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Ancient Egyptian Costume, 2002.
A history of ancient Egyptian costume.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This is a 10-page paper on the concept and development of Ancient Egyptian Costume.
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Coasean and the Environment., 2002.
A look at the Coasean attitude towards environmental issues.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
A summary of the Coasean approach to the environment.
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The Pyramids, 2003.
An overview of the Egyptian pyramids, from the times of the Pharoah Zoser to Shepseskaf.
2,439 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
The pyramids are the very symbol of Egypt and represent a rich and exciting history of this once great nation. This paper details each pyramid constructed in Egypt from the first one built, to the last one of the 4th Dynasty. The paper includes the history of the creation of pyramids and some information about mummification, as well as the philosophies behind them.
From the Paper
"Often times, a pharaoh had what was called a "southern burial." The southern burial had two purposes. First, the body would be buried in a pyramid in the north. It was believed that the soul or "ka" would then travel south to Abydos where the unused tomb, or cenotaph was (Brier 99). This was figurative of the reunion of Upper and Lower Egypt, which was highly celebrated by Egyptians. In addition, it served as a decoy for the real burial chamber to throw off tomb robbers".
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Ancient Egyptian Economy, 2003.
Evidence, methodologies and techniques of Egyptology that could be employed to allow a further understanding of the ancient Egyptian economy.
2,559 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This essay investigates such egyptology techniques and disciplines as historiography, chronology, philolgy, palaeography, lexigraphy, papyrology, epigraphy, anthropology and ethno-archaeology that can be employed to understand the ancient egyptian economy ranging from such topics as trade activities, importance of particular materials such as gold and silver, bureaucracy, the non-monetary economy and foreign trade relations.
From the Paper
"There are many methodologies and techniques that could be employed to reconstruct and analyse the past in order to better understand the ancient Egyptian economy. Historiography is one such methodology that could be of use because history writing encompasses many different aspects of society and culture. A concise history of Egypt would be particularly beneficial in understanding the ancient Egyptian economy because it would provide an insight into how the economy developed over time, perhaps illustrating the different trade activities that emerged or the gradual increase in free enterprise and markets for example. However historians and Egyptologists are reluctant to write an Egyptian history and instead concentrate on such aspects as cataloguing and labelling (Morkot 2003). Understandably there are a number of difficulties in attempting to write a concise Egyptian history including the sheer amounts of data available, as well as the increased specialisation of Egyptologists who focus on one area of study, causing problems for the writing of an overall Egyptian history. Therefore using the methodology of historiography, although would provide a valuable insight into the ancient Egyptian economy, is currently lacking in its availability. Along with this there is also a scarcity of evidence in terms of surviving texts from Egypt that attempt to tell accounts of Egyptian history and this to provides problematic when attempting to use historiography to interpret the ancient Egyptian economy."
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"The Tale of Two Brothers", 2003.
Examines the male/female power struggle in this ancient Egyptian text (author unknown).
1,692 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 0 sources, $ 54.95
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Abstract
"The Tale of Two Brothers" is a story of sexual dominance, revenge, and deceit, and across these themes a deadly power struggle between the opposite sexes takes place. The paper shows that women in this story are depicted as powerful, however using their power for evil purposes. Men on the other hand, are depicted as equally powerful but use their power for good. It is because the men use their power for good that they prevail over the women. By analyzing the relationships between the two couples in the story, this paper makes a persuasive argument that, by the end of the story, the men are the victors of the power struggle.
