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Patriot Act, 2007.
This paper looks at the Patriot Act versus constitutionally guaranteed rights.
6,085 words (approx. 24.3 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 143.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the U.S. Patriot Act was passed in haste following the terrorist attacks on the U.S. in 2001. The writer points out that the act was reauthorized and amended in 2006. The writer claims that in its urgency, the United States Congress, fueled by extremely fearful times and the mushrooming nationalism spawned by those fears, appears to have launched its own attack on the United States Constitution in order to provide the legal clout needed to avoid another attack. This paper reviews the literature surrounding the Patriot Act's intrusion into the Constitution. The writer provides a review of the issues and the amendments and looks at how the Patriot Act conflicts with those amendments.
Outline:
Introduction
Bill of Rights, Amendment IV
Background on Fourth Amendment
Generalizations
The Patriot Act Specifics and Generalizations
Senator Russell Feingold: The only U.S. Senator to Vote against the Patriot Act in 2001
Sixth Amendment
Generalizations about the Patriot Act, the Loss of Privacy, the Digital Technology Implications and the Fourth Amendment
Librarians Concerns about the Patriot Act
From the Paper
"A recent research piece in the Brigham Young University Law Review asserts that, to begin with, there are problems for 21st Century individuals involved in justice and law enforcement. Quite apart from Patriot Act considerations, the Fourth Amendment is tricky. That is because, Minert writes, the language in the Fourth Amendment "is inherently ambiguous." Indeed the Amendment forbids "unreasonable searches and seizures" and it certainly does not outline parameters for how a proper search warrant should be given to law enforcement by courts."
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Women's Health, 2007.
This paper discusses women's health issues, focusing on the issue of oral contraceptives.
2,436 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the history of oral contraceptives in the United States and the world is one of many controversies. The writer points out that the fight by forward minded women and men, attempting to create a society where every child was a planned and welcomed member to a loving family, has been long and arduous and certainly is not over yet. The writer discusses that the issues surrounding oral contraceptives are varied but include perspectives of ethical/moral grounds, issues regarding the science of development, issues regarding pharmaceutical economics, issues regarding general economics such as access in underserved populations, and more common economic arguments about benefits versus cost. The writer concludes that future pharmacological research and development will continue to improve upon oral contraceptives, possibly further decreasing the unwanted side effects associated with the pill.
From the Paper
"The draw to the pill as an effective form of contraception is often related of the ability to take the pill at any time, (providing that you take it around the same time every day) but that it can be separated from the act of sex, a common complaint by barrier contraceptive method users. Proper use of "the pill" as it is often called will create a situation of failure in only 1% of cases, though clinicians and manufacturers are careful to warn that if a pill is skipped ovulation can occur and that there are other medications that if taken in conjunction with the pill make it less effective, such as antibiotics. Another benefit of the pill is that it is relatively quick to take effect once the cycle of pills has been started, though this varies between different pill forms, with combined contraceptives, (estrogen and progesterone) the most common form taking about a week to take full effect and progesterone only pills (mini pills) taking only a few days. Lastly, the relatively quick manner in which the oral contraceptives leave the body, and therefore allow fertility again is another serious draw for use."
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Global Warming, 2007.
This paper discusses climate change and global warming.
1,471 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper asserts that global warming is a crisis that the whole world is going to have to deal with soon. The paper discusses how the Earth's climate has changed throughout the years. The paper concludes that making small changes in individual homes and yards can create big reductions of greenhouse gas emissions and save money too.
From the Paper
"Global warming is a crisis that the whole world is going to have to deal with soon. In the United Nations climate change is being debated for the first time. Britain's climate change ambassador John Ashton recently said that "global warming is a major threat to world security that must not be allowed to degenerate into regional bickering." Defending Britain's motion to have the crisis discussed last week by the United Nations' Security Council, Mr Ashton reasoned "it was a global challenge demanding global answers across all sectors" Mr Ashton told a conference on climate change and security focussing on Asia, "This is an issue of collective security, There are no nations or regions that will be winners if the world fails to face up to the challenge of climate change" (Correspondents 1)."
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The Patriot Act, 2007.
A look at the pros and cons of the USA Patriot Act, October 26, 2001.
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the Patriot Act received overwhelming endorsement even though it greatly weakened civil liberties provided by the U.S. Constitution. The paper explores the positions of opponents and supporters of this act. The paper presents a personal opinion that while there are certainly some long-needed changes brought about by the Patriot Act, it went too far in weakening civil liberties and invading the individual's right to privacy.
