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Second Language Acquisition, 2007.
A discussion on the motivation of the learner in second language acquisition.
2,290 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper examines studies that have been conducted in relation to second language acquisition. The paper explores the relevant factors of 'motivation' in learning the second language and what role or part motivation plays in the success of the student in acquiring the second language through looking at the theoretical framework of Zoltan Dornyei and others that have conducted studies relating to the motivational factor in L2 learning.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
The Theoretical Framework Of Dornyei (2003)
Summary And Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Dornyei (1994) states further that: "L2 learning is more complex than simply mastering new information and knowledge, in addition to the environmental and cognitive factors normally associated with learning in current educational psychology; it involves various personality traits and social components. For this reason, an adequate L2 motivation construct is bound to be eclectic, bringing together factors from different psychological fields." (Dornyei, 1994) "
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Language, Truth and Morality, 2007.
This paper explores Rorty's and Nietzsche's philosophies about the nature of truth.
1,665 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that philosophy has been interpreted and analyzed in various ways by scholars and thinkers. Each of which established the basis of a new theory or developed the guidelines of old ones. The paper discusses the works of Richard Rorty, one of the most appreciated contemporary philosophers, and shows how in his 1989 "Contingency, Irony and Solidarity" he follows in the footsteps of Nietzsche's "Beyond Good and Evil." The paper explains Rorty's theory that philosophy should consist of a more personal experience which must be released from the strains of modern and classical dogmatism. The paper discusses how his beliefs stand against the idea of an absolute truth, that which is expressed through a common and strict language.
From the Paper
"In regard to the own self, Rorty bases his modern society on the "liberal ironist", one that unwilling to accept the surrender to the will of the others, such as Nietzsche's "herd", decides to exercise its will and "reconcile themselves to a private-public split within their final vocabularies, to the fact that resolution of doubts about one's final vocabulary has nothing to do with attempts to save other people from pain and humiliation" (Rorty 120). Here, unlike Nietzsche, Rorty points to his expectations in the liberal society."
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English Language Acquisition, 2007.
This paper discusses cooperative learning and language acquisition for English language learners.
2,844 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that research study has shown that cooperative learning environments are more conducive to English language learning than are other learning environments. The writer explains that, in other words, it is easier for students to learn the English language in a relaxed cooperative learning situation than in the formal classroom instructional environment. This work attempts to discover, through a qualitative review of literature and a qualitative method of applied case study through the instrument of the survey/questionnaire, to understand this phenomena in the acquisition of the English language by students in the school and classroom environment. The writer concludes that the cooperative classroom in English language learning has been shown to be effective in a student's acquisition of the English language.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of Problem
Literature Review
Research Objectives
Hypothesis/Research Questions
Research Design
Assumptions and Limitations
Data Analysis (Questionnaire - Primary Data)
Limitations/Research Ethics
Conclusions
From the Paper
"It is assumed that the teachers in the survey know what cooperative learning actually is and that the teacher has used it consistently for at least one semester of the school year prior to the conduction of this study. It is further assumed that the students interviewed in this survey are not schooled in what cooperative learning actually is in terms of theoretical framework and case study research or techniques or methods of delivering instruction and that their view will be unclouded by this aspect of the learning environment. Limitations exist in this study in that there may be other varying factors that influence the acquisition of the English language, however this research proposal has attempted to allow for that in the instrument used for gathering data or the survey/questionnaire through asking relevant questions as to the home environment and other factors in the life of the student that might be the factor for more success in language acquisition in the school environment."
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Human Language, 2007.
This paper discusses theories relating to human language.
2,580 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, despite the ubiquity of human linguistic ability, pinning down exactly how language helps people and how people use it is not at all a straightforward task. The author points out that Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget and Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky examined how children acquire language and the relationship of thinking and language learning. The paper relates that the comparisons of bilingual and monolingual children, as well as comparisons of bilingual children of varying levels of development, indicate that bilingualism can lead to superior performance on a variety of intellectual skills.
