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Mass Extinctions, 2001.
This paper compares and contrasts the Permian and Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinctions.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the Permian and Cretaceous-Tertiary periods of life on Earth - pre-historic forms of life from sea creatures to land and air creatures. During both of these periods, mass extinction occurred and a comparison of these two extinctions is documented in this paper.
From the paper:
"From the perspective of daily human life, we often think of tragedy on the level of individual death and destruction, and the concept of mass extinction as being confined to a species or at worst, an ecosystem. However, over the course of the existence of the earth, the planet has weathered many greater catastrophes. Geologists must take a much longer-term perspective of catastrophe when studying extinction. This paper will compare and contrast the Permian and Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinctions."
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Reviewing "Women in Ancient Egypt", 2002.
This paper discusses the public and private lives and roles of ancient Egyptian women.
1,225 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 1 source, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses the importance of women in ancient Egyptian society in Gay Robin's book "Women in Ancient Egypt". The author examines strong royal women such as Nefertiti, and Nefertiti, and discusses women in Egyptian art. The paper also looks at the subordination of females in Egyptian society, but also how they were honored by their families.
From the Paper:
"Dr. Robins, curator of Egyptian art for the Carlos Museum, reevaluates the roles and importance of women in ancient Egyptian society as depicted in the art and written records of the time. The special role of women in religious rites is also surveyed. Women in Ancient Egypt is a book that shows us what the archaeological riches of Egypt really say about how the women of Egypt lived, both in the public and private eye."??
From the Paper
"Dr. Robins, curator of Egyptian art for the Carlos Museum , reevaluates the roles and importance of women in ancient Egyptian society as depicted in the art and written records of the time. The special role of women in religious rites is also surveyed. Women in Ancient Egypt is a book that shows us what the archaeological riches of Egypt really say about how the women of Egypt lived, both in the public and private eye."
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For Humans, Culture is Biology, 2001.
This paper discusses the evolution of the human brain and how intelligence and culture are determined by biological factors.
1,320 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 10 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines human culture and how intelligence is determined by biological factors. The author discusses the origins of the human brain, and how it evolved into a tool of intelligence more than two million years ago, and how societal cultures are learned and shared.
From the Paper
"According to Wolpoff, ?while a human culture cannot be linked to a particular biology, or vice versa, for humans culture is biology.? Wolpoff, 1999, p.164. This statement means that development of a culture is dependent on biologically determined factors. The most important reason for the development of culture is adaptation for survival under changing environment, which in turn requires, on the one hand, natural selection, and on the other making choices, rather than merely acting on instinct. Intelligence, needed for the purpose of making choices has been the product of biological factors. It should be noted that even though some animals such as wild dogs also live in societies, only humans have developed culture. Culture developed side by side with the evolution of certain physical features in the human species, Homo sapiens that made intelligence possible."
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Otzi: The Ice Man, 2000.
1,759 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 6 sources, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the discovery of a Neolithic man in the Otzaler Alps. It discusses the actual discovery, description of how life was during his time period, and the many other findings upon testing this four thousand year old corpse.
From the Paper
"Otzi therefore lived during the late Neolithic period. Since his time of life was narrowed down it can be assumed that his community or culture was very active in pottery and other ceramic items. During the time of the Iceman Neolithic farming was taking place. Raising crops and livestock was quite common."
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The Evolution of Man, 2001.
A detailed picture of the development of man from past to present, with comparisons to the modern-day human being.
2,026 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the new evolved state of human beings where we are actually questioning our origins and how we came to be. The paper focuses on the different stages in the evolution of man, providing examples of fossil discoveries to show how humans have changed over time.
From the Paper
"With our knowledge of geological processes we are now able to determine the biological and cultural development of the species ?Homo sapiens?, or human beings. A large number of human fossil bones and teeth have been found at various places throughout the world along with tools of stone, bone, and wood. As a result of these discoveries, a picture of human evolution during the past 4 to 5 million years has emerged."
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Solon, Cleisthenes, and their Roles in Athenian Democracy, 2001.
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the roles Solon and Cleisthenes played in the formation of the world's first democratic government.
From the Paper
"The development of a democratic form of government in ancient Athens was arguably one of the most important occurrences in the history of mankind. Certain individuals played a major role in this important development. While Cleisthenes is often attributed the tag of ?the founder of Athenian democracy,? and deservedly so, we will see that Solon was of equal importance as Cleisthenes, and that they both had much to do with the founding of Athenian democracy."
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The Egyptian Book of the Dead, 2001.
A look at this collection of magic spells and formulas.
2,486 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 5 sources, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the "Book of the Dead", an ancient Egyptian guide to the afterlife. The paper also discusses the archeological finds associated with it and the papyri of the book itself.
From the Paper
"The Book of the Dead has been erroneously considered by enthusiasts of ancient Egyptian civilization to be comparable to the Torah, the Old and New Testaments, or the Qu'ran as an example of revealed religious truth?in short, to have been the "Bible" of the ancient Egyptians. A far better modern comparison would be with the older form of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer, which was also a compilation of texts and prayers and contained spells to ward off evil influences."
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The Use of Archeology in the Study of Ancient Israel, 1999.
How archeology helps us analyze the Bible and provides a picture of Biblical life in Israel.
