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Multi-Cultural Puerto Rico, 2006.
A study of the island of Puerto Rico and its multi-cultural population.
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the rich history and culture of the island of Puerto Rico. The paper studies the island's migratory patterns and its resulting multi-cultural population. The paper begins with a discussion of the island native population, the Taino, which were decimated by colonization and forced by Spain into slavery. Then, the paper shows how being located on a flourishing trade route led to immigration from Scotland, Ireland, Haiti and China. Next the paper turns to the impact of the Spanish-American War of 1898, culminating in the signing of the Jones Act in 1917, which gave America control over Puerto Rico. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the negative influence this move had on the island's economy and reverse migration.
From the Paper
"Immigration created a multicultural island. African slaves were brought to the island to work. Because of the growth on the island, work was plentiful in the1800's and people from Scotland, Ireland, and the French from Haiti and Louisiana fled to Puerto Rico for a better life. Chinese immigrants were imported to work on the roads. Such a diverse population is what makes Puerto Rico the cultural cornucopia it is today. Puerto Rico's culture continues to grow with recent immigration from Cuba and Dominican Republic. Puerto Rico's cultural diversity created a strong and proud group of people. In 1897 Spain gave Puerto Rico a Charter of Autonomy after 400 years of Spanish rule. The Charter of Autonomy allowed the island to create its own legislation and have its own representation in the Spanish Cortes. In 1898 the new government emerged and local issues were decided by town councils without intervention by the governor unless sanctioned by the cabinet."
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"I, Rigoberta Menchu: an Indian Woman in Guatemala", 2005.
This paper relates the story of Rigoberta Menchu as told in her biography "I, Rigoberta Menchu: an Indian Woman in Guatemala".
1,790 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Rigoberta Menchu, who was born a member of a poverty-stricken and oppressed community in Guatemala, writes a testimony portraying her life story and those of all the indigenous people of the Americas. The author shows that, in her book, Menchu reveals discrimination, violence and death brought against Guatemalan Indian and poor ladrino communities, who are victims of poverty and indecent injustice. The paper describes the way Menchu, her community and other suffering villages united to resist injustice and devised methods to battle the wrong waged against them.
From the Paper
"Traveling to seek this assistance cost money and the earnings from their cultivation alone could not compensate for these expenses, let alone produce enough food for all the village members to eat, so the families went to work in the fincas to pay for these needs. In the fincas, owned by the very same landowners who attempted to take over their land, laborers were treated indecently and were poorly payed for the hard work they did. Labor contractors, used as the middlemen between landowners and workers, shouted at and insulted workers and treated them with no respect. Slow workers were punished and they were not given ample time to rest."
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Growth and Modernization in Developing Countries, 2006.
This paper examines the methods and strategies used in developing and modernizing poor and underprivileged countries post-WWII and up to the 1960s.
2,404 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper discusses the basic tools needed for the economic development of poor and underprivileged countries which include: Capital accumulation, industrialization, foreign aid and development planning. This paper focuses on the years after WWII and up to the 1960s and the economic problems facing poor and under-developed countries. After WWII these countries could not rely on international trade. The less developed countries needed substantial capital and resources to start the industrialization process which would result in more jobs and an increase in productivity which in turn would increase the income of the working class citizen. The writer of this paper discusses the methods and strategies that were utilized to increase productivity in various Latin-American countries. This paper also touches on the World Bank's involvement in assisting these same countries while committing to end poverty and social injustice.
Outline:
Theories of Growth and Modernization
Structuralist Theories
Critique of the Growth and Modernization Models
A Shift to Basic Needs Approach
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The Latin American experience with import substitution together with the fact that a large segment of the population did not get sizable benefits from the growth in the modern industrial sector and the limitation imposed by the domestic market led structuralists to adjust their approach beginning in the 1980's. Among the adjustments were: emphasis on developing the entrepreneurial class to lead in the export thrust without abandoning their basic proposition that development must come from within; redefine the role of the state by deemphasizing control-centered interventions in favor of a more facilitating kind."
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Social Urbanization, 2006.
This paper analyzes the social urbanization of America for the past 150 years, focusing primarily on Los Angeles, CA.
1,337 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the various methods of studying urbanization which include community formation and the process of urbanization. This paper also discusses advanced computer software programs that reveal concise developing patterns and complex sciences such as chaos and fragile theory which tell about the inner workings of cities. This paper describes how the emergence of new living patterns are a direct response to technology, modes of transportation and individual preferences. For more than 100 years urban theorists have contended that the balance of forces between white and black and male and female is a natural condition, yet this paper proves why this is no longer true. The writer focuses on the urbanization of L.A. which is more fragmented than most other multicultural municipalities due to its large Hispanic population. This paper also touches on the introduction of Islam into the African-American community and the resulting impact.
