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Positive Discrimination and Racism, 2007.
A discussion regarding whether positive discrimination (affirmative action) is essential in order to eradicate racism and discrimination against Asians and Blacks.
5,512 words (approx. 22.0 pages), 27 sources, MLA, $ 134.95
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Abstract
This research paper explores affirmative action policies and makes the case that the adoption of affirmative action policies would defeat the original intent of racial discrimination laws. The paper supports the position that affirmative action is a bad idea and that it has the potential to reverse the progress made in regards to ending discrimination against blacks and Asians in the UK.
Outline:
The Controversy
Affirmative Action in the UK
The Effects of Affirmative Action in the United States
Affirmative Action in India and Brazil
Heart of the Problem
Solutions
From the Paper
"However, that is not to say that quotas do not have their place. Areas that are apparently "white" dominated need to be aware of the situation so that they can make a conscious effort to correct the situation. However, instead of being mandated and threatened with economic sanctions, partnering efforts between the private sector and government need to be initiated that specifically address the problem. Partnership between business and government is the key to the solution, not shifting all of the burden to the private sector. The manner in which the current proposal is written shifts the lion's share of responsibility from the government to the private sector. This type of blaming and shirking of responsibility will place an undue burden on the private sector that could have the effect of stunting economic growth. Business and government need to see affirmative action as a partnership rather than a mandate. "
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Illegal Immigrants, 2007.
This paper explores the benefits and burdens of illegal immigrants.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how many Americans are against illegal immigrants receiving free education, employment opportunities and healthcare. The paper then examines the claim that the prevention of foreign workers from entering the United States could prove highly disruptive for farming and other low-wage industries. The paper explains that while legal and illegal immigration creates a net economic gain for the nation as a whole, it is an excessive burden on the local economies of the seven states where illegal immigrants concentrate.
From the Paper
"People have always moved around, whether to escape war and persecution, discrimination or poverty. For the most part, a strong sense of family responsibility has always been a major factor behind migration, to provide better support and build better lives (Dwyer). However, although human migration is not new, illegal immigration is, for only recently have countries attempted to control and regulate the flow of immigration (Dwyer). While societies have attempted to exclude undesirables, such as criminals, particular ethnic or racial groups, and those with contagious diseases, it has only been in the past century that nations have tried to control the number and kinds of immigrants in a systematic way, yet such attempts have not been very effective (Dwyer)."
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Death Penalty, 2007.
This paper discusses the controversial subject of capital punishment and looks at whether the death penalty serves as a deterrent.
2,827 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that although polls must be seen only as a reflection, it is clear that Americans see death as a justifiable punishment for the worst sorts of criminal homicides. As a result, the writer notes that the controversy of whether or not this is a deterrent against crime rages on and on. The writer points out that opponents continue to conduct studies to prove that one crime does not make up for another, while proponents continue to conduct studies to justify their belief system. Following a review of relevant literature the writer concludes that there is no consistency among the studies that are done to determine the impact of the death penalty.
From the Paper
"Mendes and McDonald thus argued that the empirical ambiguity with respect to sentence severity arises because sometimes the empirical formulation of deterrence theory fails to keep the theoretical package intact. Especially, statistical models that isolate the components through the use of separate, additive elements do not account for the expected cost calculation as specified in the theory. Sentence length does not work apart from the probability of arrest and conviction. Instead, the three elements work together."
"Neither certainty nor severity of punishment can substitute for the other...any deterrent impact of certainty depends on the level of severity. Most likely, severity by itself cannot replace certainty, but the opposite is equally true. Models that do not reflect the combination of all deterrence elements fail to translate the theory and are likely to fall short of finding a significant effect for all of the components."
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Police Profiling, 2007.
An overview of the advantages and disadvantages of police profiling.
2,902 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the term "police profiling" has a contentious and controversial history. One point of view is that police profiling is seen as a useful and necessary part of law enforcement - particularly in an era that is characterized by terrorism and terrorist activities. On the other hand there is also a legitimate concern that police profiling can be an instrument of discrimination and that it is not sophisticated enough to avoid abuse of the system. This has led to many allegations of discrimination and unjust treatment by sectors of the public. This paper discusses both of these views in an attempt to establish the pros and cons, as well as the relative effectiveness, of this law enforcement technique.
