words (approx. 18.5 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at addiction to prescription drugs. According to the paper, many people are addicted to pain relieving drugs such as OxyContin. The paper reports that according to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, nearly one-quarter of Americans between the ages of 18 and 25 take painkillers for recreational purposes.
Outline:
A Brief History of Substance Abuse
What is Addiction?
Drugs with Addictive Potential
Prescription Drug Abuse by Adolescents, Women, and the Elderly
Drug Seekers
Pharmaceutical Involvement
Society's Role: A Pill for Every Ill
From the Paper
"Generally, addicts prefer drugs that have "a rapid onset of action, high potency, brief duration of action, high purity, water solubility (for intravenous use) or high volatility (ability to vaporize if smoked)" (Longo et al, 2000, p. 2402). Among benzodiazepines, Valium, Ativan and Xanax cross the blood-brain barrier more rapidly and have a high potential for abuse. Longo argues that a significant number of addicts started out using street drugs and progressed to prescription drugs as they became chronically ill. Sometimes, prescription drugs are used in conjunction with street drugs to heighten euphoric effects, alleviate withdrawal symptoms, augment alcohol effects synergistically, or temper cocaine highs."
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Drug Addiction, 2008.
Looks at theories of drug addiction, particularly crack cocaine addiction.
1,560 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explores biological and learning theories to gain an understanding of addiction especially crack cocaine addiction. The author investigates biological models, which refer to the genetics of behavior and neurons and hormones that make some people much more prone than others to crack cocaine addiction. The paper also discusses learning theories, which focus on how persons learn to think and behave in particular ways. The paper further relates that these learning theories consider environmental, ritualized conditioning that depends upon a group or social framework, which can make an individual more susceptible to addiction. The paper concludes that it is important to see a phenomenon from more than one theoretical position.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Biological Theories and Drug Addiction
Learning Perspectives
Discussion
Concluding Note
From the Paper
"In some patients of the kind, where the brain's dopamine levels are lower than average, or dopamine is very sensitive to fluctuation, the person sometimes trying to raise his or her spirits by way of alcohol, most often, or marijuana or the cocaine that often proves very dangerous. Crack cocaine immediately affects the brain's dopamine processes so that the user soon feels extremely produced, longing for a new dose of the drug that is known to produce a feeling or normality and in some, euphoria."
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Drug Addiction, 2002.
This paper explores the impact of drug addiction on today's society.
790 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper begins with an explanation of the drug problem in today?s society. It then goes on to discuss the negative impact of drug addiction on American culture (such as violence, drug addicted babies and the learning disabilities they develop). The cost of drug addiction to society (such as theft, accidents while under the influence and calling in sick at work) is looked at and the paper concludes with a synopsis of the paper?s arguments.
From the Paper
"The war on drugs continues to hold the line with neither side able to declare victory. Young teens are experimenting with drugs despite programs of prevention such as DARE and Just Say No. Drug addiction crosses all boundaries including economic, racial, and lifestyle. It knows no limits and it affects every aspect of life from the ability to work, to the little children being raised by dealers. The drug addiction problem in this nation continues regardless of the efforts to stop its progress. It has a negative affect on American culture on every level."
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Understanding Crime and Drug Addiction in the 1950s, 2005.
A review of 'The Man with the Golden Arm' (1955) by Otto Preminger in order to gain a better understanding of crime and the level of drug addiction in the 1950s.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper brings forth the elements of psychological and cultural significance in Preminger's film, which was an important aspect of crime cinema being created in the 1950s. This paper reports that understanding the basis of the film in relation to drug addiction, it is clear that Preminger offers an insightful and modern interpretation of drug use in the post World War II period. This is how 'The Man with the Golden Arm' became a new form of film making through the French New Wave movement, and through the opening new psychological portrayals of criminals through drug addiction.
From the Paper
"This film study will examine the nature of the crime genre and the French "New Wave" as depicted in the 1950s era of filmmaking in Otto Preminger's The Man with the Golden Arm. Through this aspect of Hollywood filmmaking, one can realize the aspects of innovation that create a movie based on deviant acts through the drug induced behaviors of its central characters. By exploring this genre of filmmaking that gave license to the horrors of drug addiction in the 50s, one can realize the impact on culture and society this "French New Wave" styled film created."
