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Gender Equality in Athletics, 2004.
An analysis of Title IX, the law promoting gender equality in scholastic and collegiate athletic events.
2,993 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the controversial role that Title IX has played in guaranteeing equal opportunities to both genders in high school and collegiate athletics. The paper explains that the topic's justification stems from its almost limitless potential in affording valuable opportunities to athletes who otherwise might have been excluded from participation. It outlines the three main applications of Title IX - the promise to guarantee gender equity of financial assistance to athletic programs, the accommodation of athletic interests and abilities and equal benefits, opportunities and treatment provided to athletes.
From the Paper
"From its inception one June 23,1972, Title IX has been subject to much congressional debate and modification, fortunately being upheld and even expanded in the last 27 years. The first substantial threat to Title IX occurred in 1974, with Senator Tower proposed the Tower Amendment, which would "exempt revenue-earning sports from being tabulated" in Title IX compliance data. Although it was defeated, the slight modification of the Javits Amendment, "with respect to intercollegiate activities, reasonable provision considering the nature of participating sports," was approved, thus allowing for provisions of inevitable, slight inequalities with regards to event management. Two more attempts to restrict the extent of Title IX with regards to revenue-producing sports were defeated in 1975, and the same year the Title was signed into law by President Gerald R. Ford. The controversy was reawakened in 1977 when Senators Jesse Helms and Representative Martin called for the repealing of Title IX, but their efforts did not win sufficient support. At the decade's end, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare finally instituted a formal policy to define the function of Title IX, that it listed "an institution's obligation to provide equal opportunities and details the factors to considered in assessing actual compliance." "
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Muhammed Ali, 2005.
Examines how this world champion boxer influenced the 1960s.
1,950 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the life and career of Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammed Ali. By exploring several sources, including Jose Torres' "Sting Like a Bee", the paper shows how Ali influenced the sport of boxing and American society as a whole in the 1960s. The paper also touches on the racial element.
Paper Outline:
The Early Years
On the Road To Glory (1950s)
On the Road to Glory (1960s)
Works Cited
From the Paper
"In fact, if we look at Clay's image and impact upon the boxing world and American society during this period, it is highly likely that many people regarded him as a serious threat to the status quo, and the very fabric of the "American" way of life. Within this context, we can argue that Clay probably served as an inspirational and positive role model for other young men of color who wanted to believe that they could overcome any obstacle in life and achieve their dreams - what ever they may be."
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Robert Creamer's "Babe: The Legend Comes to Life", 2006.
A summary and review of Robert Creamer's book on the life of legendary baseball player Babe Ruth.
948 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a critique of Robert Creamer's biography of Babe Ruth, "Babe: The Legend Comes to Life". The paper praises the book for its factual information and non-judgemental approach to telling Babe Ruth's story but criticizes the author's strict adherence to dry detail.
From the Paper
"In his book Babe: The Legend Comes to Life, Robert Creamer creates a portrait of Babe Ruth that incorporates the Bambino's greatest career achievements with his most personal disasters. Ruth is held beneath the microscope of history and ultimately placed in a petrie dish labeled "Legendary player, really bad boy." Previous biographies, Creamer tells us in his introduction, portray single-sided aspects of one of baseball's most complex and intriguing characters. This is "not intended to be a book for boys," [21] but rather "a thorough, detailed biography of the Babe.""
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The Berlin Olympics, 2005.
Examines the backdrop against which the 1936 Olympic Games were played in Berlin, Germany.
3,349 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
On May 13, 1931, the International Olympic Committee, headed by Count Henri Baillet-Latour of Belgium, awarded the 1936 Summer Olympics to Berlin. This paper examines the political and social situation of Germany at the time, under the leadership of Adolph Hitler. It shows how he used the two weeks that the whole world would be watching, to turn Germany into a showcase and soften his anti-semitic policies.
The paper also discusses the games themselves and the controversies surrounding Hitler's apparent snubbing at the victories of black American athletes.
From the Paper
"Of course, the Games were not without controversy in the several years prior to 1936. As Hitler assumed power and the Nazis formed a one-party dictatorship, there were efforts to remove the Games from Berlin for political reasons. The United States was especially vehement about moving the games. But, the International Olympic Committee, in trying to prove their rationale for awarding the games to Berlin, claimed that the Games would be under the auspices of the German government, and not the Nazi party,. Perhaps some people forgot that in Germany now these two were one and the same thing. Still, the Games were in the hands of the German Olympic Organizing Committee, headed by a Dr. Lewald, its president, and Dr. Diem, its secretary-general. Both were pre-Nazi Germans, and were not in good standing with the Nazi party, but somehow they managed to retain control."