From the Paper
"The relationship between Anpu and his wife is the first to be examined. Anpu's wife is introduced as a woman who uses her manipulative power for evil purposes. After Anpu's brother, Bata, refuses her sexual advances she seeks revenge by using her skill in deception to convince Anpu to kill his brother. Anpu's wife lies and says, "When your brother came to fetch the seed, he saw me fixing my hair. He tried to make love to me. ... He became angry and beat me. ... Oh Anpu, kill him for me, or I will surely die" (Loy 1997:1). Here, Anpu's wife successfully uses her manipulative powers for evil purposes. While Anpu's wife uses her intellectual power for an evil motive, her husband utilizes his physical power to reestablish what is just. After discovering his wife's evil plot, Anpu regains the power in the relationship physically by "[killing] his wife, and [throwing] her body to the dogs" (Loy 1997:2). Anpu is seen as the victor in the situation not only because he is the one left standing at the end, but also because he uses his power for good."
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Rituals of War in The Old Testament, 2003.
Analysis of the war rituals of the battles fought in the Old Testament.
3,929 words (approx. 15.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
Rituals played a vital role in the wars of the Old Testament: divine consultation, preparatory rites, scare tactics, the herem and purification rites all characterized the Israelite battles. This paper gives a systematic overview of the rituals associated with ancient Israelite warfare in the Old Testament used before, during and after battle.
From the Paper
Consultation with God prior to battle was key in the pre-war rituals of the Old Testament. The Israelites would consult God to determine if they would be successful in their battle. Several methods and techniques were used to communicate with God, including simple consultations, omens/signs (sent from God), mediums, and the use of magical articles such as the ephod. An example of a simple consultation can be seen in 1 Samuel 23:2, where a report has reached David that the city of Keliah has been attacked by the Philistines. Not knowing what to do, David prays to God asking if he should go and rescue the city of Keliah. God answers, "Go and attack the Philistines and save Keliah" (1 Samuel 23:2). This is the simplest form of consultation that is seen in the Israelite pre-war ritual tradition. Here, God's word is given directly from God and not through any outside source requiring interpretation.
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The Kensington Rune Stone, 2002.
Deciphering the authenticity of the Kensington Rune Stone by the studying of the inscription.
2,140 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper is about the Kensington Rune Stone and the controversy surrounding it as a possible Pre-Columbian, Scandinavian relic. By looking at each individual line this paper shows how it is overwhelmingly possible that the tale told on the stone is authentic. The author discusses the controversy, the background of the stone, and examines the inscription line by line.
From the Paper
"Since its discovery in 1898 by Olaf Ohman, the Kensington Rune Stone has been at the center of a heated controversy surrounding its authenticity. The general academic world's position on the authenticity of the stone began as almost overwhelmingly negative and remained that way until recent studies and findings have given it more credibility. The argument in favor of the stone's authenticity has recently become nearly un-opposable. The apparent credibility for the stone can be shown when one considers the facts concerning the inscription itself when studied as a whole and then line by line."
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"The Shield of Achilles", 2002.
The writer presents an analysis of "The Shield of Achilles" by Phillip Bobbit and offers a review of Greek society in the eighth century.
2,692 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the work in light of ancient Greek culture and society. The writer claims that this time was well organized with a set way of making decisions, a hierarchy headed by the elders, a population fully involved in affairs and heralds who serve as protection and population controls. The original document proves this mythology to be complex and extensive while it still relates directly to the real world. The writer attempts to understand and explain the story for its reader.
From the Paper
"First, this is a society that has achieved a higher level of organization. Certainly, it is a society that has reached the Bronze Age. Civilization developed following a pattern based on the ability of the human population to learn to use different tools at different stages, different materials from which those tools were made, and different modes of food production. With the development of more sedentary habitats, urban centers eventually developed and produced civilizations with certain similar characteristics, though these developments may have taken place at different rates in different areas. Civilization began with agriculture, developed metalworking in the Bronze Age, and progressed to more advanced metalworking in the Iron Age."
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Chichen Itza, 2002.
The paper looks at the history of the Chichen Itza archaeological site in Mexico and its role in contributing to our knowledge of the Mayan empire.
3,522 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
The paper traces the visits of important archaeologists to the prime destination of Chichen Itza since the 1800s. It also describes the archaeological ruins there that teach us about the Mayan empire and places the location in its geographical context. The paper examines the famous sites of the great Castle, the Castillo and the Great Ballcourt which are all huge tourist attractions today.
