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Financing Long-Term Care, 2002.
Examines ways in which the United States is dealing with the cost of caring for an increasingly aging population.
2,738 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
Developing an adequate system for long-term care in the United States poses a serious problem. Chronic disability in the elderly comes from many sources: Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis, heart disease, and stroke, to name but a few. The paper shows that concerns about anticipated demographic changes escalate the financing problem. Today's Medicare and Medicaid solutions are not adequately equipped to face the future challenges of America's long-term care system. The paper shows that, as the Baby-boomer generation comes of age, the social and financial impacts on the United States' struggling economy could be devastating. The paper includes tables.
From the Paper
"We as a nation should step back and see the big picture regarding the current and future long-term care needs of our nation. At approximately eighteen percent of our Gross Domestic Product, the amount of capital that is delegated to health care is enormous. A very legitimate solution or way to go to resolve the escalating problem is to go to a single payer national health insurance program. It would basically resolve virtually all of the major problems facing our health care system today. The single payer insurance is commonly defined as 'a single government fund within each state, which pays hospitals, physicians and other health care providers.' This system would completely replace the current multi-payer system of private insurance companies and health plans and would provide full insurance coverage for the other millions of uninsured Americans."
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Elderly and Medicare, 2004.
An analysis of the increased life expectancy of senior citizens and the cost of drugs to maintain them.
770 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of Medicare, a program of national health insurance setup in 1965 for persons who are over the age of sixty-five or seriously disabled. It looks at how many medical procedures of the 1960s have been replaced by drug therapies and how Medicare has never been updated to include outpatient prescription drug coverage, leaving senior citizens, many of whom live on fixed incomes, especially affected by this lack of coverage. It discusses how. with the baby boomer generation ageing fast, and advancements in medical science, the new challenge is now to ensure that those who were responsible for the above will be cared for in the new century.
From the Paper
"In 1998, the US spent a total of one hundred billion dollars on prescription drugs. According to a report published in June 2001 by the Washington Business Group Healthcare (WBGH) and the Financial Management Association (HFMA), the cost of prescription drugs shot up by 14.6% in 2000, after an 18% rise in 1999. (Arya, 2001) From 1992 to 1998, the number of prescriptions rose by 40%. The government is caught in a difficult position. On the one hand it needs to curb the spiraling costs, on the other it has to protect the interests of its pharmaceutical industry. Expanding the use of generic drugs would be one way of reducing costs, but this is unlikely to happen because of the billions of dollars spend by pharmaceuticals on research in an intensely competitive field."
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Demography of Baltimore, 2004.
A study of the demographic and racial make-up of the population of Baltimore.
3,952 words (approx. 15.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the demographic changes in Baltimore from 1980 to 2000, using both qualitative and quantitative methods for data analysis. Information was gathered on sex, age, family median income, race, poverty, level of education, families with SSI income, welfare recipients, and vacant housing.
Contents:
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Race
Gender
Age
Housing
Household Income
Poverty Status
Educational Attainment
Substance Abuse
Racial Segregation
Discussion and Conclusions
From the Paper
"For the purposes of the study, race was compared by census tract on the basis of census data for the years 1980, 1990 and 2000. As displayed within Table 1, while comparing whites for 1980, 1990, and 2000, there was an ongoing decrease in the number of whites in the overall population. Within all other races, the population by race continued to increase slightly, with blacks showing the most ongoing growth. Within the other group, in 1990, there was a decrease in numbers; however, the other population almost doubled between 1980 and 2000 in spite of the 1990 decline."
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Intergenerational Conflict, 2004.
A discussion of and solution to the problem of rising medical costs for the elderly.
743 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, for many years, there has been discussion about the best ways to deal with rising costs of medical care for the elderly. It looks at how we should attempt to cure the current and future medical costs dilemma by improving our attention to living in less medically damaging ways, many of which are already known to us, such as smoking, and more of which will become known as science deals with and investigates the costly problem of aging.
From the Paper
"First, the human suffering would intensify, and it would be the parents and grandparents of the current young, working generations who would suffer. This alone would cause intergenerational stress of extreme proportions. Even when an 'elder' is being cared for, in some relatively acceptable fashion, it causes generational stress. Washington Times writer Adrienne T. Washington reports on visiting a relative in a nursing home, and being appalled when a strange 'elder' Washington was helping broke down crying because she had not been treated kindly in such a long time. In addition, most people think the government will take care of it if they need a nursing home's care, but they would be wrong."
