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Non-Lethal Weapons, 2008.
This paper explores contemporary issues and trends in the use of non-lethal weapons.
3,367 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
The paper outlines the heated debate over non-lethal technology. The paper examines the issues of safety, security, liability and effectiveness of non-lethal weapons from the view points of the public, victims and agencies. The paper looks at legal issues of abuse and severity levels of the non-lethal weapons. The paper suggests that the civilian introduction of non-lethal technology needs to be slowed until more research can be done.
From the Paper
"Non-lethal weapons have become a major topic of interest to a great many people as the technology sparking their profusion continues to develop. Not least of all, new weaponry means new legal concerns and new groups pushing their way to the policy-making forefront. The history of such weapons, however, is surprisingly long - even if many of the new tools on the market are extremely recent creations. To wit, "varied weapons technologies" as we understand the term today first emerged en masse in the 1960s and non-lethal tools like tear gas and chemical "irritants" began to muscle their way to the forefront of riot control techniques in the 1960s and 1970s; not to be overlooked, "kinetic energy impact projectiles" took off at around the same time, as well (Davison, 2006, pp.2 and 4)."
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My Neighborhood Watch Group, 2008.
This paper describes a neighborhood watch group and its effectiveness against crime.
1,034 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The writer discusses his neighborhood watch group in Albany, Georgia. The writer looks at the watch group's aims and the activities that will help the group accomplish its goals. The writer discusses leadership roles and the importance of an effective communication structure. The writer relates that patrolling his neighborhood serves as an effective deterrent to criminal activities.
From the Paper
"In many communities where crime rates are high and the police have been ineffective, concerned citizens have formed neighborhood watch groups in order to identify and report criminal activity. Experience has shown that citizen efforts to patrol their neighborhoods serves as an effective deterrent, for criminals seek out more vulnerable neighborhoods once they see that residents have formed neighborhood watch groups and are taking proactive measures to protect their streets and homes from crime."
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Community Policing, 2007.
This paper discuses community policing, which is a program that link the police to the neighborhood citizens in an effort to solve the problems of the area.
3,425 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that community policing has been successful in reducing crime and in improving the relationship between the police and the public. The author points out that bringing the community and the police together changes the traditional image of the police as an occupying force. The paper relates that community policing necessitates a number of organizational changes such as recruitment and education. The author states that this approach calls attention to the degree to which the police are dependent on the public for support, information and cooperation. The paper explains that one way for the police to learn more about the neighborhood is to be residents themselves; therefore, requiring officers to live in the community enhances the community policing effort and adds to the comfort level on both sides.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Effectiveness and Organizational Change
Involvement by Community Policing Institutes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Relations between the police and the black community have long been tense. In some regions, the police are viewed as an occupying army present not to protect the people but to control them and to keep them in their place. Numerous civil disturbances in recent decades can be traced to tensions between the police and the black community, from the riots of the summer of 1965 to the riot in Los Angeles after the first Rodney King verdict, from the problems in Crown Heights in New York to any number of disputed police shooting incidents in cities across the country."
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Prison Rape in the U.S., 2008.
This paper provides a perspective of rape in correctional institutions in the United States.
1,552 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the extent of rapes within the U.S. prison system, with some especial attention being given to the phenomenon of gang rapes. The writer notes that understanding the extent of the problem as well as the major associated risks is an important first step in formulating some procedures by which the number of rapes within corrections institutions can be significantly reduced. The writer points out that it is important to first note that eliminating the rape of prisoners will not come easily. In fact, it is unlikely that the problem will ever be completely eradicated. Nonetheless, the writer maintains that outlining a path that corrections institutions can take in the short-term and the long-term is crucial if any headway is going to be made against the problem.
From the Paper
"Attitudes regarding prison rape in the United States, unfortunately, are not conducive to reducing the incidence of prison rape. The public view the rape of men in prisons as a joke. Gags about dropping the soap in a prison shower are common and only reinforce the assumption that the rape of prisoners, at least men, is acceptable. Many have the attitude that prisoners somehow deserve what they get--after all, they did commit a crime and aren't in prison because they are fully innocent. Additionally, a culture of machismo in the United States contributes to the attitude that men who are raped aren't really men because they weren't able to fend off their attacker. Unfortunately for prisoners, these assumptions and attitudes only increase the possibility that they will have to face sexual assault without any social or institutional recourse. The fact is that victims of prison rape are rarely able to defend themselves, especially in cases of gang rape, when attackers are more numerous and are only too willing to resort to physical violence-even murder-to get what they want."