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Drug Addiction, 2002.
This paper focuses on the effects of drug addiction on family life.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the effects of addiction on members of a family and the methods family members may use to cope. It begins by pointing out that no one person can will another to change his behavior and it stresses acceptance of this fact as the first step on the road to living with a drug addicted family member. It discusses the various ways that families respond to addiction, such as denial or ?enabling? the addict. It explores the family?s constant state of conflict and chaos and looks at the stigma attached to addiction. The paper concludes by addressing the guilt feelings on the part of the addict?s family.
From the Paper
"Loving and living with an addict can skew the other family members? view and expectations of a ?normal? family life. Living with active addiction is traumatic. In many families, living with addiction is like living in a constant state of emergency, always staying prepared for the unexpected and unpredictable.
Families respond to addiction in a variety of ways, ranging from healthy confrontation and intervention to unhealthy adaptations to the addiction (Landry, 1994). One of the most often used coping strategies which family members use is denial. In various ways, family members may develop unconscious ways of denying their family member?s addiction which has taken control of the entire family."
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Drug Addiction and Prison, 2002.
An examination of the treatment of drug-addicted offenders in prison.
6,669 words (approx. 26.7 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 152.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the literature related to substance abuse treatment in the prison system in order to learn which programs are most effective in helping drug-addicted offenders achieve and sustain sobriety. It discusses how there are an increasing number of individuals serving time in jails and prisons for drug-related crimes and how the majority of these individuals have never received treatment for any form of substance abuse problems outside of the prison system. It examines the barriers to creating effective programs and how some model programs such as IMPACT in Chicago and the Delaware program, have incorporated the best understandings of effective drug treatment services for a prison population.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Significance of the Problem
Assumptions
Delimitations of the Study
Definition of Terms
Review of Related Literature
Introduction
Obstacles
Legal Problems
Referral and Screening
Some Specific Programs
The Therapeutic Community Model
Other Models
Meditation
Analysis Evaluation and Findings
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Yet another program is the Jail Substance Abuse Program (JSAP). In this program, developed by the Washington County Health Department in Hagerstown, MD, there is an in-jail program of six weeks in a 17-bed treatment unit. This is followed by an aftercare treatment component. Again, most JSAP referrals come from the court, up to 80 percent, with the other referrals primarily from jail medical departments, classification officers, or self-referral. Potential clients are screened with a questionnaire that looks at drug and alcohol history, prior treatment experience, and withdrawall symptoms. They receive a comprehensive assessment that may include the Addiction Severity Index, the MAST, or the Mortimer-Filkins Test. Admission to the program is based both on the screening document and the assessment. Inmates who have long jail sentences, are on psychotropic medication, or have a history of violence are denied admission."
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Adolescent Drug Addiction Literature Review, 2008.
A literature review of articles on the subject of adolescent drug use.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper is a literature review of articles that investigate the question of whether there is a connection between the rising prevalence of drug addiction in adolescents and the increasingly young development of social problems such as poor academic performance, criminal tendency and maladjusted behavior. A close inspection of various journal studies on the topic indicate that the growing accessibility of drugs in school settings has contributed to all of these adverse consequences. The literature chosen for inclusion in the research was selected primarily for its application to the notion that drug use in adolescents is not just a problem unto itself but is indicative of much larger problems such as education and social construction, which fail to confront the problem head on. In concurrence with that topic, the studies that incorporate treatment methods tend to reflect this same impulse toward aggressive treatment and reduced penal imposition.
From the Paper
"This study casts a fairly broad net on its subject sample, using information on over 4000 babies to assess the dangers to children born to addicted mothers. Beyond the risks which are clearly present to the child while an addicted mother is pregnant, this study asserts that there is a close association between addiction in mothers and a variety of emotional, psychological and psychosocial problems in the child. The information gathered for this study was accumulated at a clinic for mothers who suffer from addiction to illegal drugs or alcohol. The study confirmed the hypothetical assertion by illustrating the correlation between drug abuse in mothers and poverty, unemployment, homelessness, susceptibility to crime and a lack of proper parenting resources such as access to healthcare. The study offers a need for resolution by the provision of treatment centers which don't just focus on the addiction problems of the mother but also treat the affected child as a patient as well."
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