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The Cost of Prescription Drugs, 2004.
A discussion of the problem and solution of the rising cost of medications for the uninsured and the elderly.
1,624 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the cost of prescription drugs is rising in the United States at a rate that outstrips the ability of people without health insurance to pay for them. It looks at how medications absorb up to 30% of the income of many senior citizens, and over 40 million Americans have no health insurance at all. It proposes that those without prescription insurance coverage be combined into one identifiable group eligible for the price discounts negotiated by HMOs and other coverage providers, thus giving all Americans access to volume discount prices for medications.
From the Paper
"Struggling with the cost of medications is not a new problem, and has been a topic of public debate since the 1950's when Senator Estes Kefauver led hearings regarding the pricing policies of the big pharmaceutical companies (Buell, 1999). He accused them of raising their prices unfairly. The industry replied that federal control on prices would devalue stocks and discourage research on new medications, just the claims made today. While there is no doubt that research done pharmaceutical companies has resulted in many new and valuable medications, research is not their only expense. Large amounts of money are spent on advertising, and in the United States, the high cost of medications puts them out of reach of millions who need them (Buell, 1999)."
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Health Care Crisis, 2004.
A look at the health care crisis facing Americans due to the deteriorating economy.
1,469 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Americans are facing a crisis in health care, characterized by rising costs for providing health care, along with an increase in the number of people who are either uninsured or under-insured, which only adds to the cost for society. It looks at how different proposals have been made to reform the system, but few have been implemented as yet. It also shows how the aging of the population is another reason why a crisis is seen, for more and more older Americans also means more people in need of extended health care, many of them also uninsured.
From the Paper
"Many of the elderly depend on payments from government sources for their health care, and there is concern that this part of the system is also in decay. Medicare is a federal health insurance program for people 65 and older and for certain disabled people. Medicare was enacted in 1965 as part of Title 18 of the Social Security Act. Medicare is operated by the Health Care Financing Administration, a federal agency, and local Social Security Administration offices across the country take applications for Medicare and provide basic eligibility information to applicants. However, it is known that most Social Security offices in truth know little about Medicare coverage because all they really do is take applications for it."
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Substance Abuse Among the Elderly, 2002.
An exploration of the causes of substance abuse and how it is normally treated among the nation's senior population.
1,157 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the incidence of substance abuse among the elderly will continue to grow as the medical community continues to improve the length and quality of life. It looks at how, as the elderly age and begin to lose friends and develop their own health issues, it is important that they have plenty of resources available to them for the purpose of support. Doctors need to be careful about the number and type of prescriptions they are prescribing, and family members who suspect their elderly loved one is developing a substance abuse problem should seek help from professionals.
From the Paper
"The senior wants to be numbed to the fact that they are losing their friends, getting closer to death and their quality of life may be reduced because of these factors. Those who drink to eliminate loneliness isolate themselves even further which causes the cycle to continue. Those who live in chronic pain can become addicted to the pain medications they are given and even when the pain subsides they have a craving to feel the numbness or the euphoria that the pills provide."
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Technology and the Elderly, 2002.
This paper examines the ways that technology has benefited the lives of the elderly.
1,135 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that one of the earliest evidences of technology benefiting the elderly was the advent of reading glasses. The author relates that improving vision at night is an important safety advancement; therefore, Cadillac has created a night vision program that provides additional information to what the eyes can see. The paper stresses that another possible technology for the future would be robots that can perform basic housework tasks.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Past
Present
Future
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Another excellent technological invention from the past was the invention of the wheelchair. The wheelchair allows mobility. In the same way the aging process reduces the ability to see, it often reduces the ability to be mobile. Whether it is arthritis, a broken bone, or other physical problems, causing the inability to get around, a wheelchair can assist. Using a wheelchair allowed those who would otherwise have been bed bound to continue their lives. Past wheelchairs were large and bulky so the elderly who used them still had restrictions about where they could go."
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Managed Care, 2002.
A look at the issues concerning fee-for-service vs. managed health care in relation to the elderly population.