Outline:
Introduction
Racial Profiling and Discrimination
The Contemporary Context
Summation and Conclusion
From the Paper
"While police profiling is intended in theory as a neutral process enabling better law enforcement control, it has been significantly associated with racial profiling and other forms of discrimination. However it should be noted at the outset that there is a real and particular difference between police profiling and racial profiling. On the other hand there are also those who contend that the difference between profiling and racial discrimination is open to suspicion and that police profiling can easily become racial discrimination. From this point of view the police profiler is seen as one who targets and identifies certain groups as being more involved in criminal activities than others. "
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Abortion, 2007.
A discussion regarding the controversial topic of abortion.
1,305 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the issue of abortion. According to the paper, about 24 percent of all pregnancies end in abortion. The paper reviews the reasons why women opt for abortion, and further discusses the impact that the abortion has on these women.
From the Paper
"Making the decision about whether or not to have an abortion is of course the most significant part of the immediate process. However, if the decision is made to abort, then the woman needs to find a place for the procedure. It is important to find a counselor with whom she can speak about this choice, even if having a support system. She has to talk through her thoughts and feelings as well as find out what is involved medically. This will help relieve the stress involved."
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Affirmative Action, 2007.
A critical analysis of the affirmative action policy.
1,212 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the policy of affirmative action. According to the paper, affirmative action advocates the preferential hiring of historically under-represented groups, causing some to fear that affirmative action could lead to reverse discrimination and the hiring of unqualified people. The paper goes on to say that these fears largely mischaracterize the spirit of affirmative action. The paper goes on to argue that affirmative action is a sensible policy that can be a boon to civil rights, if implemented properly.
Outline:
Workplaces Can Not Police Themselves
Fears of Unqualified Candidates are Unfounded
It Starts With Education
Conclusion
From the Paper
"How can we get under-represented groups to the point where they are on equal footing with white males when some of those groups are only half as likely to enroll in college? Until the achievement gap is fixed in American schools, there will continue to be economic and employment disparities that are influenced by race and gender. The National Governors Association believes that the best ways to close the achievement gap are by increasing funding for early childhood education; improving teacher quality; getting historically under-represented groups to start thinking about college earlier; and providing extra help and learning opportunities (Closing the, No Date)."
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Nuclear Energy, 2003.
A discussion regarding nuclear energy, an important resource for the energy needs of the future.
1,353 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at nuclear energy. According to the paper, nuclear energy provides a cost-efficient, safe and reliable form of energy generation that is relatively clean. The paper goes on to discuss how nuclear energy does not contribute to the growing problem of global warming and climate change since this source does not emit any pollutants into the air.
From the Paper
"Lake (2001) argued that since nuclear waste is fully contained and very carefully dealt with, it is the best-managed waste on planet Earth. Furthermore, this author explained how the costs of storage and eventual disposal of nuclear waste are included in the cost of nuclear-produced electricity. In regard to long-term solutions for the storage of nuclear waste, the U.S. commercial nuclear energy industry plans for the development and licensing of an underground national repository for the waste's permanent disposal (Lake, 2001)."
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9/11 and The Macroeconomy, 2007.
A review of the effect of September 11, 2001 on the economies of many differrent nations.
2,412 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the September 11 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center has impacted the world economies. According to the paper, the effect of 9/11 on the macroeconomy has been tremendous, and its full effects still have not been felt. The paper goes on to say that as countries resolve their feuds and try to put themselves back together, more economic changes will be felt.
From the Paper
"Not only have occupants of affected countries fled or tried to flee their ravaged areas, but any trade that was being done in those areas has been disrupted or destroyed. Refugees from Iraq and other affected countries have had borders closed against them and have been turned back to return to their ravaged cities. In the countryside, crops have not been grown. In the towns, production in plants has stopped as laborers have been killed, injured or have fled. Clients of businesses have been unable or afraid to trade with their suppliers, and business areas of major cities (and minor towns) have been destroyed or damaged."
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Democracy and Terrorism, 2007.
This paper discusses how terrorism affects democracy.
821 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that what we understand by the term democracy today is largely influenced by such concepts as freedom of speech and assurance of complete security. The writer points out that as citizens of a democratic state, we take it for granted that our rights will be provided, that search and seizure will never be something to worry about and that we will be protected against harassment. However, the writer maintains that when certain threats to national security suddenly change the entirely scenario, one is forced to review the definition of democracy. The writer discusses that when government urges citizens to cooperate with the security measures being taken and thus compromises on rights to privacy, one has to consider the effects of terrorism on democratic principles and structures.