Outline:
Issue
Pros
Cons
My Position
From the Paper
"The USA Patriot Act, commonly referred to as the Patriot Act, was signed into law on October 26, 2001 just 45 days after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City (USA Patriot Act). The Act expanded the authority of U.S. law enforcement agencies to investigate and prosecute terrorism (USA Patriot Act). Many of the act's provisions were set to sunset on December 31, 2005 (USA Patriot Act). Given the horrific shock and fear following September 11th, the need for an immediate reponse to terrorism and perhaps the feeling that the Act could be fixed a short-time later because of the sunset clause, the Patriot Act received overwhelming endorsement even though it greatly weakened civil liberties provided by the U.S. Constitution."
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Human Cloning, 2007.
This paper looks at the issue of cloning and offers a personal opinion regarding this technology.
798 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that cloning does not mean copying someone to produce an exact duplicate of that person and then takes a look at the three types of cloning. The paper discusses this controversial issue and is of the opinion that without sufficient information and with the strong moral and ethical questions still unanswered, cloning should not be allowed in the country until specific, detailed and concrete data is available.
From the Paper
"When people hear about the term cloning, the first thing that may come to mind is Dolly the Scottish sheep successfully cloned at the Roslin Institute, Scotland in 2003. Now when one gets into "human cloning" the younger generation would relate to the 2005 blockbuster movie The Island starring Ewan McGregor and Scarlett Johansson Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's 2002 sci-fi thriller The Sixth Day. Both movies bear the theme of human cloning in the "photocopying" sense of scheme. This simply means that a human being gets a copy of himself as it is. For The Island, clones are made for rich and powerful people that in the event of their contracting diseases they can harvest the healthy organs of their clones or "products.""
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Global Warming, 2007.
This paper explores global warming, its consequences and the limited impact of the Kyoto Protocol.
1,702 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the health implications of global warming and the possibility of widespread starvation. The paper discusses the Kyoto Protocol where countries committed to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases. The paper notes the exemptions granted to developing countries such as China and India and the refusal of the United States to ratify this protocol. The paper contends that the Kyoto Protocol must be revisited with exemptions eliminated and more incentives for countries to do the right thing.
From the Paper
"The reality of global warming can no longer be denied. Some of the harsh consequences of global warming on water, food production, health, and the environment are already apparent as our earth warms because of greenhouse gases. The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to reduce emissions of these gases. Yet, the protocol exempted some of the world's largest offenders, China and India, because they are classified as developing countries. The United States, in turn, did not ratify the protocol because it felt that these countries would have an unfair advantage that would damage its economy."
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'School of the Americas', 2007.
A discussion regarding the controversial 'School of the Americas'.
3,879 words (approx. 15.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the School of the Americas, the secret school that trains assassins. According to the paper, the School of the Americas has been instructing Latin American military officers in the art of counter-insurgency warfare since 1946.
From the Paper
"It is a wonder then that the modern expression of outrage over the abuses that are taking place as we speak and as a direct outgrowth of the contradictions of policy that allow the SOA to remain a viable institution, are so wide spread. The official record of the US has largely remained unchallenged, not surprising given that the nation and its official organizations have actively distanced themselves from open violations in the past. Yet, now, as many who protest the SOA feared such official denials have come to the public attention in the form of abuse in modern war death camps. "
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Aristotle and Capital Punishment, 2007.
This paper discusses Aristotle, teleology and the death penalty.
1,768 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses capital punishment, which is a controversial issue in today's society. The writer notes that it is questionable whether man is justified morally to take another man's life, particular when it comes to an official or sanctioned killing. The writer discusses that Aristotle created a notion that came to be known as teleology that can help to understand the ethical issue. The writer explains that within this notion, Aristotle offers four causes that can help to explain the 'why' aspect of any why-related questions.
The writer concludes that Aristotle's logic is genius and powerful and shows things for what they really are. Further, the writer maintains that the death penalty is unethical because it assumes things to be true that are not necessarily true.
From the Paper
"Teleology means the end of the process, and in consider capital punishment as an ethical issue the end of the process must be considered first. The end to capital punishment is to put to death the person guilty of the crime. However, this is not necessarily the end, or reason for capital punishment. Capital punishment is intended to punish a person by taking his or her life. But there can be a second interpretation of the ethical issue of capital punishment and that is that the end of capital punishment is the prevention of a crime in the first place. Thus according to teleology, capital punishment could be considered to have two different ends. As an ethical issue, capital punishment is a much deeper issue than simply molding a bronze statue, which is the end to the Aristotelian example. Much can be left up to interpretation, and therefore a deeper look at the two possibilities for capital punishment viewed from the Aristotelian viewpoint on causality and teleology. If the end product is necessary to explain the event, then there are two ways to explain capital punishment. Capital punishment is capital and thus death is the final result. But also, punishment implies punishment for doing something wrong and thus the punishment is intended to prevent something from being done wrong in the first place, and that is a second possible end."