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Paying College Athletes, 2006.
An overview of the question of whether to pay college athletes or not.
2,874 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper questions whether college sports players deserve to be paid for their contribution to the college or not. It looks at whether the athletes would benefit from the pay incentive or whether the entire nature of college sports would be altered by the monetary compensation being offered.
From the Paper
"But there are ways to let the athletes in on the profits without involving the colleges. Simply allow the athletes to earn money off their talents from outside sources. That means nothing more than granting athletes the same financial rights all other students already posses. Other students can make money in their respective fields while in school, why can't athletes? If a school can receive a percentage of all apparel sold with the team logo on it, why can't players get a cut of T-shorts bearing their name, number or likeness? If a coach can appear as paid "expert analyst", why can't a player? If a coach can endorse a favorite restaurant, why can't a player? If a coach can strike a deal with a shoe company, why can't a player. After all, players, not coaches wear the shoes. So it stems to reason that players, not coaches, should receive the money."
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Sociology of Sports, 2006.
A thesis paper about the controversial issues around sports as a social entity.
2,958 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 35 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the issues of racism and ethnicity in sports. By providing a thesis statement, literature review, discussion and conclusion, this paper examines why the issue of sports as a social entity is so controversial. It explains that not enough studies have been performed in the sphere of sports and racism and ethnic issues.
Outline:
Thesis
Literature Review
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Why is the sociological study of sports so controversial? The subject is controversial for several reasons. Generally competitive sports offer the disadvantaged and the ghettoized young person a relatively level playing field in which to excel. Because of this many individualized from disadvantaged racial and ethnic backgrounds have used their personal athletic talents to lift themselves up by their bootstraps and find success in society at large. In contrast to the relatively level playing field offered by competitive athletics, an individual whose ethnic and or racial group is subject to prejudice and exclusion by the dominant social group, will find it difficult to evolve beyond the position of player to any management position in the same field."
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The Human Heart Rate, 2005.
This paper discusses the human heart rate and the way it is effected by exercise.
940 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, within the world of health and fitness, heart rate, which defines the number of contractions of the human heart in one minute, at rest for the male adult human heart, beats approximately 70 beats per minute; whereas, female hearts tend to beat faster at around 75 beats per minute. The author points out that physical exercise causes a normal person's heart rate to increase above the resting heart rate; as the physical activity becomes more vigorous, the heart rate increases, reaching maximum heart rate with very vigorous exercise. The paper concludes that heart rate monitoring helps to ensure a safe and effective aerobic workout and allows the exerciser to track changes, which are taking place in his or her cardiovascular system as he or she develops an exercise regimen and seeks aerobic fitness.
From the Paper
"Another type of heart rate is the working heart rate. One challenge in raising the heart rate is that the more conditioned that a heart becomes, the more difficult it is to elevate. If a heart's rate is too high during exercise, it can be lowered in the next workout by exercising less vigorously and minimizing arm movements. Conversely, if the heart rate is too low, exercise can become more vigorous to increase it. This heart rate is measured by taking the working heart rate for 6 seconds after each aerobic routine and then multiplying this number by 10 to determine the number of beats per minute."
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| Term Paper # 63763 |
temporarily unavailable
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Anabolic Steroids, 2006.
A look at the place that anabolic steroids have in the sports arena.
3,025 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
Anabolic steroids have become an integral part of the equation for athletic success in a number of sports. The paper explains that the advantages associated with the drugs are substantial and readily apparent, while the disadvantages are often seen as insignificant or unobserved. It points out that although the specific mechanisms by which anabolic steroids harm and kill remain clouded, there is enough proof to condemn the drugs from a medical perspective. Morally, they not only put into question the place of sports in society, but the entire bond between effort and outcome in physical achievement. The writer concludes that as long as the driving force behind sports is victory and competition, any advantage-whether perceived or real, legal or illegal-will categorically be pursued.