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What Causes Delinquency?, 2008.
This paper compares and contrasts the social control and self control criminological theories.
931 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the social control theory depicts social institutions and society as major contributors to delinquency, which are reinforced by the criminals' environment or social construct in a positivistic perspective. The paper further explains how contrary to this, the self-control theory defines the early childhood development of a delinquent as reinforcing an internal sense of identity, which manifests itself into criminal behaviors outside of social bonding.
From the Paper
"The theorizations of Jack P. Gibbs can best help to explain a comparison and contrast of the Social Control Theory and that of the Self-Control Theory in criminology. Gibbs helped to construct a theorization on the nature of Social Control Theory that has been centered on the positivism of Strain theory, as well as Conflict Theory in relation to the role of delinquency and crime. Gibbs (1994) defines social controls through the medium of "homicide" as a criminal example of deviant delinquent behavior is affected by social organizations, such as the criminal justice system as a third party "mediator" that often dictates the way they judge social norms in regards to crime (p.49). In this manner, social control is dictated by the reaction of the justice system in relation to occurrence of crimes in relation to the reoccurrence of the conflict between victim and aggressor."
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Ethics and the Correctional System, 2008.
A review of an article by Laurel J. Sweet "Sheriff's Hire to Weed out Troublemakers".
797 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews an article penned by Laurel J. Sweet, "Sheriff's Hire to Weed out Troublemakers" and focuses on the benefits of having both a written code of ethics in place and a strong leadership able to enforce that code. The paper discusses how a code of ethics protects the department from lengthy appeals that frustrate efforts to get nefarious individuals out of the force. The paper also explains how strong leadership can prompt subordinates to follow the code or at least not hold its tenets in contempt.
From the Paper
"The importance of a written code of ethics can scarcely be exaggerated - in any professional setting, but especially in one as important (and where power balances can be as great) as the correctional system of the United States. In her article, "Sheriff's Hire to Weed out Troublemakers," Laurel J. Sweet writes about the 2003 decision of Suffolk County sheriff, Andrea J. Cabral, to hire former Suffolk District Deputy Chief of District Courts, Viktor Theiss, to "cultivate" the resources and techniques necessary to "weed out" members of the local correctional services population who are committing policy violations to outright criminal acts - such as drug peddling to sexual exploitation of prisoners."
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Recidivism and Corrections, 2008.
This paper discusses recidivism and the correction system in the United States.
1,167 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer reviews the high recidivism rates in the United States and looks at what this says about the nations' correctional system. Specifically, the paper argues that the emphasis has too often been upon punishment and not nearly enough upon rehabilitation and re-integration. As a result, the writer maintains that a distressingly low number of inmates are receiving the therapeutic intervention they need and many more are not receiving the skills development they need, either. This must change if recidivism is to drop appreciably.
From the Paper
"Recidivism among those exiting the United States correctional system is a serious problem for a host of reasons. For one thing, if the state has devoted billions of dollars towards cutting down crime rates by incarcerating dangerous offenders only to have those same individuals re-offend upon release, then the monies set towards housing them in institutions has been, for all intents and purposes, wasted. Furthermore, high recidivism rates (especially among violent offenders) means greater risk for the general public and that means fear, general misunderstanding, and an overwhelmingly negative public perception of the correctional system in the United States. Unfortunately, public fears about the relative inefficacy of the correctional system appear to be well-founded in America."
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Police Policies, 2008.
An overview of various issues concerning different police policies in question and answer form.
2,697 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses a series of five questions proposed that range from police policies on domestic violence to police corruption. The first question concerns domestic violence and the police of mandatory arrest of the accused abuser. A weighing of the benefits and detriments of such a policy are explored. The second question concerns the role of law enforcement in the war on terror. The modern approaches of policing and how they conform to terror prevention are explored. The third question explores the theories of police corruption. Actions are proposed as to how to run a police department devoid of corruption. The forth question concerns the Miami-Dade Employee Identification System and its aim of preventing police abuse. The successes and failures of the system are discussed. The final question concerns the introduction of technology into the modern police department. The pros and cons of such technologies are also explored.