From the Paper
"It is clear that normal children acquire a language that reflects their particular linguistic environment. A child brought up in Japan acquires a version of Japanese. The same child brought up in Brazil acquires a version of Portuguese. So, these languages must in some sense reflect some of the same underlying innate principles. Languages are basically the same in structure, up to certain parameters, for example, whether the head of a phrase goes at the beginning of a phrase or at the end. Children do not have to learn the basic principles; they only need to set the parameters."
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Teaching English as a Second Language, 2007.
This paper discusses the best way to impart a second language through a content-based and communicative immersion approach.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses that unlike teaching a student how to diagram a cell in biology class or how to deconstruct a poem in English class, the aim of foreign language education is not simply to teach students how to learn, but to impart a functional skill. This is especially true in English as a Second Language (ESL) education, where the students are acquiring a language that may become their primary language in their education or in their workplace. The writer points out that it is critical that students acquire language vocabulary that is likely to be useful for them in their daily lives, and that the students are quickly immersed in the language in a way that replicates their exposure to the language in daily life. In this paper, the writer looks at the communicative language teaching (CLT) approach, which stresses the fact that students learn to communicate through the action of communicating without merely learning about communicating in that language.
From the Paper
"Unlike a purely structuralist approach to teaching language that stresses learning foreign grammar structures in isolated and often unnatural ways, the technique of language content-based immersion exposes students to a new language in a holistic fashion. Even a successful structuralist method, such as the audiolingual method, in which the foreign language lessons are arranged on grammatical principles but in which the students are not responsible for any metalanguage tends to isolate grammatical principles from one another in a way that is not commensurate with how students are exposed to language in the lived environment outside of the classroom, and also tends to isolate acquiring vocabulary through intuition from correct grammatical usage. In contrast, communicative orientation in language teaching, with a student-focused perspective, is more evident in a content-based immersion approach. Such an approach encourages students use new expressions to impart their desired meaning in a way that enables them to truly communicate what they want to say in a given situation, rather than replicate the language patterns of a teacher by rote. A communication-focused approach also breaks down possible inhibitions about using the second language and making mistakes, as sometimes the English language is not even the main focus of the classroom, merely communicating something interesting about another subject."
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Language Learning Anxiety, 2007.
A comparison of learning achievement and anxiety between native and non-native teachers' students.
3,894 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper aims to establish the presence of language learning anxiety among students and to identify the factors leading to the development of students' language learning anxiety. It then discusses the factors comprising language learning achievement. The paper compares language learning achievement between students of native and non-native ESL teachers and the level of language learning anxiety between students of native and non-native ESL teachers.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Limitation of the Study
Definition of Terms
Review of Related Literature
Methodology
From the Paper
"From McDonald's study, it was established that culture is vital in understanding the true dynamics of language learning, as well as the possible roots of anxiety. However, another important factor that must be delved into is the role that teacher type plays in motivating and changing feelings of anxiety among students of ESL. From Nero's (2005) study on the characteristics and skills of ESL teachers, it was discovered that differences in achievement, aptitude, and anxiety was not dependent on teacher type (native or nonnative), but actually on the techniques and skills that teachers utilize in their everyday teaching of ESL (203)."
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Mental Health and Language, 2007.
This paper discusses how language differences can affect counselling and treatment.
4,808 words (approx. 19.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 123.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines how the under-utilization of mental health services by Hispanics has been a growing concern in research and clinical practice. The writer notes that language differences may be perhaps the most important stumbling block to the effective counseling and assessment of this population. The writer looks carefully at this issue and determines how much treatment is affected and whether there is anything that can to done to help Hispanics get better mental health treatment, even if they cannot speak English, or cannot speak it well. The writer points out that when clients and their therapists cannot communicate in the same language, they can often misunderstand each other, and this makes it very difficult to interact and provide what is needed by the therapeutic relationship. Further the writer highlights that since this is the case, mental health services are very under-utilized by the Hispanic population, and this issue must be addressed if this population is to be helped.
