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Mothers' Interaction with Adolescent Children, 2008.
An analysis of African/Afro-Caribbean mothers from East London and how their beliefs influence their interaction with their adolescent children.
7,024 words (approx. 28.1 pages), 64 sources, APA, $ 157.95
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Abstract
This paper explores some of the parenting beliefs of church attending ethnic minority mothers. It specifically examines African/Afro-Caribbean mothers from East London. The paper discusses their values and beliefs in relation to their daily interactions with their teenage children. It analyzes the data using an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach to ascertain emergent themes and structures.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Purpose of the Study
Research plan
Introduction
Relationship Between Systems of Meaning and Mental Health
Religion
Therapeutic Work and the Use of Religion as a System of Meaning
Debates Relating to Religion and Spirituality in Work with Family Systems
Belief
Religion and Effective Family Functioning
This Seems to be a New Section on Methodology
Motherhood and Ethnic Minority Women
The Growth of Church Attendance in Minority Groups in the UK
Suicide
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Incredibly powerful and talented Black lesbian and bisexual women have either isolated themselves in lonely closets or succumbed to drug addiction, and even committed suicide because they feared both societal and familial rejection. From a historical perspective, the pressure lesbians faced in the past is understood. However, even today, black lesbians in the upper echelons of society still have to choose between silence and success (Asanti, 2001). Until the year 1969, most people who identified as GLB generally could not be open about their sexual orientation and publicly respected in the United States, unlike to European countries. Same-gender sexual behavior has existed throughout history;. However, until about 1850 the labels heterosexual, lesbian, and gay male did not exist in Western societies. Many adolescents are likely to experience sexual interests and behaviors for the first time in their lives during puberty. Many sexual attraction, but not self-label as lesbian or gay male (Anhalt et al., 1998)."
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Hearing Loss and Maternal Bonding, 2008.
This paper researches neonatal hearing loss and its effects on maternal interaction and bonding.
8,753 words (approx. 35.0 pages), 26 sources, APA, $ 183.95
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Abstract
The paper evaluates the effects of neonatal hearing loss on the quality of bonding with hearing parents, bonding in general, bonding of parents to special needs children, the interaction of hearing parents with the deaf infants and the psychosocial stressors on parents with special needs children. The paper reviews the procedures surrounding universal newborn hearing screening, its effectiveness and the satisfaction parents feel with currently used hearing screening processes.
Outline:
Universal Newborn Hearing Screening (UNHS)
False positives
Parent-Child Interaction
Typical Mother/Child Interaction
Attachment
Parental Stress
Methods for Assessing Interaction and Bonding
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Definitions are often helpful before a full literature review is undertaken. For the purposes of this study, we shall consider congenital permanent hearing loss to be defined as impairment > 40 decibels (dB) at the time of screen, relative to the threshold level. This level is considered significant in that hearing loss at this level is associated with greater than average deficit in verbal compared with non-verbal abilities up to 25 intelligence quotient (IQ) points (Yoshinaga-Itano, 1998)."
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Children, TV and Video Games, 2008.
This paper looks at the effects of television and video games on children.
3,172 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that controls are placed on certain products and on advertising when targeted to children. The rules covering these regulations have changed over the yeas, based on perceptions of potential harm to children and the Internet age has raised new issues related to video and computer games, the content of which is often violent. The writer points out that television is a special case because it comes into the home and because controls can be imposed more easily as broadcasters must adhere to the requirement to serve the public in exchange for a license. Today, though, most people get television through cable, with many channels that are specifically for cable, and the same regulations and controls do not apply. The writer explains that this reduces the ability of government to pass and enforce rules on content for children. The writer notes that video and computer games are also widespread, though some regulations have been passed to reduce the ability of children to get such games if they are deemed to be not for children, largely through a ratings system with varying degrees of adherence to imposed norms. The writer maintains that concerned parents still want more rational and more effective controls on such content and a solution to the problem.
From the Paper
"Advertising on programs for children has been under fire for many years. Some object to images of violence, as with the sale of war toys or cowboy gear, and others object to unrealistic images of women, exemplified by products like the Barbie doll. Controversy has also centered on the very concept of developing the next generation of consumers, with some seeing television advertising to children as a way of creating a need where none existed and selling products that are not needed while accustoming children to the idea of being consumers. At some level, this can be a more abstract fear, not as clearly tied to a specific product or type of image, but it can be quite persuasive when one consider the number of ads directed at children, the way toys and other products are sold to children, and the way other products are geared to children, such as sugary cereals and soft drinks. Advertising to all markets increases at certain times of the year, notably in the fall into December, with advertising developed for Christmas and the buying season then and after as bargains attract buyers into the new year. An analysis of the commercials directed at a young audience for films, DVDs, and video games shows some of the selling methods and the appeal made to young people as well as the pervasive nature of such advertising messages, increasing as they do during the months before Christmas in order to increase sales of these products."