From the Paper
"Chichen Itza was undoubtedly the greatest Mayan city on the Yucatan peninsula. It stands on a flat plain, and the massive pyramid that stands at the heart of Chichen Itza can be seen for miles around. Chichen Itza was joined by roads to the Mayan city of Izamal and to the seacoast city of Pole, making it a likely hub of trade and information for the Mayan empire."
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The Great Flood in Literature, 2002.
Examines how the flood story appears in "The Epic of Gilgamesh" and the Biblical "Genesis".
1,895 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The flood story recurs in many ancient civilizations, even in distant parts of the world, though the nature of the story may be very different in some cultures. The paper shows the links between the flood story as told in the ancient Sumerian epic of Gilgamesh and the flood story of Noah as told in Genesis. There is recent evidence that there may have been a great flood in the area of the Black Sea which may have become a continuing tribal memory that was eventually embodied in "The Epic of Gilgamesh" and reshaped to fit the theology of the Israelites for the tale told in Genesis. The paper shows that the two versions of the flood story have many points of agreement, suggesting that they are somehow connected, although in the Noah story, the role of God differs from the role of the gods in Gilgamesh.
From the Paper
"In the Atrahasis version of the story, the Flood portion of the text, which is quite damaged, presents a narrative account of Mesopotamian primeval history that parallels the version in Genesis 1-11 inclusively. The Flood Story in Atrahasis is more than twice the length of the Gilgamesh version. While they seem to tell the same story, the function of the floods in the two epics is quite different. In Atrahasis, the flood is a means of population control and a divider of epochs, while in Gilgamesh, it explains how immortality was once granted to a mortal. The Atrahasis Epic begins with the creation of humankind because the labor-class gods are tired of the heavy tasks imposed on them by the management-class gods."
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Palenque, 2002.
A review of Palenque in Mexico, part of the Maya sites.
2,299 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper offers a descriptive review of the architectural site Palenque in Mexico. The writer believes that Palenque may be the most beautiful and evocative of all the Maya ruins. The paper includes a description of the actual site, its surrounding scenery and additional sites nearby. The paper also includes a history of the site with reference to its discovery in the 1700s by an indigenous farmer. The paper points out that Palenque is famous not only for its beauty but it also has the distinction of being the actual site of major breakthroughs in the study of the Maya written language.
From the Paper
"The site lies on a narrow shelf of land abutting the forested escarpment of the Chiapas highlands. Below Palenque, the lush coastal plain of Tabasco extends all the way to the Gulf of Mexico. Set upon this scenic vista lies the true beauty of Palenque-its unequaled architecture. The Maya architects that constructed Palenque revolutionized the methods utilized in the construction of the day. The Maya architects made the upper facades of the temples in Palenque slope backward at the same angle as the slant of the corbelled walls inside."
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The Parthenon, 2002.
An overview of the architectural details and history of this great Athenian building.
1,507 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The Parthenon (447-32 BCE) was a crowning glory of Athenian civilization of the classical era and, what is more important, it was intended as such at the time. Thus, nearly 2,500 years later, it is possible to view the building as incorporating all of what the Athenians saw as beautiful, sacred and of civic importance in architecture. The paper shows that as its overwhelming position and the nature of its sculptural decoration make clear, it was the focal point of the religious-civic identity of the Athenian polis. The paper describes how the Parthenon housed the great statue of Athena Parthenos, was the main building in the complex of temples dedicated to the gods on the sacred rock of the Acropolis, depicted some version of the most important Athenian religious ceremony (the Panathenaic procession and festival) and loomed over the city as a reminder and a promise of Athenian greatness.
