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The Medicare Crisis, 2005.
A paper discussing the future of Medicare in relation to the increasing costs of Medicare in the healthcare system.
4,200 words (approx. 16.8 pages), 25 sources, APA, $ 112.95
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Abstract
This report takes a look at how Medicare impacts the American healthcare system and attempts to answer questions about the future of Medicare. The paper also touches upon issues affecting the elderly regarding present problems in Medicare and future problems that are foreseen. In addition, this report looks at both present and future possibilities with regard to Medicare by looking at present risks and then makes conclusions and recommendations for both future research and for programmatic change and advocacy in healthcare.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Issues Under Investigation
Research Questions
Literature Review
Analysis
Recommendations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Another issue associated with this topic is that one of the reasons that many older individuals are not prepared to face the costs of long-term care is because they think it is already fully covered by Medicare. Public education needs to be an important part of the insurance process, but often older individuals are confused by the plethora of insurance options and split coverage that are offered to them. Adding to this confusion, many older individuals assume that Medicare is prepared to give them long-term care allowances over sixty days. "A major obstacle to the development of long-term care insurance is the widespread misperception that Medicare and private health insurance policies that supplement Medicare cover long-term care, when in fact they do not...People must be educated concerning their need for private long-term care insurance" (Atchley, 2000, p. 367). Long-term care can be very expensive for those individuals who are not prepared to face these costs."
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Alzheimer's, 2005.
A discussion about problems surrounding Alzheimer's disease.
2,751 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Alzheimer's which is a disease that attacks the brain's nerve cells and causes loss of memory, thinking and language. Unfortunately, Alzheimer's disease hits many adults when they get older. The paper explains that it is the leading cause of dementia and is a condition in which the nerve cells of the brain die, which prevents the signals or messages of the brain not be transmitted in a proper manner. This paper analyzes how this disorder affects its victims and predicts that there will a cure or a way to prevent it in the future.
From the Paper
"Alzheimer's is the leading cause of dementia in adults. As a matter of fact it is responsible for 70% of all dementia disorders. As Weiten noted, "A dementia is an abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment." (p.460) The worst part about it is that there is no known cure for it. It is believed to first be found in the early 1900s. "Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German physician, first described the disease in 1906. He observed in the autopsy of a woman with dementia two kinds of abnormal structures in the brain that are now recognized as hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease--amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles."(Alzheimer's Association, 2005) That is where the name of the disease came from, it was named after the doctor who first learned about this dementia."
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Alzheimers Disease, 2005.
A report looking at the client population of those who have Alzheimer's disease.
1,527 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This report identifies and recognizes the population of individuals dealing with the condition of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The paper describes the impact that a diagnosis of AD can have on the person diagnosed and the caretakers of that person, the type of support and service people with AD and their families receive and the inadequacies of that service and what can be done to improve the service and support.
From the Paper
"Alzheimer's Disease not only affects millions of individuals in America, but it is also one of the leading causes of death in the old population. And providing long-term care for Alzheimer's can be problematic in terms of both personal and economic cost, as the disease does not show improvement as it progresses and is even not covered by many supplemental insurance plans because it is cost-prohibitive. Medicare and other insurance options must be tailored to treat Alzheimer's with attention not just to the older client population who are suffering from the disease, but to support staff and family member who must also cope with it. A holistic pattern should be expanded in this respect to give care to the client population suffering from Alzheimer's as well as their spouses, who may be emotionally and mentally effected, family, who may be daunted by the prohibitive nature of the disease, and healthcare professionals, who may see the disease as unbeatable and respond inappropriately in the level of care being given to the client themselves."
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The Aging Baby Boom Generation, 2005.
This paper is a literature review of peer-review journals and professional publications to explore the impact of the aging baby boomers on the future healthcare system.