From the Paper
"Since 1966, and the theories of Jane Jacobs and post-modern urbanists, urbanists view the city as a living organism--one whose many cycles can be captured better on film then by a static plan. Indeed computer programs that reveal developing patterns and complex sciences, such as chaos and fragile theory, tell us much more about how cities really work than the old mechanic models of modern architects. An excellent candidate for such a study would be that complex, unexplainable entity known as Los Angeles. According to a United Nations report published in 1992, more than one million refugees migrated around the globe--compared to a World War II high of 16 million."
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South American Economies, 2006.
An assessment of the economic policies of Argentina, Chile and Brazil during the 1990s.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the three strongest South American economies: Argentina, Chile and Brazil. The paper explains that despite their prosperity, each of these three countries also experienced considerable economic change and tumult during the 1990s. The paper analyzes one example of fiscal policy from each of these countries during that decade. All of the policies studied have the common characteristic of being liberally instituted, with the goal of increasing foreign direct investment. After examining each policy, the paper compares and contrasts their effectiveness. The paper concludes by arguing that Argentina's 1993 decision to place foreign investors on equal footing with domestic investors was not only the most successful but also the most theoretically proper of the three policies.
From the Paper
"The policy that Argentina instituted in 1993 was known as Decree 1853. It was passed on 8 September of that year and remains the primary document governing foreign investment in the country. One source describes the content of the law: "Foreign companies may invest in Argentina without registration or prior government approval on the same terms as investors domiciled in Argentina." This means that foreign companies wishing to establish themselves in Argentina may do so without undue restrictions. It should be noted here that Argentina has not routinely offered incentives to foreign companies, as some other nations have done. This ensures that native Argentinean firms will not be at a disadvantage-at least not a disadvantage of policy. The result is a sort of synthesis of liberal and conservative economic policies: on the one hand, the government has allowed foreign firms the same privileges that domestic firms enjoy, but has not simply left the economy of Argentina alone, entirely subject to the winds of financial change."
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Illegal Immigration, 2006.
This paper examines the recent rise in illegal immigration into the United States.
2,264 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the escalating numbers of illegal immigrants making their way into America and the resulting impact to the country's economy and various resources. The writer of this paper discusses the many difficulties encountered by immigrants who have entered the U.S. illegally which include finding work and obtaining proper health care. This paper explains how the laws and regulations have changed post-September 11 as well as the pros and cons of easing up on current immigration restrictions. This paper also examines President Bush's "guest worker" program which permits illegal immigrants residing in the U.S. to continue working under certain restrictions.
From the Paper
"One has to take a moment and also consider that not only Hispanics from Mexico, Central and South America are entering illegally. Since the end of the Vietnamese War more and more South Asians- from Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar have tried to escape political and economic problems in their native lands. While many have been allowed to enter legally, there are untold thousands who were smuggled in, often from Canada, especially Vancouver and British Columbia which has a large Asian population. One also needs to take a closer look at the economic impact of illegal workers."
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State Violence in Guatemala, 2006.
Examines violence by state authorities in Guatemala from the 1960s onwards.
1,704 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The political history of the Latin American country of Guatemala has always been unstable. This paper takes a decade-by-decade look at how the state has dealt with violence and its use of the military to oppress the opposition. The paper looks at the years 1960 to present day.
From the Paper
"There was, for example, a movement to block the government contract with EXMIBAL, a subsidiary of a Canadian nickel-mining concern (Ball et al., 2001: Chapter3). The wish to block this contract stemmed from the perception that it was a deal that would give away the nation's mineral reserves for the unprecedented profit of the military - political ruling alliance. Again the opposition was counteracted through undemocratic strategies such as mass arrests and suspending the constitutional right to assembly. Such strategies, including the occupation of the University of San Carlos by the army, culminated in the death of law professor Julio Camey Herrera."
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Air Pollution In Buenos Aires, 2006.
This brief, yet concise, paper examines the lack of regulations and enforcement capabilities in Buenos Aires which are the main contributing factors in the high levels of air pollution in the city.
720 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper describes the escalating air pollution problem in Buenos Aires, mostly due to the increase in poorly maintained automobiles that are permitted to operate. This paper examines the increase in mortality rates due to respiratory and circulatory diseases which are a direct result of declining air quality. This paper also discusses the various strategies that the government and environmental groups are considering instituting in the Argentinean capital, which include spot controlling of diesel vehicles as well as a training and awareness campaign.