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Post-Abortion Emotional Distress, 2007.
This paper evaluates current research from varying positions about the potential of post-abortion emotional distress.
1,105 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper reports that the demonstrative research associated with post-abortion emotional distress is clouded by ideologically driven bias. The author points out that more balanced research indicates that there are relatively few cases of extreme emotional distress post-abortion and often those extremes occur because of secondary causation such as high risk factors for emotional distress. The paper indicates (1) that post-abortion emotional complications can be dealt with similar to any other serious life stress emotional response and (2) that abortion gives woman access to intervention thus reducing potential stress from an unwanted pregnancy. The paper includes several long quotations.
Table of Contents:
The Abortion Debate
Divergent Opinions
Extreme Ideologies
Research on Post-Abortion Emotional Distress
Driven by Ideology
Consensus is Most Emotional Responses are Moderate
Post-Abortion Emotional Intervention
Environment of Abortion
Treatment should be as with Any Other Life Stressor
Unique Opportunity to Access
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This trauma can then be dealt with in a logical and constructive manner, befitting any other stressful life event, such as the loss of a partner in a separation, being fired from a job or getting into a car accident. Depression, protracted grief or general feelings of guilt, when they occurs must be treated as a logical outgrowth of life stress not as a special case of social and emotional concern, because of the nature of the stress. Though this is not to say that the situation does not require consideration of emotions particular to the guilt, sadness and or feelings of abandonment that could be directly ..."
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Death Penalty, 2007.
A philosophical discussion of capital punishment.
1,026 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the history of capital punishment and further discusses it from a philosophical perspective. Several issues are examined regarding the death penalty, including asking ourselves under which conditions the only just punishment for the crime is death. The author also argues that the death penalty should not be used for revenge.
From the Paper
"The Death Penalty, as it is commonly known in the United States, is sanctioned by both the Federal and the majority of state governments. The laws that allow for capital punishment, however, enjoy their tenure only at the behest of the citizens of the individual states. Where communities have determined that capital punishment is not in their interests, the Death Penalty has either been removed from their "books" or is simply not used. But popular support through voting, thus making capital punishment a democratic choice, is perhaps not the best justification for state-sanctioned murder; majority rule has a rough history in terms of justice, equality, and foresight. The truth is that enough regimes and governments have misused and misapplied capital punishment to such an extent as to make it distasteful ("Hangman's Knot", 5). Indeed, the greatest argument against capital punishment is in relation to the crimes to which it is applied. If the penalty is not used in relation to a specific crime that morally justifies the ending of the perpetrator's life, then it cannot itself be justified . Rape, kidnapping, assault, espionage / treason, and murder have all been listed as crimes that can receive the Death Penalty. We have to ask if the criminal has taken from the victim, the victim's family and the community so much that the only just punishment is death."
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Contraception and Christianity, 2007.
An analysis of the implications of Pope Paul VI's ruling against the use of contraception.
2,040 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Pope Paul VI's 1968 encyclical, entitled "Humanae Vitae," (or "On Human Life), which condemned the use of all artificial means of contraception as a sin and called on all Roman Catholics to reject the contraceptive mentality. It discusses the controversy surrounding his ruling and the practical implications of it for Christians.
From the Paper
" AIDS campaigners put the blame on the condoms ban as contributing to the spread of the disease (Bruce 2006). Reports said that the majority of the 40 million infected people came from developing countries in Africa and urged the Church to take appropriate action. The Catholic Church has dogmatically taught that each sexual act within marriage must always be open to procreation. The Vatican, however, stands pat on its teaching on condoms. It continues to teach that the only way to avoid AIDS is through fidelity and chastity. It neither confirmed nor denied the report on the evaluation of a possible relaxation of the condoms ban. Some predicted a change in the Church's teaching while others felt it would be a disastrous gamble to make over the one of the Vatican's major doctrines. It could compound controversies among Catholics and an erosion of faith even among the clergy in the highest levels in the Vatican (Bruce)."
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Cloning and Human Engineering, 2007.
An examination of the arguments for and against cloning and human engineering.
1,838 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to provide an overview of the controversial topic of cloning and human engineering. It discusses the various arguments for and against cloning in practice and theory. It looks at the scientific and medical implications of human engineering, as well as the ramifications and implications for society as a whole. The paper also describes how cloning has affected philosophy, religion and politics.