From the Paper
"Anabolic steroids can be lethal. "Most of these lethal effects have involved the cardiovascular system and have been reported in case studies." (Taylor, 76). Heart attack, blood clots in the lungs, strokes, intra-abdominal hemorrhages, and suicides have been identified as possibly being the result of steroids (Taylor, 76). Although many models have been developed to explain the connection between anabolic steroids and these forms of death, there is currently no clear consensus in the medical community. Nevertheless, statistically athletes who are steroid users have been identified as approximately ten percent more likely to suffer premature deaths than athletes who are non-steroid users (Taylor, 77). Such a strong correlation establishes steroid use as exceedingly dangerous to everyone who uses them, regardless of their previous physical condition."
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Fitness Swimming, 2006.
An overview of the health benefits of swimming.
939 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
Although swimming has long been deemed the best overall workout for the body, it has only been during the last few years that swimming and aqua workouts have gained popularity. This paper looks at how swimming and other aqua workouts allows everyone, young and old to participate in an over-all body exercise that benefits the heart, muscles, lungs, joints and mind without the restrictions and potential injuries of other forms of traditional sports and exercise programs.
From the Paper
"Dr. Jane Katz recommends swimming for everyone, especially for the elderly because it is gentle on older joints, muscles, and bones and unlike most other sports, it works all the major muscle groups and builds upper body strength (Michaels pp). Katz says that the beauty of buoyancy and the hydro-static effect of the water is that it gives an upward feeling and helps to protect the joints, making water an excellent rehabilitation medium (Michaels pp). According to Katz, in chin-deep water, an individual weighs one tenth of their body weight on land, while one weighs about fifty percent in waist-deep water, and thigh-deep water provides resistance while still allowing an individual to move easily (Michaels pp)."
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The Olympic Games, 2005.
An overview of the history of the Olympic Games from their origins in Ancient Greece.
1,619 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the history of the Olympic Games from the first record of the games at Olympia in 776 BC. It looks at how the first Olympic Games were not the games of today that represent a worldwide competition between the best athletes of the world. The ancient Olympic Games were dedicated to the Gods and only involved Greek athletes. It also examines the beginnings of the modern Olympic Games from their inception in France in 1900 and how they have over the years endeared political influences, performance enhancing drugs and the bribery of the IOC (International Olympic Committee).
From the Paper
"The ancient Greek Olympics were held every four years from 776 BC for the next 12 centuries. The ancient games lasted until 393 AD. The Romans had won the wars against the Greeks in 146 BC and were now in control of the Olympics. The games lasted until 393 AD, when the Roman Emperor Theodosius I (Rolfe 14) decided to end the games. The Emperor was incensed that the people were worshipping the gods and he wanted them to worship him. The Romans ruined the Olympic stadium and what was left was destroyed by natural events, such as floods and earthquakes. This was the end of the ancient Greek Olympic games. It would be centuries before the games would be reinstated and they would be different from the ancient games, but the influence of the ancient Greeks would forever be evident in the competitions."
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College Athletes? Grades, 2005.
This paper discusses the failure of colleges to insist upon and help maintain the grades of their athletes.
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that one reason colleges have been unable to handle effectively the problem of athletes with abysmal grades is that star players bring wealthy alums back to campus, along with their checkbooks. The author points out that the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) approved a reform package, particularly for the big money-making sports of football and basketball, which require more stringent eligibility rules for recruiting; once in college, the athletes must graduate within five years, completing 20 percent of the coursework each year, while maintaining at least a 1.8 grade-point average as a freshman, and a 2.0 each year thereafter to be eligible to play. The paper relates that there is a correlation between lower grades (even lower than usual) among college athletes during their sport's season and that academically marginal student athletes respond less successfully to the increased demands of college.
Table of Contents
Abortive Mission
A Lesson from the High School
Poor Excuses
From the Paper
"At least since 1998, high schools in wealth Northern Virginia have tightened academic standards for student athletes and for other students who participate in other extracurricular activities as well. Fairfax County coaches and teachers had begun monitoring student grades. In addition, in Fairfax County, the students cannot comply with the demand for a C average or better by taking only one or two easy classes; "students are required to take five classes and pass five classes in a previous school semester to be eligible to participate in athletics." If a student does drop two letter grades in a subject or his grade-point average drops below 2.0, he is counseled by coaches and offered help."
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Sports Sociology, 2004.