8,185 words (approx. 32.7 pages), 46 sources, APA, $ 175.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the aging baby boom generation, who are characterized by prevention and wellness values resulting in longer life expectancy, will have a significant effect on the number of elderly needing long-term healthcare services. The author stresses that the Medicare system does not provide protection against catastrophic or long-term events, many drugs and prevention services, all of which will be needed by the aging baby boom generation. The paper concludes that, along with the concern for this cohort, there is the continued need for the entire population--the rich and the poor, the young and the old--to have healthcare coverage; the social system may offer the most adequate solution.
Table of Contents
The Problem
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Importance of the Study
Scope or Delimitations of the Study
Review of the Literature
Introduction
Overview
Aging Trends For Baby Boomers
Future of Healthcare Funding
Future Healthcare Costs
Future Healthcare Funding
Changing Ratios Between Current and Future Funding Contributors
Access to Services
Medicare, Current Access to Care
Changes Needed for Care Access
Healthcare's Future
New Demands For Care
Quality of Care
Baby Boomers Define Care
Current Changes and Future Possibilities in Care Quality
Baby Bloomers Are Dissatisfied
Baby Bloomers Want More
Long-term Care
More Information Availability
Alternative Therapies
Summary
Conclusion
Implication of the Study
Position of the Author
From the Paper
"Baby boomers have redefined quality of care, demanding preventative measures for optimal health. This generation demands more service, more information, and more options. Since they are the largest buying population, they have changed the healthcare system and will continue to do so. Among the changes needed is improvement in long-term-care coverage. Private insurance for this coverage has increased but presents problems such as how to market a high-cost policy to those with little money. Public-private partnerships are another alternative. However, this type of assistance may end up raising Medicare costs without offering enough assistance to the public. Social insurance is also discussed. In this case the costs would be disbursed among the total population, including those 65 years and older."
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Depression and Dementia, 2006.
A look at coexisting depression and dementia treatment approaches for the elderly.
4,194 words (approx. 16.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
Dementia coexisting with depression increases the challenges for the elderly and their caregivers. Pharmacological, behavioral, or social support interventions may delay the need for nursing home placement or institutionalization. This paper examines how the best approach to treatment is a combination of therapies which may provide help and support to the caregiver as well as manage symptoms. It proposes a study to determine whether patients with coexisting depression and dementia can be effectively treated with less inpatient care.
Outline
Introduction
Background and Significance
Preliminary Studies
Research Methodology
Human Subjects Protocol
Administration and Timetable
Limitations of this Study
From the Paper
"Dementia associated with depression increases challenges for the elderly and their caregivers. Many individuals with AD become depressed because they are aware of loosing their cognitive abilities and because of life circumstances and environmental changes. Research studies continue to work towards developing a cure or treatment strategies for AD and related dementias; however, depression often goes undiagnosed. Depression coexisting with dementia accelerates loss of autonomy (Ritchie & Lovestone, 2002, p. 8). Undiagnosed depression in people with AD and other dementias is a problem, especially since depression is treatable."
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Dementia, Depression and Substance Abuse, 2005.
Explores the difficulties of treating and caring for someone suffering from dementia combined with alcohol or substance abuse.
2,231 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 30 sources, APA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
Dementia, allied with depression and alcohol or substance abuse, increases challenges for the elderly and their caregivers. Wernicke's disease and Korsakoff's syndrome are the most recognized types of alcohol-dementia. The paper shows that symptoms of alcohol or substance abuse can be disguised as depression, dementia or other problems associated with aging. Dementia is a condition that does not have a cure; however, depression and alcohol or substance abuse are treatable and may reverse some types of dementia. The paper shows that the best approach to treatment is a combination of therapies, which may provide help and support to the caregiver as well as manage symptoms. Disease case management along with effective outpatient treatment approaches may postpone or reduce nursing home placement.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Dementia Allied with Depression and Alcohol or Substance Abuse
Dementia
Depression
Dementia and Depression
Substance Abuse
Alcohol-Related Dementia
Treatment
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Depression coexisting with dementia has often been overlooked because of the emphasis on distinguishing the two conditions; however, it should be recognized that depression is a shared concomitant of dementia (Woods, 2001, p. S10). Depression may be a predictor of some forms of dementia and is considered a major health risk in the elderly (Tierney, Boyle, Lam, & Szalai, 1999, p. 1). Studies show that depression is the most common psychiatric disease in individuals 65 years and older, commonly occurring in more than 30% of the frail and disabled elderly (Polidori, Menculini, Senin, & Mecocci, 2001, p. 533)."