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Unhappy Marriage -Alternatives To Divorce, 2008.
A discussion on the the subject of saving a marriage as an alternative to divorce.
1,022 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper asserts that unhappy marriages do not always justify divorce. The elaborates on this assertion, stating that divorce is not always necessary for every unhappy marriage and that happy marriages that are healthy but unhappy for superficial reasons are often capable of salvation as long as both partners are equally motivated to make the necessary changes. The paper then points out, however, that, conversely, divorce is more advisable where either partner is not willing to make the changes necessary to improve the marriage, and especially, where partners chose each other in the first place for dysfunctional reasons, or progressed to marriage immaturely. The paper then discusses the differences between salvageable and unsalvageable marriages.
Outline
Salvageable vs. Unsolvable Marriages
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In general principle, some marriages are potentially salvageable because even though they may have evolved into unhappiness, they did so by virtue of relatively superficial reasons. Conversely, other marriages are completely impossible to improve, because the factors accounting for their evolution into unhappiness are not superficial, but rather, due to fundamental incompatibilities between the partners (Kasl 1998). Sometimes, in fact, marriages whose unhappiness was originally caused by relatively superficial reasons generate so much conflict and perpetual resentment that it is simply impossible ever to rekindle the mutual feelings of romantic love and genuine affection that are prerequisites to happiness in marriage."
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Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD), 2008.
A discussion of reactive attachment disorder (RAD).
1,291 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses reactive attachment disorder (RAD). The paper explains that RAD arises from failure of developing a loving, lasting relationship with an attachment figure. The paper then looks at the two types of RAD - the inhibited and the dis-inhibited types. the paper also points out that adolescents who failed to bond with an attachment figure may also present with problems that reflect an inhibited type of RAD. The paper discusses the several controversies surrounding RAD and concludes that there is a need for the welfare sector to recognize the risks of being institutionalized.
From the Paper
"Children who are institutionalized or are adopted often fall deprived of having formed a bonding relationship with their mothers. It has been said that the longer a child is institutionalized, the graver is the child's hunger for affection or withdrawal from others. However, problems of RAD are not exclusive among adopted children. A child who failed to form a concrete bond with his mother may develop RAD. The effects of reactive attachment disorder are often reflected throughout the various stages of one's life. A study involving toddlers less than 48 months old and were maltreated and subsequently placed in foster care showed symptoms of RAD. It revealed that these toddlers present with symptoms of RAD severely. The study also correlated the existence of maternal risks such as psychological problems, age, ethnicity, and history of substance abuse. It was seen that children of these mothers often showed RAD of the inhibited type (Zeanah et al., 2004). It should also be emphasized that these children often experience the effects of interrupted bonds long after they have formed attachments in the more favorable care giving environments of their adoptive homes."
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Child Sexual Abuse, 2008.
A look at how childhood sexual abuse can affect an adult's working ability.
1,727 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This work discusses the subject of child sexual abuse (CSA) and serves as a review of literature, specifically one particular piece that deals with child sexual abuse. The literature is a contemporary research article involving the reporting of CSA and work ability and functioning as an adult. The work will briefly introduce the concepts of CSA and its controversies and commonalities and will then move on to review S. J. Lee and R.M. Tolman's 2006 article "Childhood Sexual Abuse and Adult Work Outcomes".
From the Paper
"The development of tougher laws and responsibilities regarding the incidence of child sexual abuse has often been associated with an evolution in the ideas of the potential and real long term effects of child sexual abuse on victim survivors. (Najman, Dunne, Purdie, Boyle & Coxeter, 2005, p. 517) For many years there has been a research movement that attempted to demonstrate long lasting negative effects of CSA among adult survivors of CSA, to both underscore and under gird the need for tougher laws, greater enforcement and increased responsibility for reporting among professionals. In general the law has begun to demonstrate a zero tolerance policy regarding CSA and has increased and leveled out the sentencing of convicted offenders, through minimum mandatory sentencing. (Cassell, 2004, p. 1017) Changes in public opinion regarding CSA have had a significant impact on incidence reporting which in all accords has increased, creating a sense that incidence has increased substantially in the last 30 or so years. The claim that CSA has increased in incidence is therefore an unknown element of modern life, as we do not know if it has increased, decreased or leveled out at a norm, as reporting has spiked incidence to relatively epidemic like levels. (Bolen, 2003, p. 174) What we do know is that reports are increasing in number and that CSA occurs and it occurs frequently."