875 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 0 sources, $ 31.95
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From the Paper
"The study of ancient Israel has been both tremendously advanced and transformed by the use of archaeology. This field has been used to support the historical narrative provided by the Biblical text in some instances, while altering the views of many modern scholars as to what dates the biblical stories are to represent, when they were written, and how historically reliable they are. Although the use of archaeology in the study of ancient Israel has not been able to conclusively support or refute the assumptions made about the time period, as derived from the Bible, it has proved helpful in formulating more well-informed beliefs as to what ancient Israelite society was like."
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An Analysis of the Events that Occurred at Mt. Masada, 2001.
An attempt to piece together the facts about events at Mt. Masada, with a look at the points of contention by archaeologists.
3,342 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 12 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"During the winter of 1963-1964, world renound archaeologist, Yigael Yadin, led an excavation of Mt. Masada. In a research paper, published at Hebrew University, by Hershel Shanks, one of the archaeologist at Masada, three questions are asked that may discredit the events at Mt. Masada: 1) If the Jews did commit suicide, then where are their bodies?, 2) If Titus was a by the book general, then why did the Romans not storm the fort upon breaking through the wall?, 3) If Flavius Josephus was not present to witness the events, then how can we trust his account? These questions are hard to answer, because the only sources that we have are the writings of Josephus and the results of the excavations at Masada. To analyze the events of Masada we have no choice, but to use some speculation to bring all of the information together for a reasonable conclusion."
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The Maya of Guatemala, 1999.
A look at Dennis and Barbara Tedlocks' books in order to create a living picture of both the ancient Maya and the contemporary Maya of Guatemala.
2,115 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 66.95
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From the Paper
"Dennis and Barbara Tedlock have dedicated a significant portion of their lives studying both the ancient Maya and the contemporary Maya of Guatemala. Each is an expert in their own right and each is able to shed light on the mysteries of the Maya people. They both draw their information from the field of archaeology, pre-Spanish chronicles, and contemporary beliefs. When looked at together, the Tedlock's, books create a living picture of both the ancient Maya and the contemporary Maya of Guatemala. "
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The Creation Myth "Popol Vuh": Maya Book of Creation, 2000.
A look at the Maya creation story which can be found in the "Popol Vuh", and acts as a window into the religious, secular, psychological, and environmental life of the Maya people.
1,690 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, $ 54.95
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From the Paper
"Universal to virtually every human culture is the "Creation Myth or Story." A myth or story created by humans in an attempt to explain the creation, purpose, and existence of life. For the Maya, this creation story can be found in the Popol Vuh. Not only does the Popol Vuh recount the Maya creation story, but it also is a window into the religious, secular, psychological, and environmental life of the Maya people. This view can be applied to both the individual and the society and it also encompasses the cosmic world, the earth, and the underworld..... "
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Using Art in the Olmec World to Understand Life at that Time, 2000.
A discussion of how art in the Olmec world can be used to reconstruct a picture of their way of life, which took place during the Formative period of Mesoamerica.
2,030 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 64.95
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From the Paper
"Art along with other activities, such as oral tradition, divination, ritual performance, and city planning reveals a culture's worldview, myths, and ideals of human behavior. These factors make an informed view of Olmec art style quite important especially because their art and architecture are the only surviving artifacts that can give clues to their culture. By analyzing the Olmec-style art it becomes possible to reconstruct a picture of their way of life, which took place during the Formative period of Mesoamerica."
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Karen Bassie-Sweet's Book on Mayan Culture, 2000.
An examination of the concerns, the myths, symbols, and rituals of the ancient Maya belief system, as related in Bassie-Sweet's book, "From the Mouth of the Dark Cave: Maya Mythology".
2,420 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 73.95
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From the Paper
"She examines the sculpture of the Late Classic Maya in order to produce a telling story of their myths, symbols, and rituals. Sweet focuses on the ritual recreation of the Maya belief system in connection with the use of natural and metaphorical caves and the depiction of these same caves in the symbolic representation found on the architecture of the Late Classic Maya period. She examines both the picture or image symbols and the hieroglyphic or text symbols. Sweet explores the relationship between the text and the image, focusing on the pictographic qualities of the text and how these pictographs relate to the symbols found in the image. In essence, the text is comparable to the written story or event and the image refers to an actual or a metaphorical part of the story or event."
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Maya Cosmos: Study of the Mayan Religion and Culture, 1999.
A look at the book "Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years on the Shaman's Path", written by David Freidel, Linda Schele, and Joy Parker.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 1 source, $ 57.95
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From the Paper
"Their book is a blend of archaeology, anthropology, and astronomy and encompasses both the historical world and the mythical world of the Maya. It spans three thousand years, fro-m the Olmec civilization, through the various periods of the, pre-conquest Maya civilization up to the present day. Not only does their book shed light on the religion and culture of the ancient Maya, it also shows a definite continuance and connection between ancient and modern day practices. "
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A European Migration Hypothesis, 1998.
A look at the possibility of the effect of certain groups of Indo-Aryans who immigrated to Europe about 5000 BC and their impact on the language and culture of Europe.
1,747 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, $ 56.95
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From the Paper
"Roughly from around 5000BCE the Nomadic Indo-Aryan tribesmen known as the Praziks were just beginning to build the society which would later leave it?s mark on almost every part of the Russian and central Asia steppe lands, Europe and East Asia. Praziks were one branch of Caucasians who probably spoke a Proto-European dialect of the Aryan language, from the early Neolithic period and throughout most of the bronze age however from the end of the bronze age and into the early iron age the Taklamakanian descendants of the Praziks began to mix with north central Asian peoples (around the beginning of the Hsia dynasty, roughly 2,000 to 1,300 BCE)."
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