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Nasca & Moche Burial Practices, 1997.
Examines archeological evidence of pre-Incan cultures' beliefs & behavior related to death, social status, body preparation & orientation and religion.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 14 sources, $ 127.95
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From the Paper
" The mortuary practices of various peoples can tell archaeologists a great deal about their cultures' beliefs and behavior. An examination of the archaeological evidence from burial sites of the Nasca and Moche people of pre-Incan Peru will demonstrate how such conclusions can be drawn. Burial remains are, of course, incomplete evidence -- even in terms of the ritual associated with death and disposal of the body. But the details of burial sites and the iconography of art associated with them are the only primary sources on mortuary practice. These peoples were preliterate and did not come into contact with literate groups. The only information that supplements the archaeological record is the retrospective comparison of earlier cultures with what was recorded by observers of Inca practice. But there is a wealth of.."
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Leptis Magna, 1997.
Architectural history of ancient ruined city of Roman North Africa.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"Roman North Africa is one of the richest sources of architectural remains from the empire. This good fortune is largely because of to the climate, the subsequent political history of the region, and the fact that some centers, such as Leptis (or Lepcis) Magna and Sabratha, were abandoned fairly early and were soon covered over with sand. The architectural ruins of Leptis Magna reflect the once-flourishing city's history under Roman domination and fall into two general periods--those of Augustan Rome and of Septimius Severus. The contrasts between the remains of the older part of the city and the unusual monumental quarter built by Septimius tell the viewer a great deal about the history of imperial architecture in the provinces.
The city of Leptis Magna was, with Sabratha and Oea (now.."
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Bering Strait Crossings, 1997.
An archeological analysis of the cross-cultural influences of peoples crossing between Siberia and Alaska over land or sea. Discusses evidence, theories and examples.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 10 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"The earliest human beings to enter the American continent crossed the Bering land bridge between Siberia and Alaska at various times between 11,000 and 40,000 years ago. They were stone-age hunters who followed herds of large animals across the bridge and, eventually, down into North and South America. Because, after 11,000 BP (years before the present), the level of the Bering Sea rose and cut off this means of access, the American continents have sometimes been called "a laboratory for modern man" (Farb 3). The people who moved into these new territories brought their culture with them. But, their material culture was extremely limited, as with most migratory stone-age peoples, and any material objects made of organic materials have long since vanished, leaving primarily a few bone tools and the technological tradition of spear points as their only legacy."
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Ancient Egypt & Immortality, 1996.
Religious, symbolic & sociocultural role of pyramids & rituals in pharaohs' attempt to live beyond death in Old Kingdom, 2658 B.C.-2135 B.C.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"The remains of ancient Egyptian civilization speak of a cultural obsession with death and the problem of an afterlife It could be argued that the extent of the Egyptians' interest in the subject is distorted by the fact that most remains simply happen to be related to death. But the tombs have lasted to a great degree because they were carefully isolated and were nearly the only objects that the Egyptians created using permanent materials. This spectacular evidence from the age of the pyramids shows a culture in which the attempt to pass beyond the apparent limits of death was given the highest priority. In the Old Kingdom, 2658-2135 B.C., the pharaohs devoted incredible amounts of time-and resources to the construction of the pyramids in preparation for their passage after death. But evidence shows that graves of humbler sorts also demonstrate a similar concern..."
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Animal Extinctions in Australia, 1996.
Impact of hunting by early humans (early Pleistocene) & environmental changes on megafauna population.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 12 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Widespread extinctions began on the continent of Australia during the late Pleistocene. Many of the animals that disappeared were medium- to large-sized herbivores. Their demise may have resulted from early Homo sapien hunting activities. Apart from Antarctica, no other continent has fewer native terrestrial megafauna than Australia (Martin 376-397). During the late Pleistocene, only one genus and four species of terrestrial mammals over 44 kilograms survived. Most of those that became extinct were rather distinctive creatures (Scarre 44). The marsupial genera that disappeared, for example, had various oral specializations. These included the following: (1) Zaglossus (long spiny tongue); (2) Thylacoleo (large gape and short heavy jaws; (3) Phascolonus (strong mobile lips); (4)..."
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Masada, 2001.
Examines archaeological finds at the site in Israel. Historical background of the seige; problems of authenticity; role of politics.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 10 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"This research will examine archaeological finds that have been made at Masada in Israel. The research will set forth the historical background and context for archaeological research at Masada and then discuss how modern research has contributed to the understanding of history of ancient eastern Mediterranean culture.