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School Bullying, 2008.
An analysis of the physiological and psychological damage of bullying in school.
1,325 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The objective of this paper is to examine the effects that bullying and teasing in school have on elementary, middle school and high school students and the resulting damage to their physiological or psychological growth.
Outline:
Introduction
Bullying and PTSD
Lifetime Harm
Stressors Chemically Burned Into Long-Term Memory
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The work of Nader and Koch entitled: "Does Bullying Result in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder? Relates that bullying in schools "is a widespread problem that has received greater attention in recent years." (2006; p.1) Nader and Koch relate that bullying "occurs repeatedly over time and involves and ongoing pattern of harassment, intimidation and abuse." (2006; p.1) Furthermore, bullying may be physical or relational and generally occurs at school and "between peers within the same school year." (Nader and Koch, 2006; p.1) Nader and Koch relates that there have been studies to report negative psychological and physical effects of school bullying which include "...reduced self-esteem, poor physical health, decreased school attendance and performance and increased depression and anxiety." (2006; p.1) "
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Breaking the Barriers, 2008.
A study carried out to present to the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia to canvass help for a children's help center.
17,602 words (approx. 70.4 pages), 37 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
The paper presents a study compiled as an application to the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia for support in a help center that works with children with mental disabilities. The forte of the Al Aoun Centre, which has been operational for more than twenty years, is the assistance it provides to children in need of speech and hearing therapy who are mentally disabled.
Outline:
Introduction
Background of the Study
Organization and Management
Operating Strategies Strategies
From the Paper
"The Saudi Arabian healthcare system is a national health care system. This means that health care services are government provisioned and this is accomplished through a number of governmental agencies. There is an increasing need for private sector health care provision of health care services in Saudi Arabia. The government agency in charge of administering health care is the Ministry of Health, which provides primary health care services through providers. Services provided include preventative services, rehabilitative and curatives services. In a recent report published in the Record it is reported that the School of Medicine's Health Administration Program along with BJC HealthCare's International Healthcare Services "has launched an unique executive master's program for Saudi Arabian physicians and health-care ministry executives at the request of the Saudi Ministry of Health." (Miller, 2006) The report states that the program "was created specifically for 18 participants from the Riyadh-based King Fasad Medical City, a four-hospital system that is one of the largest medical complexes in Saudi Arabia." (Miller, 2006) According to Daniel K. Mueller, Ph.D, assistant vice-chancellor for international affairs: 'Health-care systems in the world are all changing, and the ministry sees the need to train executives in the basic principles of management, finance and organization to improve health care for the population of the King Fasad Medical City serves." (Miller, 2006) One of the lessons that this programs teaches "is the importance of enhancing healthcare by improving the processes hospitals use." (Miller, 2006)"
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Surrogated Motherhood, 2008.
This paper looks at whether surrogate motherhood should be either banned or regulated by law.
4,042 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper mainly discusses in- vitro fertilization and surrogate pregnancies that are contracted, in which case the surrogate mother is usually a contracted person, with no link to the donors. In the case of contracted surrogate pregnancies, there is no way to judge the health of the surrogate mother and no regulation to see that the medical fraternity does not use the persons who are infected by diseases that could be passed to the infant. This paper affirms that laws must therefore be passed in such a manner that voluntary surrogate mothers are screened, identified and certified in such a manner that the resultant infant is not traumatized by diseases. The donors must be similarly screened. Furthermore, this paper looks at the idea of commercialization, within surrogate pregnancies. Namely it discusses the free market and the prostitution model. While some surrogate mothers do agree for altruistic reasons, where there is a demand, there will be a commercial supply. Since such children are at risk of being abandoned and neglected by the surrogate mother as well as by the donors, it is considered to be the duty of the state to enact laws to make sure that the donors, the surrogate mother and the genetic material are all fine to prevent deformities. In cases where such deformities do occur, the law must make the donor parents responsible for the child. Also, this paper asserts that there must also be a prohibition of payment for surrogate motherhood.