From the Paper
"Terrorism targets the political structure and ideologies of a country. The primary ends are usually political in nature and thus when acts of terrorism are carried out the impact is naturally felt at the state and government level. This tends to hurt the democratic system almost by default. When terrorism activities escalate, countries are forced to take extra security measures. For this purpose, they often compromise on civil liberties- unwarranted arrests are made, people and places are search without taking into consideration the constitutional rights of the citizens and often people are detained illegally. In some cases, telephonic conversation is recorded, emails are scrutinized and other communication is also monitored- all in the name of security. When civil rights are hurt, democracy loses its meaning and democratic principles are shattered and this happens due to fear generated by terrorism."
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Terrorism and Police Organizations, 2007.
A look at the integration of U.S. law enforcement agencies into a single national police organization.
1,037 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how counter terrorism efforts have risen to the forefront of national concern in America ever since the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001. It looks at how one suggestion to address terrorism includes establishing a single, national police organization to consolidate and standardize policing throughout the country. The paper attempts to show that, while understandable in principle, upon closer examination, several significant obstacles would seem to preclude any practical implementation of such an institution. Intra-agency policy, procedural, operational, and administration problems have plagued some of the most respected, largest, and well-funded law enforcement agencies.
From the Paper
"In response to the 2004 release of the 9/11 Commission Report, which outlined forty-one specific recommendations to protect the country from terrorism, President Bush announced his intention to establish the National Counter Terrorism Center (NCTC) headed by a National Intelligence Director (NID). One of the main purposes of the NCTC and its director was, specifically, to coordinate better processes for inter-
agency information and intelligence sharing between the primary law enforcement and intelligence agencies responsible for protecting American interests, both domestically and overseas. "
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Global Warming, 2007.
A look at some of the effects and future implications of global warming.
768 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how global warming is now a widely recognized reality and contends that it is currently being treated as an economic and political issue but should be treated as a scientific issue. It argues that the Kyoto Protocol, set up to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, should never have allowed economic considerations to justify exemptions.
From the Paper
"Although a total of 166 countires have ratified the Kyoto Protocol, the countries that would have the most impact have not. The United States, currently the largest emitter of greenhouse gases, has refused to sign the agreement because it states that exemptions to developing countries such as China and India are unfair. Instead, the United States is sticking to its "strategy" announced way back in early 2001 to, "reduce the greenhouse gas intensity of the American economy by 18 percent over the 10-year period from 2002 to 2012. Unregulated emissions from exempted countries under the Kyoto Protocol are getting progressively worse. The International Energy Agency has just released a report late this year revealing that China will surpass the United States in 2009, a decade ahead of previous predictions, as the largest emitter of main gas linked to global warming. "
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Alternative Fuels, 2007.
This paper explores global warming and the chemical benefits of alternative fuels.
2,041 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the "greenhouse effect" and the 1987 Montreal Protocol. The paper discusses the controversies surrounding global warming but relates that whether global warming is absolute fact or not, numerous scientific studies contend that greenhouse gases are emitted by virtually all economic sectors and the potential for global warming does exist. The paper lists the chemical benefits alternative fuels have on the atmosphere and global warming. The paper points out that the direct effects of alternative fuels on the atmosphere and global warming are difficult to forecast and impossible to measure. The paper includes images, tables and copies of appended sources.
Outline:
The Greenhouse Effect
Atmospheric Concerns
Direct Effects
From the Paper
"Contrary to global warming theory, a study published in the Annals of Glaciology challenges global warming and contends that facts confirm the global warming concept to be inconsistent with trends of the Antarctic ice. This study reports that NASA satellite observations determined the Antarctic has not melted, and instead has increased during the last 20 years the. Claire Parkinson, a NASA climatologist who ". . . analyzed the role of sea ice in the global-climate system since 1979 . . . measured the duration of Antarctic ice seasons . . . and found nearly twice as much land that had seasons increasing by one day per year between 1979 and 1999 than areas where the opposite occurred." (George) Numerous other scientific studies reportedly support the recent NASA observations."
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United States Border Security, 2007.