An analysis of the sociology of sports and gender defining issues.
2,610 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issues of masculinity and femininity in sport. The paper contends that in order to understand the equation of sports and masculinity, one should initially examine sports and femininity. The paper explains that those sports that are labeled feminine and would detract from rather than support a man's masculinity are those (at least in western cultures) that allow the participant to conform to the stereotypes of femininity. The function of sport in society is examined in the paper.
Outline
Introduction
Considering the Masculine and the Feminine Principles
Societal Function of Sport
Boys Will Be Boys, If They Find Out How
The Most Powerful Form of Masculinity
Anecdotal Evidence
Not Playing, but Winning, Equals Masculinity
Sports Dominance Equals Dominance, Period
Conclusion
From the Paper
"French, German, Spanish and a number of other languages ascribe gender-masculinity and femininity-to every noun in the language. Sometimes the reasoning is not accessible: Why should a German ornament--denoted by the word Schmuck--be masculine, for instance? And why should Schrift (writing) be feminine? While these are imponderables, understanding the masculine qualities of sports is less difficult. Indeed, understanding that, in modern society, sports are equated with masculinity is not difficult at all. Despite the labeling of various activities as masculine and feminine, sports "have generally been labeled as masculine, although some sports are considered to be feminine" (Koivula 2001 377+). Koivula believes that sport is a representation of the cultural milieu in which it occurs and that sports both reflect and reproduce the attitudes, beliefs, rituals and values of the society. "It is therefore argued that sport has been, and continues to be, a site for the construction, reconstruction, strengthening, and naturalization of perceived gender differences" (Koivula 2001 377+), and notably, it contributes to the ways in which each gender is valued by society."
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Oakland Athletics, 2005.
An analysis of the Oakland Athletics stadium and its viability as a place of sports entertainment.
2,841 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by providing a history of Oakland Athletics. It explains how the stadium was forced to move locations for a number of reasons and discusses how this move impacted its popularity. The writer discusses the sports that are played in the stadium. A SWOT analysis of the stadium is also presented.
From the Paper
"The story of Oakland Athletics starts in 1901 as Philadelphia Athletics and the stadium then had a capacity of only 9,500 seats. The capacity increased to 13,600 seats by 1905. This led to the opening of the Shibe Park or Connie Mack Stadium in the same city in 1909. The stadium was further developed to start night games in 1939 and capacity increased from 20,000 to 33,000 in the meantime. The name of the stadium was after a famous baseball manufacturer and this was the first concrete and steel stadium in major league. The name was changed as mentioned in 1953 after the famous player and the stadium existed till 1970. In the meantime, the team had decided to move from Philadelphia to Kansas City in November1954. This necessitated a new stadium for them and this was built on the site of the Blues stadium and that was the home of Kansas City Blues and the Negro Leagues Kansas City Monarchs. The existence of many teams at the same stadium led to the adding of a roofed second tier and the name being changed to Municipal Stadium. This led to their move to Network Associate Coliseum and that has been from 1968 and the capacity has been around 50,000. (Ballparks: 1901 - Present)"
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Boxing, 2004.
A brief analysis of whether boxing should be banned.
905 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that boxing should not be banned because it is a natural athletic competition that is no more violent than any other sport. The paper claims that, although many gambling and financial scandals have plagued the boxing industry over the years, boxing remains one of the most profitable sports in the United States. The paper explains that to ban boxing would severely damage the sports broadcasting industry and the sports media. The paper states that the sport fuels the pay-per-view industry as well and banning the sport would injure the livelihoods of many who work within related industries.
From the Paper
"Boxing was banned from the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 because the sport was considered to be too violent. Only until 1920 did the sport gain international recognition, followed by a wave of immense popularity due to the likes of boxing heroes like Cassius Clay (Mohammad Ali) and George Foreman. Undoubtedly boxing is one of the most blatantly violent sports. Only recently has one-on-one fighting superceded boxing's intensity on television with the anything-goes rules of "ultimate fighting" competitions. Boxing usually results in at least a little blood spill, and involves intense blows to the head that can cause brain damage or even death. In extreme cases, the violence of boxing bleeds outside of the ring, as when Mike Tyson brutally bit the ear of opponent Evander Holyfield. Because of the intensity of boxing's violence, many individuals and groups have called for a ban of boxing, at least on television."
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