From the Paper
"The policy of community based policing, where the police department reaches out to the local community through increased personal relationships with its members has been a gaining popularity over the past 20 years. (Henderson, Miller, Ortiz, Sugie p.1) Community policing has been proven effective to increase public safety through the strengthened ties between the community and the police department. It is intuitive that the more familiar an officer is with the community that they police, the more likely it is that the community will cooperate with the officer in police matters, and the less likely a misunderstanding will occur. "
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Crime in New Jersey and in the United States, 2007.
An examination of the prison system and crime in New Jersey and in the United States.
2,706 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the activities of state authorities in relation to crime in New Jersey and in the United States. The paper explains that in recent years crime rates in New Jersey have dropped significantly, but the prison population, and its costs, have increased and the key reason is that New Jersey (like many other jurisdictions) uses incarceration to address drug problems. The paper points out that there are alternatives to full-scale incarceration that would save the state of New Jersey substantial sums which are now being spent on maintaining a prison system that is built to guard New Jersey from a threat that does not exist.
Outline:
Introduction
Part I: Recent Crime Statistics
Part II: Recent Legislation
Part III: Victims Assistance Programs
Part IV: Correctional Options
Part V: Three Strikes Laws
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are two criminal justice systems in the United States: the state system and the federal system. When a person commits a crime, it may be a crime against the laws of the United States; it may be a crime against the laws of the state in which the crime occurs. Violations of the criminal laws of the United States ("federal crimes") are prosecuted by the United States through the U.S. Attorney in each state. Violations of the laws of a given state are prosecuted by the various officials of the state. While the two systems work cooperatively, they do not course over."
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White-Collar Crime, 2008.
This paper analyzes the rise of white-collar crime within the United States in light of John Maynard Keynes' and Adam Smith's free market systems.
1,451 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the problem of white-collar crime in relation to the free market global economy, which has played a large role in increasing corporate crimes. The paper looks closely at the economic theories of Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes that explain free market abuses. The paper concludes that although Keynesian regulatory theories provide a strong groundwork for a justice and rights based system of rules to control and balance free market economies, the lack of government enforcement through the private sector allows corporate criminals to go unpunished.
From the Paper
"The central issue of Adam Smith's "hidden hand" economics in the free market economy is the growing failure of the U.S. government to regulate the way that banking has been practiced in global markets. One example of this was the problem of the Savings and Loan Crisis, which often deregulated banking institutions, causing problematic ethical issues through justice based theories of fair and balanced market behaviors. In this case, the government did not enforce restrictions on competitive measures for commercial banks for the greater benefit of the banking industry."
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Presents for Police, 2008.
This paper reviews an article by Tom Bailey "Top Local Cops Don't See Freebies as Problem", which discusses the practice of granting gratuities to law enforcement officials.
822 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper examines an article from the Memphis,Tennessee "Commercial Appeal" that discusses the ethics behind the issuing of gratuities to police officers. The paper looks at the attitudes of those who favor discounts and other "perks" for officers and those who argue against such privileges. The paper is of the opinion that public monies should be set aside towards paying police officers the salaries they deserve.
From the Paper
"Without question, the acceptance of gratuities by police officers has been a matter of growing concern in recent years - although a case can certainly be made that the specter of police corruption has always been a hot topic for discussion among policy-makers and among the general public. A recent article appearing in the Memphis, Tennessee's, Commercial Appeal, begins by noting an incident wherein a police deputy was offered (and presumably took) a hefty discount after eating at a local Memphis restaurant. The rationale behind the practice of granting gratuities, apparently, is that local businesses, eateries and stores are more than happy to give officers "a little extra" if it means that they will be more likely to patronize a particular establishment with all of the accoutrements (gun, badge and radio) of their trade."
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Subjectivism and Objectivism in Criminal Liability, 2008.
An analysis of how subjectivism and objectivism applies to various criminal cases.
