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Creating a New Trust, 2008.
This paper discusses creating a new trust between the Canadian police and Aboriginal women of Canada.
2,046 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that Aboriginal women in Canada suffer a long-standing distrust of Canadian police that compromises their safety and citizenship. The writer notes that like all Canadians, First Nations women need police support to deter violence and injustice against them. If they cannot turn to the police, a fundamental democratic right that they are entitled to is not functioning properly. The writer points out that this problem has been written about by Aboriginal women's groups, Canadian policing organizations, and even Amnesty International. The writer maintains that the mainstream Canadian police continue to fail Aboriginal women because they lack the imagination necessary to conquer the problems that Aboriginal women face. Or, perhaps provincial police and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police have a good idea, but they lack the courage to employ it. The writer concludes that in either case, all Canadian citizens would benefit from new police initiatives that work for everyone.
From the Paper
"It is exceptionally difficult, even in mainstream Canadian society, for a woman to extricate herself from a situation of domestic abuse. This requires financial and legal support. It means walking away from someone she once loved, or may still love. It means turning your life upside down while working with the police to ensure her safety. This is critical: without police support, a woman is open to harassment and assaults from not just her former spouse, but from anyone."
"But what if she distrusts the police? What if the police are, in her view, just another brutal gang that may well take advantage of her? A woman in peril cannot be expected to choose the protection of an untrustworthy bunch of thugs over the thug she intends to extricate herself from. That would be compounding her problem, rather than reducing it. As one Aboriginal writer noted in The Manitoban Online, even Native women who had been severely brutalized by family members still felt less safe when police were seen on the reservation."
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Theories of Crime, 2008.
This paper compares the Marxist perspective of crime with the left realist view.
1,120 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper explains how the Marxist perspective of crime reveals vastly different ideals when compared to the left realist view of crime. The paper discusses how they are both conflict-oriented theories of crime and both have aspects which are at once compelling and unconvincing. The paper concludes that overall, left realism seems more suited to the analysis of crime in today's global society.
Outline:
Introduction
Marxist Approach to Crime
The Left Realist Approach to Crime
The Two Perspectives
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Under the Marxian Critique of Criminal Justice, the fact under capitalist law is "exchange". The economic relation between the two bodies of an exchange is not a relation of wills, but merely the response of an economic exchange. There is utter freedom in the exchange, making it a free exchange. Crime occurs when coercive measures intercede, and the exchange involves capitalist ownership and worker ownership - an imbalance that is rectified by legislation (Reimen, 2003, p. 180). The law, in Marx's opinion, averages out the commonalities of exchange; and it is applied thusly, not on an individual case basis. According to Marx, criminal law remedy typically involves punishment in response to heinous action. Crime is the result of a violation of a normal exchange, whereby one's property (including his or her body) is violated. In response, the law is equalizing in that working classes and ruling classes are held equally accountable. Punishment matches the crime, and punishment is only allowable when the transgression was committed freely."
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Judicial Discretion in Cases of Sexual Abuse, 2008.
A discussion on limiting judicial discretion to admit evidence in cases of sexual abuse of youngsters.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the subject of judicial discretion, specifically as it was applied by the United States Supreme Court in "Tome v. United States, 513 U.S. 150 (1995)". In that case, a majority of the court ruled that reports of prior consistent statements made by the victim of sexual assault were inadmissible unless they occurred prior to any incident drawing the victim's credibility into question. The paper contends that the dissent in Tome presented a more reasonable position, giving the trial judge more discretion in admitting evidence of this sort. To conclude, the paper notes that the states have not invariably followed Tome.
From the Paper
"In Tome v. United States, 513 U.S. 150 (1995), the Supreme Court considered a case which turned on an issue of judicial discretion. Matthew Tome was charged and convicted of felony sexual abuse of a child, his daughter who was four years old when the abuse occurred. Tome had primary custody of the child, A.T., during the 1989-90 school year; Tome's wife had custody during the summer of 1990. In August, the mother contacted police, alleging that A.T. had been sexually abused. The prosecution alleged that A.T. had been abused during the school year; the defense contended that the story was concocted to prevent Tome from retaining custody. (The matter was tried in federal rather than state court because the abuse allegedly occurred on a Navajo reservation.) (513 U.S. at 152)."
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Credibility of Eyewitness Testimony, 2008.
A discussion of the reliability of eyewitness testimonies in the conviction of criminals.
2,410 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews research into eyewitness identification credibility. It points out that, with the advent of DNA testing, many innocent people that were convicted primarily on eyewitness testimonies, have been exonerated of their crimes. The paper also adds that the courts are very suspect of expert testimonies by psychologists, and precedent is strongly in favor of limiting this type of testimony. The courts are in favor of letting the jury determine the accuracy of witnesses, not having psychologists testify as to their believability. The paper concludes that though there is research on both sides of the issue, there is clearly a need for additional research.