From the Paper
"The interaction between therapists and their patients has long been a subject of study. Usually, these studies relate to Caucasian therapists and how their Caucasian clients respond to them. It seems as though there is the greater amount of Caucasian people in the therapy profession, and therefore the relationship between Caucasian therapists and Caucasian patients is easier to study. While it is true that there are many Caucasian therapists, there are also many therapists out there with a different ethnic background. Some are African-American, as well as Native American, Asian, Hispanic, and other nationalities. There are also many patients with a different ethnic background, and many of these individuals do not speak English, or do not speak it well enough to really communicate their thoughts and feelings in a therapeutic setting. While Hispanics are the main focus here, others will also be mentioned briefly, to shed some light on how large the actual problem is."
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Interpersonal Communication, 2006.
A discussion on the importance of interpersonal communication.
2,411 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the importance of effective communication is immeasurable in the world of business and in personal life. The paper analyzes how communication skills can be crucial to the success of a business. The paper examines how even though people do learn to talk early in life, that does not mean that they also learn to communicate well. The paper explains that the process of getting the information from one person to another is a very complex process with many sources of potential error. The paper further explains how the communication process works, and what one can do to improve communication. The paper concludes that an effective communicator has a greater opportunity for becoming a success.
From the Paper
"However, if an individual can develop the skills, that person has gained an ability to really understand another person. Of course, every person needs to be an effective sender of messages as well as an effective receiver. This also requires a focus on the other person. For example, it might be necessary to consider how the other person will react, what they will think, and what they will feel. This will often cause a sender to become aware of barriers that will prevent their message from being received. With an understanding of the barrier, the sender is then in a position to overcome it."
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Writing Acquisition, 2006.
The paper discusses the importance of written exercises as part of a more comprehensive and diversified approach to teaching English as a second language in the classroom.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the relevance of various writing exercises to the student's mastery of English as a second language (ESL) and argues in favor of more writing activities within ESL classrooms. The paper argues that written exercises are a vital component of the language acquisition process. For ESL students, or any other student attempting to learn another language, to fully embrace the language and adopt comprehensible and meaningful communication strategies they must routinely incorporate written exercises into daily instruction. Students who combine written exercises with reading comprehension and oral civilities are far more likely to acquire successful language acquisition than those who focus on one method or another.
From the Paper
"Incorporation of various writing exercises is vital toward promoting adequate language acquisition for students learning English as a second language. Writing exercises help students learn how to initiate and create comprehensible communication, and help close the gap between oral, verbal and written communication. Students who do not engage in consistent written exercises are less likely to master English as a language than students who consistently engage in written exercises inside of and outside the classroom. This paper will discuss the relevance of various writing exercises to student's mastery of English as a second language and argue in favor of more writing activities within ESL classrooms."
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Polish Syntax, 2006.
This paper discusses the Polish language and provides an introduction to the syntax of Polish.
3,020 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the Polish language which like other Slavic languages, represents an inflecting, or fusion type of language, in which single grammatical morphemes combine several functions: case, gender, and number in noun forms; person and number in verb forms. The writer claims that the Polish grammatical system closely parallels that of Russian.
Contents:
Introduction
Syntax in Polish Literature
Consider the Following Polish Examples (Giejgo 1981)
The Study and Results
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Because Polish retains a rich inflectional system, morphology is the main device for expressing syntactic distinctions. Word order has grammatical functions only to a limited extent, and hence it can serve other purposes, namely, it performs pragmatic functions. Deviations from the standard (unmarked) SVO order serve the purposes of topicalization; and combined with focal stress, word order expresses special emphasis on certain elements, in a way independent from discourse structure. Furthermore, the rich inflectional system makes it possible to apply ellipsis to a much larger extent than in English. Passive participles are used in passive voice constructions. In spoken language, however, these have a limited range of use, as word order flexibility is sufficient for expressing focus, and a number of subjectless active constructions can be used for subject downgrading. Those occurring in spoken language typically involve perfective participles, used in order to refer to a resulting end state of some action, performed by an unspecified agent which is either unknown or evident or simply irrelevant. These cannot be called truncated passives, as full passives are practically never used. They are rather a subclass of attributive sentences making statements about objects."