1,802 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the philosophies of subjectivism and objectivism as they apply to criminal liability. It begins by defining each philosophy. It then presents examples of past cases and discusses how subjectivism or objectivism applies to them. The paper also looks at the history of British common law and how subjectivism and objectivism came into play in determining guilt or innocence.
From the Paper
"The objective standard is now changing to the subjective. In the case of B. v. the Director of Public Prosecutions (2000) 1 All ER 833, is a recent example of the shift. In B. the defendant is 15 year old boy accused of incitement of a child under 14 to gross indecency. The young man was sitting on a bus next to a 13 year old girl, he repeatedly requested that she perform sexual acts with him, and she refused all of his advances. The original intent of the legislation would make this a strict liability crime, where the mere commission of the offense would incur criminal liability, actus reus. Using the previous standard for specific intent crimes established in Morgan, a reasonable standard would be applied to determine criminal liability of the boy. With the decision in B. the court now has established an objective standard. Lord Steyn in his opinion stated, "There has been a general shift in from objectivism to subjectivism in the branch of the law."
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Community Notification Laws, 2008.
This paper looks at the use of community notification laws.
861 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that keeping children safe from sexual predators today includes the use of community notification laws to inform the public when sex offenders move into a neighborhood or region. The writer points out that these laws may include direct notification of people in a neighborhood or more general notification by posting names and addresses on a website accessible by all. The writer argues that such laws can help reduce the incidence of sexual abuse of children by putting parents on notice so they can take greater care, though such an approach is not a panacea and will not completely eliminate the threat, only reduce it. The writer concludes that community notification creates an opportunity for parents to become more informed and to exercise greater caution regarding the safety of their children.
Outline:
Introduction
The Argument
The Approach
Another Provision
Problem of Notification
Efficacy
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This sort of response has been extended to other violent felons as well, with more and more communities fighting the placement of parolees in their area and seeking laws involving everything from notification to the right to refuse entry to a released offender to enhanced incarceration beyond the original sentence. Local groups across the country are trying to block former convicts from settling in their communities and are pressing their state assemblies for tougher detention laws and parole conditions. As a result, more and more states are enacting laws that put the interests of the community before the rights of ex prisoners. The most vociferous demands are for notification laws to alert citizens when a sex offender is about to be released into their community. At this time, many states require that local police be notified when a release is imminent, and now the New Jersey law calls for authorities to notify community members as well. In the U.S. Congress, members approved a provision which requires certain offenders to check in with police every 90 days for the rest of their lives. The New Jersey proposal only requires police to notify neighbors, schools, churches, youth groups and the media within 45 days of an ex offender's moving into a neighborhood."
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Social Learning Theory: Application to School Shootings and Violence, 2007.
An examination of social learning theory focusing on the case of Luke Woodham and the murders that occurred in Mississippi in October of 1998.
3,667 words (approx. 14.7 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses school shootings in America, focusing on the case of Luke Woodham and his violent acts in October of 1998. The paper explains that this case is used as an example of criminal acts that are conducted by children and the case is examined through social learning theory. The paper explores the foundations of social learning theory and arguments against this theory in relation to school shootings are also discussed. Furthermore, the paper examines how social learning theory can be used as a predictor of school violence and then discusses the prevention techniques that have been offered and that must be implemented in order to address the issue. In conclusion, the paper shows that for the criminal justice system and society as whole it is evident that the only answer to school shootings and violence is to begin to work together in a manner that allows for preventative measures to be taken and for children to once again have faith that the adults who are supposed to protect them will and that the world that is supposed to be supportive of them will function to accomplish that mission.
Outline:
Abstract
Etiology
Prediction and Prevention
Recommended Criminal Justice Response
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the case of Woodham and the murders that occurred in Mississippi, it is evident that the conditions described through social learning theory existed and that these conditions contributed to the actions taken by the juvenile. For example, early in his life Woodham became engrossed in the philosophy used by Hitler. It was not difficult for Woodham to witness the results of Hitler's philosophies, as those results are consistently present in the social order as a matter of social history. Woodham was capable of retaining these events because they were constantly reinforced through exposure to the ideas discussed in relation to Hitler through the people that he knew and the studies that he personally conducted."
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