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Ageism or Age Discrimination, 2005.
A report focusing on the problem of age discrimination in the workplace and what can be done about it.
2,130 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This report looks at the general issue of age discrimination in the workplace, focusing more specifically on ageism as it applies to older individuals between the ages of forty and seventy. This issue is looked at in terms of existing studies on the issue and how it is being dealt with in a programmatic manner by organizations. That is, this report does not just look at the problem of age discrimination in the workplace, but also explores existing literature for solution based measures that can be used to advocate and recommend change. The report then goes on to make these recommendations, including the recommendation that organizations install programs that are respective of employee diversity to help educate people about the perils of ageism as it exists as a problem in our society.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Discussion of Findings
Recommendations
Conclusions
From the Paper
"It is the main finding of the current report that in most cases, age discrimination in the workplace can be directly related to ageism in the society. Ageism is a type of prejudice that is leveled against people because of the sole feature of their age rather than about getting to know the person as a complex human being. Often when they have prejudiced attitudes, people will determine that everyone in a certain group defined oftenby physical characteristics is going to act the same way. One source of ageist attitudes therefore is prejudice against the older individuals in society. Prejudice against older individuals through ageism may manifest itself in a relatively harmless way or a way that actually harms the older individual, and this is a good reason that these stereotypes should be eliminated."
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Dementia, 2005.
This paper describes the challenging behavior of persons with dementia.
2,070 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the term "dementia" is used by the medical community to describe patients with impaired intellectual capacity; dementia patients may also be labelled as having "presenile" or "senile" dementia, "chronic" or "organic brain syndrome," "arterio-sclerosis," or
"cerebral atrophy". The author points out that two of the most common forms of dementia are Alzheimer's disease, which causes the brain to lose its ability and makes it stop functioning normally, and multi-infarct dementia in which a blockage in the blood vessels causes damage to different parts of the brain resulting in minor strokes. The paper concludes that patients suffering from dementia become in many ways like children losing control over their mind and become strongly dependant on others to function normally; hence, the people who care for these patients must do so with love, understanding and patience.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Dementia
Clinical Presentation
Cognitive Changes
Psychiatric Symptoms
Personality Changes
Problem Behaviors
Changes in Day-to-Day Functioning
Charlie
The Work Environment
Management and Treatment
Dealing with Inappropriate Behavior
Conclusion
From the Paper
"With staff that worked with Charlie, I will step into the world of Charlie who is suffering from dementia for the past 6 years; he is 54 years old and at first glance would pass of as an extinguished old gentleman, greying at the temples having an air of aristocracy about him. When
Charlie first started to exhibit symptoms of dementia, his family put it down to mood swings and thought he was going through a period of depression and tried to help him. At first there were upset over his forgetfulness but soon realised that something was happening to Charlie which he had no ability to control and soon they found out that he
was suffering from dementia."
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AIDS Assistance Availability, 2005.
This is a research paper that looks at the availability of AIDS/HIV programs in rural areas versus those available in urban areas.
1,336 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how there are a lot of barriers to access of health care programs for people who are living with HIV/AIDS such as transportation, finance and caregiving. This paper contends that people in rural areas need to have this specialized care closer to where they live in order to manage the disease and go on with living.
From the Paper
"According to the authors of Barriers to accessing HIV/AIDS care in North Carolina: rural and urban differences, "studies of the etiology of unmet needs among HIV-infected individuals found that most problems were externally controlled such as a lack of available services, HIV-related stigma and discrimination, and long travel distances to services," (Reif, Golin and Smith, 2005). The researchers administered a self-administered survey to every case manager in North Carolina. Some of the questions in the survey were in regards to the area that they serve so they can distinguish between metropolitan areas and non metropolitan areas. Respondents to the survey were asked to respond to several questions including case manager and client characteristics and service barriers that may influence medication adherence. "
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Death of an Aged Parent, 2003.