1,435 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how in recent years, managed health care has flourished, particularly in relation to the elderly population. It shows how how, after the change in Medicare services from fee-based to managed care, senior citizens have seen a number of changes to their health care, both in terms of their options as patients and in the services received. It looks at how these changes impact the patients, their families, and the medical staff responsible for their current state of health. It also analyses how, with the extended use of advanced practice nurses, tighter ethical control, and more participation of health care providers, there is hope that the managed care system can still function as designed and how, if steps are taken to ensure quality and quantity of providers, the managed care system can lead to lower costs and better care for our elderly population.
From the Paper
"By definition, managed care is as a combination of insurance and a health care delivery system. The goal of managed care is to organize all health care services received by a patient in order to maximize the benefits of those services, and to minimize their costs. By using a predetermined network of health care providers, the managed care system can avoid over inflated costs. In addition, by requiring prior approval from a primary care doctor for certain services, managed care also avoids unnecessary health related tests and other costs. Managed care plans use their own network of health care providers and a system of prior approval from a primary care doctor in order to achieve this goal."
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Isolation in the Elderly, 2002.
An examination of the physical and psychological factors that lead to elderly depression and isolation.
2,024 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper covers some of the factors that cause isolation and loneliness in the aging population. It provides a few examples of how these problems can be reduced or eliminated through the acquisition of needed medical instruments, such as hearing aids, pharmaceuticals like anti-depressants, and support from social workers and health care workers. It also emphasizes the importance of lifetime education for the elderly to learn new skills and teach others from their own past experiences in order to build self-esteem and considerably lessen their feelings of alienation and isolation.
From the Paper
"Mental disorders affect 15 to 25 percent of the senior population. Such psychological factors can also lead to feelings of isolation. Medications, genetic predisposition, chronic medical conditions, pain or the fear of chronic discomfort, stress and chemical abuse can all cause depression. This, in turn, leads to isolation and despondency. With such a wide spectrum of etiological causes of depression, caretakers must be alert to changes in mood in the individuals under their care and report it to health professionals. Medical specialists cannot assume that such a condition comes naturally with age and will go away on its own, but be attentive and provide treatment that is necessary."
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Alzheimers, 2002.
An explanation of the disease known as Alzheimers including its cause and how it is treated today.
2,533 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper defines Alzheimer's as a progressive, degenerative and irreversible brain disease that stifles the normal cognitive and functional abilities of the affected person. The paper studies the disease in a detail by analyzing the symptoms and the etiology along with the diagnostic approaches as well as the currently available treatment methods. In the process, the paper also includes a discussion of some other common forms of dementia and how AD can be differentiated from them.
From the Paper
"The main cause for the disease is the destruction of the brain cells particularly in the cortex region. In the first stage of the disease the region in the cerebral cortex that is associated with memory is affected. Then as the disease progresses other regions in the cerebral cortex also undergo progressive deterioration leading to total impairment of functional and cognitive abilities. Though as in any other form of dementia syndrome memory loss is one of the chief and noticeable problems the effect of the disease extends to much more than memory loss and in most of the cases there is a total crippling of the brain functions thereby affecting the individuals ability to relate and respond appropriately to the outside world."
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Social Security, 2002.
An overview of the American Social Security program and the challenges it faces.
1,333 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
Since its inception, the Social Security system has provided benefits to augment the income of people upon their retirement. However, current projections point to a crisis in Social Security. Experts believe that by 2038, the Social Security trust fund will have been depleted. This paper presents an overview of the current social security crisis and evaluates the plans to address this problem. The first part of the paper provides a history of the Social Security system, from its inception in 1935 to its current status under the federal government. The next part then studies how the Social Security system is funded. In the final part, the paper studies the problems facing many retirees who stand to be adversely affected by the Social Security deficit. It looks at the pitfalls of privatization and other methods now being used to address the problem, such as proposed tax credits, simplifying the tax process and key changes in retirement policy.
From the Paper
"A privatized pension allows employers to manage the plan's assets, while promising to credit the worker's pensions with a corresponding interest rate. However, employers have often changed this rate, reducing the value of their employees' pensions. For example, when companies like IBM, AT&T and Citibank switched from traditional pensions to cash balance plan, the pensions paid to longtime employees were significantly reduced. Because of the potential for abuse, conversions to cash-balance plans were banned in 1999. The Bush plan for privatization, however, would allow employers to return to such practices, under the guise of augmenting the Social Security trust fund (Leone)."
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Retirement Plans, 2002.
An in-depth look at three types of retirement plans to see which provides a person with better coverage in later years.