In Western culture, the basis for understanding the events that gave Masada a high historical profile was for centuries the work of Josephus, a first-century Jew who wrote an account of the three-year siege by Roman legions of a Jewish fortress community originally built by Herod the Great, the last Hasmonean king (Small, 1990). The siege followed the destruction of the Jewish temple in Jerusalem in AD 70, the culmination of the so-called First Jewish Revolt, which had begun in AD 66 at the instigation of .."
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Neanderthals, 2001.
Discusses new findings & studies which indicate species closer to modern man than previously thought.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 13 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Neanderthals have long been thought of as a very primitive species, but this view is changing as evidence to the contrary emerges. Studies on Neanderthal remains have shown that they were not as primitive as initially thought, and that they possessed the ability for flexible, creative behavior similar to modern man (Brainard, 1998). They have previously been thought of as lacking language skills, foresight, creativity, and other cognitive abilities found in modern humans. In 1977, German anthropologists reported finding aerodynamic wooden spears belonging to ancestors of Neanderthals made 400,000 years ago (Brainard, 1998, p. 72), and stone spearheads have been found at many Neanderthal sites in both Europe and the Middle East (Bower, 1999, p. 4). Scientists investigating Neanderthal remains in a cave in France found evidence of tool marks on the bones..."
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Evolution of Horses, 2001.
Analysis of fossil records & new investigative technologies with differing findings on evolutionary development of horses.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 8 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"A Cladogenetic View of the Early Evolutionary History of Horses
Abstract
Drawing upon the theoretical and empirical literature, this report describes evidence obtained from the fossil record supporting the anagenetic view of the horse phylogeny and its early evolutionary development. The anagenetic perspective advances the notion that a gradual microevolutionary process has occurred within a species. This view is also associated with a phyletic transformation from ancestral to descendant species. The fossil record for horses presents, in general, a progressive replacement of one genus with another without a strong indication of temporary overlapping. However, the literature also suggests that anagenetic development was dominant within the Eocene and Oligocene, while genetic diversity (branching) suggesting a.."
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Pharaoh in Egyptian Religion, 2001.
Role of kingship; divinity of Pharaohs; political aspects.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 12 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines the position of the pharaoh in Egyptian religion. The research will set forth evidence of the overlap and convergence of divine and human aspects of the king in Egyptian culture from the period of the Old Kingdom through the New Kingdom (2686 to 1070 BC, Third through Twentieth Dynasties) with a view toward identifying the ratio between and among the pharaoh's political, religious, and ritual functions and how the reality and/or extent of the pharaoh's divinity was perceived.
Although the character and reach of the identification of the pharaoh with the divine shifted over the course of pharaonic civilization in Egypt, there persisted throughout the Old and New Kingdoms the view that the pharaoh had either divine attributes or divine nature and in either case had and exercised divine.."
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Ancient Roman Architecture, 2002.
A paper which studies the influences of ancient Roman architecture on modern architectural designs.
2,005 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that ancient Roman architects implemented the elements of space, symmetry and construction with exceptional innovative skill. Although their most notable achievements, the arch and vault construction, was first conceived by the Etruscans and had a profound influence on Roman architectural style and design, the paper shows that the innovations made by the Romans were still tremendously substantial and distinct.
From the Paper
"Another revolution can be seen in the Roman network of roads. The Romans were the first civilization to make well-designed roads. Around the time of Augustus the major roads were constructed to keep the incredibly large empire linked to avoid collapse. The Romans contributed a number of things to the basic idea of roads, such as archways, city streets, and arch bridges. This greatly increased the ability to build because of the way the roads were laid out. The roads allowed the Roman Empire to expand Rome in every direction; hence the saying "All roads lead to Rome". In fact, they were so abundant and well constructed that many of them still exist today as memorable landmarks today."
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Offering Bearer to Tjeti, 2002.
An examination of this famous Ancient Egyptian artpiece.
550 words (approx. 2.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 19.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly discusses how studying Egyptian art proves the need for more use of all the senses in art. It uses the famous picture of the offering bearing to the court official Tjeti. The writer looks at all aspects of the picture to assist in enhancing the reader's senses.
From the Paper
"Egyptian art and language are intimately and intricately linked. Egyptian writing is very pictorial --- all the alphabets are really pictures. Each letter is a representation of a sound, like in English. But unlike English, the very shape of a letter or word has meaning. In English, the word 'love', for example, can have meaning only in the auditory medium. It's only when it is read and heard that it has meaning. The shape of 'love' itself has no meaning. Nor do the shapes of any English alphabet. So, Egyptian alphabets are symbols of both sound and sight. This interplay between the auditory and the visual can make very interesting effects such as multilayered puns with multiple meanings (1)."
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"Demareteion" (Coin: 479 B.C.E.) and "The Old Woman" (1-2B.C.E), 2002.