Table of Contents:
Sources of Air Pollution In Buenos Aires
Emissions of Pollutants in Buenos Aires
Air Quality Monitoring in Buenos Aires
Conclusions
References
From the Paper
"In 1988 estimated emissions of particulates were 68,000 tons per annum, stationary sources being responsible for 96% of emissions in the early eighties. These sources were given 5 years to comply with strict guidelines aimed at reducing emissions. The imposed reductions have been met by industry, however the particulate problem remains. Probably caused by the fleet of poorly maintained diesels. To resolve this problem several measures have been introduced including Spot control of diesel vehicles, certification of distributed diesel oils and a training and awareness campaign especially for truck, taxi and bus owners."
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The Endurance of the Spanish Empire, 2006.
This well-researched paper details the various reasons the Spanish empire endured from the 16th century to the 19th century.
3,506 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper asserts that in order to understand why the Spanish empire survived as long as it did, it's imperative to examine why other empires endured or failed to endure. This paper describes the Spanish empire as an institution that was not an original creation but merely part of the remarkable military and ideological successes that began with the Spanish Reconquista that took back the Iberian peninsula from the Moslems. This paper explores several issues that impacted the endurance of the Spanish empire including: The allocation of native labor, the initial organization of lands, crusading fervor, the hacienda system and the Catholic church. This well-researched paper contains a plethora of historical facts and information pertaining to this particular subject.
From the Paper
"Crusading fervor was hardly enough to account for the long-term endurance of the Spanish Empire. That is attributable to less-glamorous factors involving the organization and implementation of economic and political power. Empires are made up of many successively smaller units that contribute their strength and wealth to make the empire strong and rich. Each of those units in the Spanish Empire was subject to administrative policies and institutions--many with roots deep in Spanish history, some highly modified to meet the peculiar needs of entirely novel imperial realities."
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The Egyptian and Mayan Pyramids, 2006.
A paper comparing the similarities between the Egyptian and Mayan pyramids.
3,147 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and compares the pyramids of Egypt and those of the ancient Mayan culture, found in Mexico and parts of Central America. In an attempt to explain why these architectural legacies share so many striking similarities in spite of the thousands of years and geographical distances that separated the cultures that produced them, the paper considers what was important to the two civilizations and what it was that they were they trying to accomplish by building these complex and enormous structures.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Egyptians
The Mayans
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Half a world and three thousand years apart, two ancient civilizations built a series of remarkably similar structures shaped like and known as pyramids - or The Pyramids to us latecomers. The Egyptians built theirs in the twenty-sixth century b.c., or earlier, a short distance inland from the west bank of the Nile River; to date, eighty are known to exist. Built between 250 and 800 a.d., the dozen or so Mayan pyramids excavated thus far are located in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, Guatemala and elsewhere in Central America. The biggest, the Great Pyramid of Khufu, at Giza in Egypt, was originally built to a height of 481 feet (though the top thirty feet have simply disintegrated over time) and was for more than four thousand years the largest man-made structure ever assembled. The Mayan pyramids are somewhat smaller, but imposing nonetheless."
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Immigration on the Economy, 2006.
This paper examines the negative side of immigration to the U.S. and its impact on the American economy.
945 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the downside of immigration in the U.S and focuses on three specific areas: The impact of immigration on the labor market, the use of welfare and the payment of taxes. The writer asserts that while immigration may benefit the country as a whole, the burdens of these new population flows fall unequally on particular communities. This paper also discusses the high Mexican immigration rate in California and the resulting effects on its economy. This paper contains researched facts and statistics as well as relevant expert opinions to back up the writer's claim that immigration impacts negatively on the U.S. economy.
From the Paper
"Education is the key to mobility in the United States and those communities, which cannot provide adequate education will be unable to move their members out of poverty, no matter what cultural solidarities they are able to maintain. Clark suggests that the result of this social immobility could lead to what he calls a "tearing of the social fabric" in multicultural communities. Although the tensions of cultural difference make these communities culturally rich, Clark argues that too much tension could result in balkanization, interethnic violence, and increasing economic stagnation."
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The Migration of El Salvadorans, 2006.
A look at what caused the migration of hundreds of thousands of Salvadorans to North America in the past thirty years.
2,173 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the reasons behind the mass migration of the thousands of El Salvadoran citizens to North America, as well as how these people were able to reestablish themselves in their new environment.