An understanding of loss and grief caused by the death of an aged parent and its effects on adult children past middle age.
3,169 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
Individuals grieve in their own way and in their own time. In examining the journey loss and the grieving of that loss in one family, this paper applies the theory to a real life situation of the death of an aged parent and the implications for adult children, themselves past middle age and experiencing their own aging journey. Their experiences are related to theoretical and personal understandings of loss and grief.
From the Paper
"There is a range of reasons given for why the community struggles towards a psychology of loss. There is a lack of overall integration in the area of loss research - the authors cite evidence in this field of material that is disjointed, disorganized and descriptive. This is further supported what has been described as "a plethora of "self help" books which deal with grief. The latter these authors maintain, further diminishes the importance of loss as a scientific area of study (Miller & Omarzu, 1998). These authors maintain that because there is no clear psychology of loss there is an urgent need for what does exist to go into pre-existing or new theoretical models."
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Family Life Cycle, 2005.
A systemic perspective of the family life cycle's final stages.
4,012 words (approx. 16.0 pages), 30 sources, MLA, $ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses upon both the needs and the challenges faced by both the family as a whole and by individuals entering the final phase of the family life cycle. It looks at how the final phase of the family life cycle encompasses two separate stages, the launching phase (55-69 years of age), which is characterised by the last dependent member of the family exiting from the family system and the 'later life' stage (70 to 100+ years of age), which is characterised by the acceptance of a shift in generational roles.
Outline
Family Systems Theory
Launching Stage
Assessment and Treatment Issues within the Launching Stage
Transition from the Launching Stage to Later Life
Later Life
End of Life and Loss
Assessment and Treatment Issues in Later Life
Summary
From the Paper
"Self-concept plays a large role within this stage, which is best portrayed by Erikson's psychosocial theory of development. Here, the middle aged adult looks outside of themselves and aspires to care, or to be of service to others; such a notion is coined: generativity. Generativity is analogous to unselfish love and is given regardless of whether or not it is reciprocated (Erikson, 1963). On the other side of the notion of generativity is stagnation, in which the individual becomes completely self-absorbed. Such a stage of conflict contributes to one's sense of purpose and their expanded identity. Here, individuals re-evaluate their career goals, they have a shift in family responsibility and they must begin to deal with one's own mortality (Erikson, 1963)."
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Alzheimer's Disease, 2002.
A thorough overview of Alzheimer's disease.
3,466 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by explaining what the disease is and a history of its diagnosis. It then provides a brief guide of symptoms of the disease and warning signs. Current and future treatment options are then analyzed to provide a full survey of this disease which affects a person's mind and causes dementia.
From the Paper
"Alzheimer's Disease was first discovered in 1907 by Dr. Alois Alzheimer (Cutler xi). One of Alzheimer's patients, a fifty-one year old woman, had been experiencing a deterioration of memory and personality. Upon her death and an autopsy of her brain tissue, Dr. Alzheimer discovered "tangles of neuron fibers and deposits of a peculiar substance--the Alzheimer plaque--in her brain" (Cutler xi-xiii). These neuron tangles had been seen before in older demented people, but due to the discovery of the deposits, Dr. Alzheimer believed it to be a new form of dementia (Cutler xiii). Thus, the disease involving these two trademark signs became known as Morbus Alzheimer, or more simply, Alzheimer's Disease (Cutler xiii)."
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Group Therapy for the Elderly, 2005.
This paper discusses group therapy, specifically within the context of the elderly, over the age of sixty-five.