From the Paper
"But there was also a contradiction in being expected to achieve the perfection of the Doric order on a much larger scale, for which adjustments had to be made to the greater number of columns. As Boardman points out, however, the wider facades lent the building a "reassuring breadth which is enhanced by the way its proportions then seem to match those" of the Acropolis on which it stands (112). But this breadth might have been oppressive in its effects if the architects had not devised a means of avoiding too great a visual equivalence between the rock and the temple. Their solution was a very subtle curvature of the stylobate, and the rest of the floor, which is also reflected in the entablature. This also affects the columns which "lean slightly in while the upperworks [that they support] lean slightly out" (Boardman 112). This gives the entire facade a "pyramiding movement" to which all the external lines contribute; ever so subtly, therefore, the columns' inward inclination lends itself to a slight triangular effect that is enhanced by the surmounting pyramid of the pediment (Martin 292)."
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Egyptian Art, 2002.
A review of Egyptian artwork using two examples which can be seen at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LCMA).
1,030 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explores Egyptian artwork, using 2 pieces from ancient Egypt which can be seen at the LCMA - Wadjet and Sekhmet. The writer studies the art as it relates to the expression of ideas, rituals and religion in ancient Egypt. The paper uses these two pieces because while the goddesses are similar, each with a lion's head, they are associated with different parts of Egypt - Sekhmet derives from Memphis, while Wadjet is from Buto.
From the Paper
"This sort of rigid and bisymmetrical form is seen in both Wadjet and Sekhmet in the Los Angeles collection. The goddesses are similar as each has a lion's head, as noted, but the goddesses are associated with different parts of Egypt. Sekhmet derives from Memphis, while Wadjet is from Buto. Wadjet is considered the protector of the north, or Lower Egypt, and she also has associations with Hathor and is said to have helped Isis protect the infant Horus in the mythology of ancient Egypt."
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The Panathaenaic Amphora, 2002.
Discusses the black figure of the goddess Athena known as the Panathaenaic Amphora (375-70 B.C.).
1,525 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The Panathenaic Prize Amphora, on display in the collection of the Detroit Institute of Arts, is dated to around 375-70 B.C. and stands 33 inches high. It is attributed to the Asteios group and is an example of the ceramic black-figure ware that was a principal industry of Athens. This paper discusses the amphora and shows why its design and features are so typical of Athenian ceramic-ware production.
From the Paper
"Various centers competed in the production and export of ceramic wares, but by the middle of the sixth century Athens had eliminated its principal rivals "and the many other wares that had flourished during the seventh and early sixth century had gradually disappeared, continuing only as local products" (Richter 315). Athens' dominance in the Mediterranean ceramics market extended from 550 to 400 B.C. and the Detroit example comes at the end of the city's reign. Black-figure technique also dominated production in the sixth century but was gradually overtaken in popularity by red-figure ware in the fifth century."
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The Archeology of the Ark, 2002.
Examining the story of Noah's Ark from an archaeological perspective.
3,015 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This research examines archaeological evidence associated with the story of Noah's Ark told in Genesis. It explains how the Genesis story of Noah's Ark, which describes a great flood that destroys all life and civilization except for an extended family and the extended family of livestock in its care, is premised on the idea that the family patriarch, Noah, received instructions from God to build a gigantic boat, or ark. The paper looks at alternative version of the story and archaeological evidence of its occurrence through history.
From the Paper
"Articulation of alternative visions of Noah in the modern period has occurred in a climate of contentiousness. That is because the absence of definitive archaeological confirmation of the ancient texts runs up against a widespread insistence in Judaeo-Christian culture on the historicity of the Noah story. The extent of contentiousness was manifest especially in 1997, when a credentialed Australian geologist, Ian Plimer, was ejected from a creationist lecture when ark explorer Allen Roberts refused to answer questions about geologic time. Plimer later sued Roberts for science fraud on the theory of "the dangers inherent in letting fundamentalists go unchallenged" (Scott 9). Plimer lost on the legal issue, which resulted in his bankruptcy, but won on substantive argument and PR grounds, reflected in a host of contributions to Plimer's legal fund."
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