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Acquisition of Japanese Case Particles, 2005.
This paper is a complete research project to explore the acquisition of Japanese case particles by English speaking learners.
20,285 words (approx. 81.1 pages), 30 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Japanese case particles, which are morphological markers that indicate the relation of the noun phrase to the predicate, are crucial factor for both comprehension and production of the language; however, it is a very difficult area for adult learners to master. The author points out that the subjects for this qualitative study were selected at random from students whose native language is English and who were currently taking a third semester of a formally instructed Japanese course. The paper recommends instructional techniques based on the findings such as the use of diagnostic tests for recognizing the natures of learners' confusion and creating productive lessons to clarify the confusion. Many charts, tables and graphs.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background
Difference and Difficulty
Literature Review
Definitions of Japanese Case
Research on Acquiring Case Particles by Adult English Speakers
Verbal Protocol: An Effective Mean of Obtaining Valuable Information
Research Questions
Methodology
Research Design
Subjects
Test Survey
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Findings
The First Question: Why are Some Particles Troublesome?
Second Question: Does Subjects' Confidence Reflect the Accuracy in Use of The Particles?
Third Question: How do the Subjects Determine Which Particle to Use?
Discussion
Pedagogical Implication
Teach schema: What Goes with the Particle
Diagnostic Test: To Know What They Don't Know
Provide Meta-Linguistic Instruction: Teach Semantic Role of Particles
Make the Lesson Memorable
Conclusion
From the Paper
"An interesting fact is that the other two problems with 100% accuracy have somewhat similar properties as well. The verb, imasu 'to exist,' is also a stative verb, which is means existential. The adjective, daisuki desu 'to be favorite,' is usually translated into English as "I like something." This verb and adjective also take a semantic object accompanied by the subject marker ga. However, in these questions, subjects had no confusion over use of o and ga. It turned out that the first two uses of ga are very familiar ones to the subjects, and they seem to have almost memorized the combination. This fact will be illustrated and discussed in a later section."
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Gratitude in Poetry, 2006.
An examination of the meaning of gratitude in poetry.
924 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author reviews the gratitude expressed in D.H. Lawrence's poem "Piano", Anne Bradstreet's poem "To My Dear and Loving Husband," and Toni Morrison's writing "Nobel Prize Speech." He highlights how the dictionary definition of gratitude as meaning thankfulness is not enough to justify the depth of the word. But, in poetry the word gratitude, becomes much more. The author describes how, in each poem the gratitude expressed can relate to the whole story and life of a person. One of the examples he gives is D.H. Lawrence's poem "Piano", which he describes as a nostalgic view of the gratitude Lawrence has for his mother's relationship. The author also relates to the other poems and their more deep meaning of gratitude which is expressed. In conclusion he reiterates that the dictionary meaning of gratitude is not enough, especially in poetry, as there is much more to the word.
From the Paper
"At first glance, Bradstreet's poem looks only like a love song; it does not outwardly thank anybody. However, a closer reading reveals not only its theme of gratitude, but also the notion that viewing the poem under the guise of its first appearance oversimplifies the poem and hides its complexity. Indeed, "To My Dear and Loving Husband" is written in rhymed couplets and is a mere 12 lines long. Nevertheless, it is clearly an illustration of the Puritan belief that wealth is a measurement of blessing (Ryken 20). Specifically, Bradstreet says, "Love is greater "than whole mines of gold/ Or all the riches that the East doth hold" (lines 5-6), thereby acknowledging that her greatest wealth is love."
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Australian Literacy, 2006.
An analysis of children's literacy issues in Australia.
3,000 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses literacy issues for children living in Australia. The paper begins by examining the many differing conceptions of how to define literacy and exactly which elements constitute the amorphous area of literacy. Then, the paper looks at the varying types of literacy teaching in schools. The paper also discusses the intense scrutiny that the subject of childhood literacy is coming under in Australia. Reports of declining literacy levels led to a perception of a "literacy crisis", which has prompted government officials to take action. This paper also explores those steps.