Outline:
Introduction
The Definition of Surrogate Motherhood
Adoption, Surrogate Motherhood - The Contrasts and Commonalities
The Arguments Favoring Regulation and Ban
The Arguments Against the Ban
Legal Problems
The Legal Controls Ought to be Set
Current Global Situation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is well if the resultant child is perfect what is the case if the child is born with deformities? What if it is liability? The management and care of such babies have legal moral and ethical implications. What is the relationship between the woman and the child in such cases at childbirth? For example the simple case of a low weight baby and in the case of mentally and physically challenged babies born to surrogate mothers, what will be the position and who shoulders the painful task? In the United States the Federal Government intervenes. In the UK the problem is ignored or the issue is glossed over. (Lee; Morgan, 1990) Judges have been sentencing mothers for not caring for the children in the womb. There have been cases of sentences handed down to mothers who consumed drugs and passed it on to the baby in the womb. Fetal neglect is now culpable. This shows that the state is concerned more and more with the unborn child and its welfare. The issue of in vitro fertilization and the knowledge of in genital illnesses are changing the perceptions of the society and the prevailing values are being modified. (Blank, 1992)
"The commoditization of sexuality has brought in the prospect of baby selling and prostitution. Poor women and even affluent ones are not above selling babies in the black market. The baby for sale has all its features added up to its price. The better suited ones getting the better price. The participants tend to market the baby in the fashion of a commodity and that is where the question of the babies with deformities and their fate steps in. There is likely to be more feticide and infanticide. The issue of 'Baby selling' drags down humanity considerations. (Warren, 1991) Originally surrogate mother hood was not a baby selling proposition. Yet today it has assumed the features of baby selling. Just as prohibition of payment exists for adoption, there must also be a prohibition of payment for surrogate motherhood. The courts sometimes have applied the baby sale acts to bar surrogate motherhood."
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Embryo Donation, 2008.
A look at the subject of embryo donation.
1,370 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of embryo donation, which is related to a number of moral, legal, psychological and social implications. The paper relates that, in spite of these implications, embryo donation is, nevertheless, the only solution to incapability of producing cells in a few patients. This paper then sums up the symptoms for embryo donation as well as the process and contemplation in preparing both the donors and the recipients.
From the Paper
"Embryo donation is examined to be a sort of third party reproduction. In vitro fertilisation frequently results in a number of frozen, unused embryos after the woman for whom they were originally created has successfully supported one or more pregnancies to term. In embryo donation, these additional embryos are provided to other couples or women with the aim of causing a successful pregnancy. The child produced after following this entire process is supposed to be the child of the woman who takes it and gives birth, and not the child of the donor, the same as happens with egg donation or sperm donation."
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Psychotropic Drugs, 2008.
A discussion of the considerations to contemplate regarding the use of psychotropic drugs.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the incidence of psychotropic drug use and confirms the rise in usage over the past three decades. The paper
focuses on one such drug, prozac, in examining the history of drug development, treatment, and successful or unsuccessful use in treating certain psychiatric conditions. The paper states that, because competition between drug manufacturers is at an all-time high, it is important to focus on the side effects of psychotropic drugs.
Outline:
Introduction
The Introduction of Prozac as a Psychotropic
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Thus he states that it "would be worrying if Prozac altered my personality, even if it gave me a better personality, simply because it isn't my personality"; and he asks, "What could seem less authentic, at least on the surface, than changing your personality with an antidepressant?"[1] Elliott's thesis suggests that it would be inauthentic, and therefore morally problematic, for Marina to use Prozac for the purpose of changing her personality; indeed, if the drug had its intended effect, the resulting personality would not really be hers."
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Maltreatment of Children, 2008.
This paper looks at how the definition of child, along with the concepts of child maltreatment, have evolved over time within society.
3,680 words (approx. 14.7 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the conception of what constitutes maltreatment of children. Specifically, this paper establishes the view that the whole concept of what constitutes a designation of being a "child" has changed over time, like many other societal definitions. According to the author, the designation of a child as a vulnerable member of society that requires special protection by parents and others is in fact a relatively new concept, and this is especially true of the social designation of adolescence. This paper takes a look at child maltreatment as a concept that has evolved over time, especially with regards to the definitions in a legal sense and the afforded interventions that are offered to society as a whole when these new definitions are breeched. Furthermore, this paper asserts that just like any other recently designated social problem, the phenomena of child maltreatment, though it has existed for all of human history, has taken a significant amount of time to be defined in the manner it is today.