Outline:
Introduction
Cloning: A Brief Overview
Stem Cell Research
The Arguments For and Against Cloning
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Cloning has also initiated the possibly of engineering body parts from cells. Stem cell cloning is one of the most exiting and controversial areas in contemporary genetic research. However the reality of cloning has a long history and forms of cloning has been observed and used by scientists and biologists in the past. In fact cloning takes place in nature to a great extent. "Clones frequently occur naturally. Potato plants reproduce vegetatively by growing tubers from which the new plant will grow. Potatoes are clones". (Biology) Cloning activity has also been observed in colonies of bacteria where scientists have observed the replication of identical genetic duplicates."
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International Terrorism, 2007.
A discussion of the reasons behind terrorism.
2,033 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to take an even-handed approach to understanding international terrorism. The author presents three examples of terrorism and shows why an organization would resort to terrorist activities. The types of terrorism discussed by the paper include ideological terrorism, terrorism for the liberation of an oppressed minority and state sponsored terrorism. The author concludes that international terrorism is motivated by an organization's inability to use traditional, accepted, and legitimate channels of activity to accomplish the political, ideological, or religious goals of the group.
From the Paper
"An example of ideological terrorism, the Baader-Meinhof group in Germany became a leading left wing group in West Germany. As West Germany was dominated by United States notions of democracy, the left wing Red Army Faction was thus going against the grain of society. Described by government forces as a terrorist group, it saw itself a military group who was forced to rely on urban guerilla tactics to achieve their aim. The roots of the organization were those who were originally students, but the opposition grew as Communism was outlawed and many ex-Nazi right-wingers came to assume political office. This growing threat of right wing influences in the government motivated the youth as did a series of inciting events including a death of a student, shot by a member of the military. The rising tension led to a strong left opposition and a right counter-response which led to the formation of the Red Army Faction. After training with the PLO, the Red Army Faction returned to stop the urban imperialistic course of Germany instigating a series of bank robberies and arson attacks. The actions of the Red Army faction culminated in the German Autumn in 1977 in which there were substantial amounts of deaths, an important hi-jacking with Arab ties, and the ultimately resulted in the death of many of the key members of the Baader-Meinhof Group. This time was a time of fear among Germans after World War II. The objectives were never clear, but the group was in opposition to the right wing tendencies of West German and was in support of a more leftist government. Thus it was an ideological war being fought that resulted in failure as there was fear, but not substantial gains made by the Red Army Faction. "
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Moral Impermissibility of Abortion, 2007.
A discussion regarding the moral and legal implications of abortion.
1,289 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the controversial topic of abortion. According to the paper, people's opinions regarding abortion depend on their belief system, values and personal experiences. The paper then goes on to discuss the pro-choice or pro-life debate.
From the Paper
"This is the first solid argument to sustain the moral impermissibility of induced abortion. Because having an abortion equals the death of a life growing inside, as a natural result of unprotected sexual intercourse. It is therefore considered that the new life, the fetus, did not have a choice. And having an artificial abortion furthermore deprives him/her of the right to chose (whether to live or not). So, if it's about the right to chose and the freedom to decide your own destiny, an intentional removal of a growing life is not and can never be the right answer. "
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Gun Control, 2007.
This paper discusses policies regarding gun control in the U.S.
3,796 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 27 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that if one examines the history of the American government's gun control policy, then one realizes that these policies have less to do with the love of guns and more to do with the political process. Further, the writer maintains that while one can continue to put forward strong claims both for and against gun control, American history verifies the dedication towards pluralism and incrementalism. The writer points out that gun control policy evaluation reveals use of language and symbols that conflicts with complicated methods of policy formulation and execution. Further, the writer notes that the trouble free access to a large figure of guns has been associated with the high crime rates throughout the country.
Outline:
Introduction
History
Penetration of the Federal Government
Assassinations Revive the Issue
Execution of GCA and the General Reaction of the Public
The Enactment of the Brady's Bill
The democratic power of interest groups
Use of democratic ideals for achieving political ends
Democratic action (or lack of it)
Systemic Roots of Indecision
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The passing of Sullivan Law in New York in 1909, which legalized the possession of guns, opened the doors of gun possession to the general public. This law has been passed during the time when ban on drug-use and alcohol-consumption was being strongly advanced. The passing of Sullivan Law has been not only as an outcome of this but also due to fear of increase in crime rates and population of new immigrants. In the New York City the police had strict control over the use of guns and only the most influential were allowed to possess handguns. This successful control over possession of handguns was being used as a model by supporters of Gun Control; while the opponents were using this situation to unite its support."
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