From the Paper
"The importance of spoken language should not be underestimated in the acquisition of literacy. Obviously, the need for literacy will not be relevant to societies where there is no written form of their language, therefore the following discussion will be limited to societies with written forms of their language thus leading to expectations of literacy. Whilst spoken and written language are interrelated, there are also differences between them. The first difference is that spoken language predates written language in history (Stubbs, 1980, p.25). Naturally, it is not possible to make an assertion as to the time differential, however it is logical to state that people have always needed to be able to orally communicate."
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"The Good Woman of Bangkok", 2006.
This paper reviews and analyzes the semiotic references in Dennis O'Rourke's 1991 film "The Good Woman of Bangkok."
1,734 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the semiotic references that are found in Dennis O'Rourke's film "The Good Woman of Bangkok." The writer defines semiotics as being primarily concerned with how meaning is generated and conveyed and explains how the director used this form of communication to confuse his audience. The film, which is reviewed in this paper, discusses the prostitution industry in Bangkok and the director's goal to find the bond between the banality and the aesthetics of love. The writer also explores the semiotic codes used to define the signifier/signified relationship between prostitution and its meanings which are initially the typical codes of contemporary culture.
From the Paper
"Of course the code that these men use to interpret themselves and their own behavior is of a mostly deceptive nature. It could be argued that the filmmaker uses his own interpretive code in the same manner to deceive himself. Some argue that the true reason for the film was to indulge in gratutous sex only to justify oneself afterwards. The rice farm is seen as a reward, or a payment, for Aoi to provide her services as a prostitute."
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English in the EU and UK, 2006.
A discussion whether English should be the lingua franca in the European Union. The papers also discusses the effect that globalization has had upon England and its language policies as well.
1,963 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The writer explains that in the European Union, all languages from member countries are to be given the same status. In practice, many documents are only translated into English and French as translating into all the member country's languages is too complicated. The paper explains that some feel that English should become the language of the EU, despite its policy to the contrary. The writer shows that some feel that English should be used in the EU as a common language, and not as a political stance. The paper goes on to discuss the effects of immigration, emigration and tourism to the UK, and how this has affected English in the UK. The writer explains that as policies of equality and human rights take precedence, foreign languages are being used more widely in education, where once, all education was only in English. The paper explains a recent language policy to use English as the sole language for education, in order to give all children in the UK an equal chance at making the best of their learning experience. In conclusion, while a lingua franca serves to overcome many obstacles, this should be balanced by a recognition of diversity in both the English language itself and in terms of different languages within the UK.
From the Paper
"However, there has recently been a greater emphasis on language diversity within the UK. As policies of human rights and equality take precedence, foreign languages enjoy more attention in schools. Since globalization and travel are greater realities today, it is possible to have a Dutch mother, a Spanish father, and be fluent in English, Spanish and Dutch. Some countries, including the UK, have begun to acknowledge this to a certain degree. It is also interesting to note the linguistic diversity locally within the UK. The United Kingdom is internally much more diverse than the general perception gives it credit for. There are many languages and cultures within this country. These include the Welsh, Scottish and Irish traditions, which remain cultures within themselves, despite the fact that English is perceived to be the dominant language within the United Kingdom. Bourne (Eggington & Wren, 1997:51) [2] notes that the modern United Kingdom has 500 000 Welsh speakers and at least 80 000 Scottish Gaelic speakers within its borders. A small number of Northern Ireland schools also still teach Irish Gaelic. Currently more than five percent of the total population in British schools is bilingual. The history of the UK is similarly colorful. Welsh, English, Latin, French and Flemish were used in Wales during the Middle Ages, while children with home languages such as Polish, Ukrainian, Chinese, Yiddish and French, among others, frequented British schools during the nineteenth century. Current language surveys reveal over 170 languages spoken in London schools, of which Bengali features the greatest number of speakers."
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