This paper looks at the border security of the United States following the terrorist attacks of September 11, focusing on Mexican immigration.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that, following the horror of the catastrophe and carnage of September 11, 2001, if there was ever any doubt that America's priorities needed to be changed, that doubt was now removed. The writer relates that America's leaders would begin to examine the nation's vulnerabilities, among the most glaring of which was the porousness of its borders - the vast influx of Mexican nationals across America's southwestern frontier. The writer notes that the flood of Mexicans across the United States border, though the result primarily of economic factors, has powerful implications for America's security. The writer points out that a serious analysis of the aims of America's national security strategy might look at whether illegal aliens truly present the terrorism problem that has been attributed to them. The writer concludes that while there may be real and significant reason to contain or eliminate illegal immigration from Mexico, and to seal the Southwestern border of the United States, government action does not seem to bear out the sense of urgency inherent in its rhetoric.
From the Paper
"The Immigration and Naturalization Service was already putting operation plans that would treat alien groups as potential subversives, arrogating to itself extraordinary, seemingly extra-legal powers in the name of guarding against potential national security threats. The fear of alien incursion to which these contingencies react is based on a still larger problem, of which Mexico and other developing nations appear to partake. It is a similar to the problems that pervade much of the Muslim world, as well, and give rise to the feelings of hopelessness, despair, and frustration, that turn so many into terrorists."
"Globalization has led to a worldwide race for control of resources, both human and natural. The populations of developing nations, like Mexico, feel themselves more exploited than ever by the multinational corporations operating out of technologically-advanced nations like the United States."
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Oregon DWDA, 2007.
This paper looks at the Death and Dignity Act in the state of Oregon.
5,628 words (approx. 22.5 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 136.95
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Abstract
The writer notes that today, with advanced technology and medical care, most terminal cases in hospitals, and greater involvement of legislation with privacy issues, dying has become complicated. In this article, the writer discusses that Oregon with its Death and Dignity Act (DWDA), permits terminally-ill state residents to end their lives through the voluntary self-administration of lethal medications, expressly prescribed by a physician for that purpose. The writer maintains that this issue presents a valuable opportunity for individuals to decide while they can how to react to end-of-life issues before they become too prominent. The writer concludes that it is hoped that people can be objective and look at both sides of this issue for themselves and others to determine what is best for most people in the long term.
From the Paper
"Implementation of the Oregon "Death with Dignity Act" was delayed by a legal injunction. However, after proceedings, which included a petition denied by the United States Supreme Court, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals lifted the injunction in October of 1997. In retaliation, at the upcoming November elections, the voters were asked to repeal the act through a general ballot. This time, when they rejected the repeal of the law by a wide margin of 60 to 40 percent, Oregon became the only state allowing legal physician-assisted suicide."
"The Death with Dignity Act permits terminally ill Oregon residents to obtain and use prescriptions from their doctors for self-administered, lethal medications. Under the Act, ending one's life in accordance with the law does not constitute suicide."
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End of Life Issues, 2006.
A discussion regarding end of life issues, a major focus of today's psychological community.
3,816 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses end of life issues. According to the paper, modern technology has made complex things that were once simple and straightforward. The paper goes on to say that to continue life-sustaining care in the face of certain eventual death, or to allow nature to take its course sooner, rather than later, is an extremely difficult decision. The paper reports that psychologists play a vital role in helping those responsible for care to make informed decisions; decisions that fit with their own moral sense, and which are in accord with general notions of what is ethical, and what is not. The paper notes that the American Psychological Association (APA) has formulated a code of ethics that addresses the full range of professional and moral concerns that a practicing psychologist is likely to encounter.
Outline:
Introduction
The Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (2002)
The Ethical Challenges of End of Life Issues
Current Regulations and Recommendations
From the Paper
"The definition seems to satisfy the needs of autonomy - the reference to "one's" choices, as opposed to those imposed from the outside, while at the same time elucidating the concept of "being a burden on one's family." The statement also distinguished between suicide, and a legitimate decision to end pain and suffering, even if that decision results in death. Understanding such religious sentiments, or being able to translate them into the formulations of other religions, or even atheistic philosophies, can go along way toward helping the psychological counselor in his or her mission to aid caregivers, and to help them assuage the pain and trauma of making such difficult decisions of life and death."
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