From the Paper
"Sadly, due to the nature of the limited communication skills of children and the desire of many abusers to deny events occurrences social workers are often engaged in resolving behavioral and social problems that occur as a result months or even years of maltreatment or single events that are so traumatic for the child that they relive them continually in thought and seek alternative behaviors to alleviate or even signal the need for intervention. Childhood trauma is a perceptual situation, and all trauma either intentional or unintentional, say as a result of witnessing unrelated acts of violence can effect all children in a different way, from not much at all to fundamentally and long lasting posttraumatic stress which can involve nightmares, behavioral problems, educational problems or even serious social concerns."
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Effects of Risk Perception on Risk-Taking, 2008.
A summary and review of "The Contingent Effects of Risk Perception on Risk-Taking Behavior: Adolescent Participative Orientation and Marijuana Use", the authors C.F. Lee, Y. Su, and B.P. Hazard
4,419 words (approx. 17.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 116.95
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Abstract
This paper critiques an article about the use of marijuana by American high school seniors, entitled "The Contingent Effects of Risk Perception on Risk-Taking Behavior: Adolescent Participative Orientation and Marijuana Use". The paper first explains that the authors of the report see marijuana use as an example of risk-taking behavior, and presume that a reduction in marijuana use would mean that the perception of risk has increased and that this is leading to a lower rate of use. The paper then goes on to summarize the report and explain its findings.
From the Paper
"The authors find that risk perception by itself accounts for about 21% of the variation in risk-taking behavior of marijuana use. Using the four participative orientations - sports, fun, school, and creative - the explained variance of marijuana use was increased to 33%, and all activity orientations except creative significantly affected marijuana use. Sports and school showed relatively small negative effects, while fun activities had a distinctively large and positive effect on marijuana use. The authors also find after analysis that the net effect of risk perception on marijuana use was statistically insignificant. "
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Childhood Obesity, 2008.
An overview of the issues concerned with childhood obesity with a focus on San Diego, California.
1,221 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that childhood obesity is reaching epidemic proportions all over the United States. The paper then explains that obesity can be controlled by the individual who experiences it and that, although some individuals might be unable to control obesity caused by physical factors, they might be able to reduce other factors that cause obesity. The paper then discusses how, for that reason, the city of San Diego has instituted some measures that may reduce the incidence of childhood obesity in the area. This paper then focuses on some of the causes of childhood obesity and suggests some ways for families to address the issue.
Outline:
Childhood Obesity Overview
Causes of Obesity
Prevention and Treatment of Obesity
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Berry et al. (2004) explains that diet and exercise, as well as nutritional education, have all been proven to have an influence both on weight loss and on preventing obesity. Restricting calorie intake is proven to create the negative energy balance required to lose weight, while increased activity both enhances the speed of the weight loss and increases the probability that weight will remain off (Berry et al., 2004). One weight loss diet mentioned in the article is the "traffic light diet," also known as the glycemic index diet. This diet color codes dietary components by the number of fat grams that they contain. This diet, according to the authors, has been shown to produce a "significant short-term decrease in obesity," while it encourages improved eating patterns (Berry et al., 2004, p. 432). "
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Childhood Diabetes' Impact on Families, 2008.
An exploration of the impact of childhood diabetes on families.
1,611 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the Calgary assessment model (CFAM), which is a means for evaluating the impact of change and illness on families and for assessing family strengths and problems for the sake of a management plan. The paper discusses the functional and developmental areas of family assessment and analyzes literature to determine whether it corresponds to the CFAM. The paper then looks at approaches to support the family in the cognitive and affective domains. The paper concludes that the literature strongly correlates with the CFAM and indicates that the family possesses the resources required to cope with a child who has diabetes.
Outline:
Introduction
Key Aspects of Topic Related to Family Health
Critical Analysis of Literature
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The two areas of family assessment to be discussed are the functional and developmental, which presume the nurse has a comprehensive understanding of the family structure. Developmental assessment is based on the belief that "families comprise people who have a shared history and a shared future" (Wright & Leahey, 2000, p. 97). Family development is marked and shaped by family life cycle events such as chronic illness, divorce and remarriage. It is a pattern of stability and change where gender and culture are important. Family development is a complex process which includes biological, sociological, psychological, and cultural progressions (Wright & Leahey, 2000)."
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