12,194 words (approx. 48.8 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 235.95
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Abstract
Almost one-third of American workers are failing to prepare themselves for a comfortable retirement, according to a new survey conducted by American Express. Lack of knowledge and expertise causes many Americans to make poor choices regarding their retirement options.
The paper shows that saving for retirement is a major challenge for millions of Americans today. With an abundance of retirement options, including tax-deferred retirement plans, 401(k)s and IRAs, investors are often confused about which option will make the most of their savings dollars. This paper provides a review of the fundamental of these powerful retirement options in an effort to provide future retirees with the information needed to start investing in their futures. The study examines three major retirement options-Social Security, 401 (k) plans and IRA Accounts-in an effort to determine whether one type of option is superior over another. This research is based on existing literature, collected from a variety of sources, as well as empirical research derived from the opinions of financial professionals. Basically, this paper reveals whether or not there is a single best retirement option or if different people require different types of investment.
The paper includes tables, graphs and illustrations.
Table of Contents
Chapter One-Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Scope of the Study
Rationale of the Study
Definition of Terms
Overview of the Study
Chapter Two-Literature Review
Introduction
All About Social Security
About 401 (k) Plans
How a 401(k) Plan Works
About 401(k) Plans
Advantages of 401 (k) Plans
Maximizing the Potential of a 401 (k) Plan
About IRAs
The Benefits of an IRA
IRAs in a Nutshell
The Traditional IRA
The Roth IRA
Chapter Three-Methodology
Approach to Study
Data Gathering Method
Database of Study
Validity of Data
Originality and Limitations of Study
Chapter Four-Data Analysis
Chapter Five-Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Because Social Security provides benefits to millions of Americans, it is often perceived as a like a simple retirement savings account (National Center for Policy Analysis, 2003). Many believe that if they simply contribute through payroll deductions, they will get that money back at retirement. However, Social Security is a complex social program rather than a retirement plan. By design, Social Security involves massive subsidies from retirees, from single workers to married couples, from two-earner couples to one-earner couples, from high-income earners to low, and from those who die early to those who die late."
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Medicare, 2002.
An overview of this main source of healthcare for the elderly.
2,859 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper details how the American healthcare system, Medicare, plays an important role in the protection of the elderly. The paper shows the flaws in Medicare's system but argues that its goals to meet the health needs of all America's elderly are being attempted to be met. The paper discusses how Medicare is discarding its original plans and striving to meet the challenges of today's rising costs and changing populations. The paper also looks at the impact of managed care, the similarities between Medicare and Medicaid and the future of Medicare.
From the Paper
"One way that Medicare is thinking of cutting costs is by shifting the risk of cost increases to beneficiaries. This is used to stimulate competition and to also change the way that Medicare services are organized. Allegedly, it would deliver the same high level of care but at a lower cost. The two main options for this service are offering vouchers for beneficiaries so that they can purchase the care of their choice, and requiring that beneficiaries enroll in managed care plans. These could potentially be combined with each other, or they may be treated as separate approaches. There are, naturally, both right and wrong ways to reform the Medicare system, and even the definition of right and wrong can vary, depending on who is being asked the question".
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Healthcare Facility, 2002.
Discusses the strategic management of a healthcare facility in St. Louis.
1,436 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
Due to changing socio-demographics, the demand for health care and advanced medical technologies is growing consistently in St. Louis, with a concomitant rise in health expenditure. This paper introduces the strategic management of a healthcare facility in St. Louis, based on the micro and macro analysis of demography and economics.
From the Paper
"Medicaid and Medicare were implemented in 1965 to provide health and custodial care for people who could not afford it themselves. As Medicaid pays for half of the nursing home expenditures these costs have been rising steadily with the changing demography, and longer life expectancy.[Author not available, 1997] A growing population and rising cost of health facilities has added to the Medicaid expenditure.[Author not available, 1997]
Insurance seems to be a better alternative for providing nursing home care as a vast majority of people over 65 years will not require nursing home care, and the duration of stay for the remainder will likely be short, only 9% remaining more than 5 years.[Author not available, 1997] But expensive premiums, less incentive to purchase insurance due to the availability of Medicaid and desire to remain with family and thus transferring funds to other individuals that could have been used for insurance used on long term nursing care, keeps the burden on Medicaid.[Author not available, 1997]"
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