1,425 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that group therapy for the elderly is perceived by some people to be valuable, but other patients' perceptions are that the process didn't help much. The author points out that the unique challenges for group therapy are the problems of (1) diminishing health faced by the elderly population, (2) the profound lack of respect towards the elderly often prevalent in this society, (3) the lack of dignity and independence and (4) the too-common occurrence neglect. The paper relates that accessibility is the key problem, but the inclusion of group therapy in managed care organizations, Medicaid and Medicare programs can increase accessibility for the poor and elderly.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Issue Statement
Literature Review
Evaluation and Reaction
From the Paper
"I think that group therapy for the elderly should also be based on principles of family therapy whenever possible. The family must be placed in the context of the community and society within which it functions, both of which define parameters for function and dysfunction, success and failure, that can be inversely applied to the microcosmic family system. Therefore, different families have different societal contexts and different structural paradigms which affect them in terms of function and dysfunction. The structural family group therapy method remains malleable in the face of these cultural and societal distinctions, so that different families are seen in terms of different functional paradigms."
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Alzheimer's Disease, 2005.
This paper discusses Alzheimer's disease and dementias, neurological disorders involving problems with memory and thinking, which affect emotional, social and physical functioning.
1,005 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Alzheimer's and other dementia characterized by gradual deterioration of memory and personality, is not part of the normal aging process and is marked by plaques of B-amyloid protein and tangles in the brain. The author points out that Alzheimer's is more likely to occur during the later years; but, when Alzheimer's disease begins in middle-age, it usually progresses quickly, reaching the last phase within 3-5 years. The paper relates that Alzheimer's disease progresses through a series of five developmental stages characterized progressively by absentmindedness, confusion, severe memory loss, need for full time care and, finally, complete withdrawal emotionally and physically leading to death.
From the Paper
"People with Alzheimer's disease are unable to care for themselves and to communicate their needs. They become very confused when it comes to the most simple activities and often alienate their family members because they accuse them of stealing the possessions that they have misplaced due to their inability to remember where they put them last. Eating becomes a problem because the person may eat multiple meals or forgot to eat entirely. Therefore, their meals need to be supervised. The personality that dominated during earlier life is likely to become more dominant at this time. Therefore, they are capable of having angry outbursts and/or becoming very dependent and clingy to others. Depression is also common in this population. Researchers are still struggling to find out the causes of Alzheimer's disease and there is always the hope that a cure is not far away. There has been some evidence for genetic factors involved in Alzheimer's disease; however, this does not apply to all cases."
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Problems of Aging Population in America, 2005.
An examination of how an aging population in America affects the social and welfare systems.
2,854 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
Medicare and Social Security stand to be stretched if not fall into jeopardy if there are not some major changes in the policies that secure these parts of the American culture. The important thing is not to state the problems but come to some workable solutions. The problem is that many of the possible solutions could have unforeseen problems of their own that we won't be aware of for years to come. This paper explains some of these problems and solutions and gives suggestions to what might happen in the next 30 years following the trend of aging in America and its lasting economic effects.
From the Paper
"United States is among many developed or industrialized countries that are facing a new economic challenge as the demographics of population shift. What has happened in the recent years is a trend that will continue and grow into the next few decades; there has been a growth in industrialized nations' elderly populations due to declining fertility rates and a rise in life expectancy. These growth trends are manifested in a slow growing population and labor force and an increase in the ratio between the elderly and those still working age. (Greenspan) In fact, in 2000 there were 35 million Americans or 12.4% of the population over the age of 65 years, and 4.5 million or 1.6% over 85 years old. By the year 2030 it is projected that the number of US citizens over 65 will more than double and those over 85 will be up to 9 million. (Brookings) Life expectancy in US increases and the retirement age seems to diminish, as some opt to quit working at 62 instead of 65, (with less benefits) and the aging US population is looking at 20 more years of living, consuming and sometimes needing regular expensive healthcare services after the more preferred retirement age. We in America have only just hit the tip of the iceberg with this issue as the baby boomers will not start hitting 62 until 2008. In the 30 years, following 2008 the number of 62 year olds will increase from 40 million, now, to 80 million, while the working force will only grow 12% compared to the boomers' double. (NBER)"
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