From the Paper
"One of the dominant characteristics of the turmoil in El Salvador is the gross gap between the wealthy and the poor. The root of this problem lies in the fact that the poor have little access to land, and in this agrarian economy, land is the predominant means of acquiring sustenance and wealth. Although El Salvador is "the most densely populated country on the American mainland," there is more than enough fertile land to go around. [1] However, the Spaniard's historical practice of plantation or hacienda farming, which kept the ownership of land in the hands of a minority and employed a majority of slaves or hired hands for the harvesting and planting, set the stage for an unequal distribution of land. The problem was only later exacerbated by the 20th century trend in exporting the majority of crops to wealthier countries. This crop exportation practice perpetuated the plantation-style farming and labor practices which have kept the rich wealthy and the poor underprivileged."
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Bilingual Education in Early Childhood, 2006.
A study of nationally-mandated multi-lingual education for young migrant students in the United States.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper examines efforts by school districts to provide multi-lingual education, as required by the federal government. The paper focuses on special education services for migrant children and highlights shortcomings in the delivery of these services. The paper discusses identification of needy students and the process of inducting a student into the special education system. The paper concludes with recommendations for legislative and administrative change to dramatically improve the delivery of multi-lingual education. Thesis Statement A Brief Background and History Barriers in the System Identification of Students Conclusions and the Welfare Issue
From the Paper
"Bilingual Education and the word Bilingual itself are nothing more than "political buzzwords," designed to ease expensive and expansive legislation through the Congress. The actual study of the factors in this field of Education, particularly of early childhood periods, is the term Multi-lingual due to the many variants involved in the processes of teaching not only this group but their families as well. For example, in Texas where the problems are being addressed most aggressively these educators are dealing with a variety of Spanish languages speaking individuals. This becomes a multi-lingual problem therefore because of the paradigms of dialectics, syntax, sentence structures, and many other factors. These problems likewise are not in any manner limited to Texas, as almost every State in the country must deal with it on some level. Texas, and their recent Educational Reforms just happens to be the model producing system for others too effectively follow. Moreover, Spanish and all its variants is not the only language Educators are forced to deal with."
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The Dirty Wars in Latin America, 2006.
This brief yet concise paper examines the 'dirty wars' that took over Latin America after military takeovers and economic ruin plagued countries like Argentina and Chile.
714 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper discusses the dirty wars of Latin America that were enabled by the military forces, which were independent units that had no civilian political control in their own country. This paper looks at how various Latin American military conglomerates governed enormous military-industrial complexes which gave them an undue economic strength. This paper also contains relevant historical details and facts on this subject including how Costa Rica avoided a dirty war situation by abolishing its own army in 1948.
From the Paper
"During the 1970s, the country entered a steep recession. Starting in the early 1960s, the gross domestic product expanded at a rate of 6 percent annually. This was a reflection of land reforms that were enacted in 1961, which aimed to legalize existing squatter holdings and prevent future squatting, thus giving more than 12,000 people legal rights to arable land. There was a consequent increase in export crops - bananas, coffee, sugarcane being major items - and by the mid-1970s, agriculture had become the dominant factor in the country's export income. In 1973, inflation rates skyrocketed to 15 percent and then to 31 percent in 1974."
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Bolivian President Ganzalo Sanchez de Lozada, 2005.
This paper discusses the politics of former Bolivia President Ganzalo Sanchez de Lozada and the country's history of political upheaval.
2,075 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that President Ganzalo Sanchez de Lozada, who believed that building a $5 billion pipeline to export natural gas through Bolivia into the U.S and Mexico via a port in Chile would boost Bolivian economy, resigned after the massacre at El Alto when the people of Bolivia rebelled believing this plan would exploit their natural resources with little monetary return. The author points out that Bolivia's history is saturated with violence and political upheaval as they struggle to remain a viable state in which Bolivia's politics has been directly determined by their economic position as the poorest country in Latin America. The paper concludes that Lozada's ideals are commendable in that he wanted to liberate Bolivia socially and boost the economy, but, in a country where people face starvation daily, perhaps capitalism is the wrong solution because the Bolivian economy is not able to sustain a free market.
From the Paper
"The Andean people suffered economically, while President Lozada and President Bush took credit for the progress in the war against drugs. However, consumed with terrorist threats and the war in Iraq, the Bush administration soon neglected the war on drugs and coca plant cultivation began to reemerge. Burning coca fields did little to end the abuse of cocaine in the United States. Instead, it has encouraged civil unrest and devastating poverty in Bolivia. In 1996, when the Bolivian government proposed a five-year plan to eliminate coca production, the number of patients admitted to the emergency room who were suffering from a drug overdose in the United States had risen. There seems to be little relationship between the amount of coca supply and the percentage of people using cocaine. But, as the coca fields were destroyed thousands of Bolivians faced starvation."
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