An examination and comparison of two ancient works of art.
636 words (approx. 2.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 22.95
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Abstract
This article tries to comprehend works of art and extract information about ancient cultures by looking at and making interpretations of the works. The writer explains that both are ancient works of art which have potential to tell much about their contemporary society.
From the Paper
"The coin shows one side of a girl's face garlanded with four dolphins and Greek symbols. She has a wreath of olive leaves. Her eyes are not very intense. Her hair is prettily combed. Her ears seem to be hidden. But the ear-ring can be seen. Her nose is long. She is wearing a necklace of some beads. Her cheeks are large. Her mouth is slightly open. She does not show much feeling except, perhaps, calmness. Yet this is a forced interpretation since the face is actually quite expressionless. This very fact makes the calmness very eerie. It makes me uneasy if I look carefully. There even seems to be a small perhaps dangerous arrow on the back of her hair. She seems to be at one with nature. Perhaps that is what the dolphins signify. The dolphins look pretty cute. Her hair is so wavy. The circular arrangement of dolphins reminds me of the cycle of life. Perhaps the girl was a dolphin in her previous life or will be in her next life."
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Ancient Cult, 2002.
An examination of "The Cult of the Dead in Judah: Interpreting the Material Remains" by Elizabeth M. Bloch-Smith which claims that an ancient cult of the dead existed during biblical times.
3,051 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
"The Cult of the Dead in Judah: Interpreting the Material Remains" by Elizabeth M. Bloch-Smith is a discussion of the author's evidence of the aforementioned cult through biblical and archaeological records. The paper discusses Bloch-Smith's premise that the biblical and archaeology records corroborate each other and therefore provide proof of a cult of the dead. This report reviews the findings of Bloch-Smith's article, conclusions of the article, a critique of the findings and a response to the article's findings.
From the Paper
"The author begins by looking at archeological burial sites to support the cult of the dead. She looks primarily at Judahite burial types in the Iron Age. Bloch-Smith attempts to show that the Judah cult had a distinctive burial practice separate from surrounding cultures. The primary Judah burial types were bench tomb and cave. In a bench tomb configuration, benches lined the walls of the tomb. The bodies were laid on the waist-high benches. A repository was also part of the tomb to accommodate new bodies. The cave configuration required the body to be placed in the center of the cave along with artifacts associated with the individual. If additional bodies were placed in the cave, then the bodies would be repositioned along the cave walls. Regardless of the configuration, similar artifacts are found in both. These artifacts included food, ceramic containers, jewelry, tools, personal items and more. The format used to bury the Judahite people appears to remain unchanged throughout the Iron Age."
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The Shrines of Tutankhamen, 2002.
A detailed description of the findings in the Shrines of Tutankhamen by archaeologists in 1922.
2,444 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
By providing an in-depth description of what was found in the Shrines of Tutankhamen, the writer examines general Egyptian history of the era and of Tutankhamen's reign. The paper also explores the shrines from an artistic perspective.
From the Paper
"Tutankhamun was one of the youngest kings in Egypt, but his tomb was one of the most detailed and beautiful tombs in all of Egypt. No one knows why such a young king was buried in such an elaborate tomb. It is hard to imagine what the young king must have been like in his years. He lived a very short life and died in 1323 B.C.
"From a dry, dusty, Upper Egyptian valley in the year 1922, the news of the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun flashed around the world and excited the imaginations of all who heard it." On November 4th, 1922, the Tomb of Tutankhamun was found hidden beneath the foundations of Ramesses workmen's huts. They were near the entrance of the tomb of Ramesses VI. The discovery of the tomb was made by Lord Carnarvon and Howard Carter."
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"The Great Hymn", 2002.
A study of the ancient Egyptian poem, "The Great Hymn" by Akhenaten.
1,490 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the socio-economical culture of ancient Egypt through the poem, "The Great Hymn" by Akhenaten. The paper describes the poem's psychological manipulation of the Egyptians through superstition. It examines their religious the beliefs and the rule of the Pharaoh.
From the Paper
"Ancient Egyptian culture has fascinated the world with its mysteries and secrets that seem unreachable. From the pyramids to the scattered literature, researchers are struggling to uncover the secrets that have long been buried with the lost power of the Pharaohs. Yet, at times with a little insight the culture of the Egyptians becomes much easier to understand than would seem possible. While archaeologists are fascinated with the pyramids it is the sociologists that have realized that if understood it is the literature of the ancient Egyptians that holds the key to the mystery of the past. Consider just one Pharaoh and his contribution to the cultural literature of his times. Through an analysis of just one piece of poetry we can come to an understanding of the socio-economical culture of his times and the values, which the society upheld in its power."
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