From the Paper
"The research conducted by Ebbensen and Konecni go directly to these most vital aspects of the criminal justice system in the paper entitled "Eyewitness Memory Research: Probative v. Prejudicial Value". The conflict between psychology and the legal system appears at an impasse. The legal system thrives on eyewitness or first hand knowledge of events, it is at its very Constitutional foundation. Psychologists have made numerous scientific inquiries into the fundamental unreliability of memory and how memories can be tainted by prior events and by subsequent events. Memories fade, but nobody is sure how fast this occurs, and if there is a practical way to measure it. The legal system depends on facts presented to juries to arrive at justice, psychologists have generated numerous studies to present the facts of human memory, yet the courts rarely allow this testimony into the courtroom. In the Libby case, the core of the case was the reliability of Libby's memory when recounting events to federal investigators. Libby was accused of lying to the federal investigators, and was prepared to offer scientific evidence of his poor memory. The judge in the case excluded the testimony, again citing the Daubert rule, not wanting a psychologist to tell the jury how to rule on the guilt or innocence of Libby (Erickson, 2007, n.p.)."
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The 'Three Strikes' Law in the United States - a Critique, 2008.
This paper describes and discusses the "Three Strikes" law adopted in the United States.
3,278 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the Three Strikes Law introduced in the USA as an effort to 'get tough' on crime. Over the years, it was seen that the law had no impact on crime rates or the nature of offenses as other states continued to follow the example set by California. The author intended that this paper would express the flimsiness of a law seeming rooted in deterrence but in fact he has revealed less reported and important surrounding matters.
Outline:
Introduction
The Failure of Three Strikes Law
Kinds of Crime - the Crack Revolution
Alleged Alternatives
Laws as Seen by Offenders
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
" Approaches to 'getting tough' on crime in the United States of the 1990s showed commitment to what seems deterrence, as in the Three Strikes effort permitting tough sentences for repeat offenders. Over years, it was see that the law had no impact on crime rates or the nature of offenses as states continued to follow the example of California in 1994, towards varied crime statistics verifying, yet again, the ineffectiveness of deterrence models. What is absent from this kind of research is exploration of what Three Strike laws have been intended to achieve. One grows used to material empathizing with offenders affected by the law who serve inordinately long sentences for perhaps minor crimes. (See Abramsky 2002, Cole 1999) What tends to be missing concerns why this legislation was passed and the groups that favoured it. The message handed down by the Three Strikes law was one of society's non-tolerance for crime whereas the criminological message can fail to understand that criminality is opposed from within affected areas apt to support draconian legislation towards incarceration. What began as a paper expressing the flimsiness of a law seeming rooted in deterrence soon revealed less reported and important surrounding matters."
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Article Review: "Possible Antecedents of Correctional Staff Work", 2008.
This paper identifies the types of data and variables contained in the research by Eric Lambert and Nancy Hogan entitled 'Possible Antecedents of Correctional Staff Work on Family Conflict'.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explores an article that presents the exploratory research by Lambert and Hogan entitled 'Possible Antecedents of Correctional Staff Work on Family Conflict' and reported in a 2006 "Professional Issues in Criminal Justice: A Professional Journal". The author points out that the nominal level of measurement was the control variables labeled "Personal Characteristics", such as gender, age and position. The paper reports that the measures of the variables, other than those of the personal characteristics, were on a sliding scale, which could not be interpreted as ordinal data or variables. The author reports that the independent variables were the level of job danger, role ambiguity, role conflict, instrumental communication (performance feedback), integration, input to decision-making, supervision, job variety and organizational fairness; the dependent variable of work on family conflict was rated at several different levels.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Nominal Data / Nominal Variables
Ordinal Data / Ordinal Variables
Interval Data / Interval Variables
Ratio Data / Ratio Level Variables
Methodology of Research
Proposed Version of Similar Research
From the Paper
"The goal of yielding a bounty of ratio data would require an expansion of the dependent variable on the survey. In the present research, work on home conflict was limited to nine items varying from time conflict to strain or harm to family life. The researchers determined that only five of the independent variables had a statistically significant influence upon work on home conflict If it is desired to obtain more ratio data, then a new survey should be prepared emphasizing the five areas most likely to antecede work on home conflict and of those items rate the level of each area of work on home conflict established by the first survey."
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Justice Management in Canada, 2008.
This paper looks at police management within Canada, with a focus on changing police cultures.
2,341 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses recent as well as traditional problems which plague Canadian police departments. The paper looks at how practices have changed so as to create a more supple, responsive and "fair" police services architecture. The paper then examines the challenges police culture will present in the future. The paper shows how progress has certainly been made, but more can still be done.
From the Paper
"To begin with, it is fairly evident that police leaders must take pro-active steps to mold (or re-mold) the organizational culture percolating below them insofar as concerns about the secretive and sometimes troubling nature of Canadian police culture have existed for a number of years. For example, in the middle 1970s, studies critical of Canadian police culture began to surface. One of the more notorious of these was a 1974 paper contributed to the Fourth International Symposium of Comparative Criminology, held in Montreal, Quebec. In this study, much mention was made of police sub-cultures which privileged solidarity, possessed a suspicious, paranoid mind-set, a moral conservatism and right-wing political views."
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Zundel, Revisionism and the Media, 2008.
This paper explores the media coverage of the Ernest Zundel revisionist case.
1,469 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper details the case involving Ernst Zundel's arrests, deportations and finally imprisonment in Germany. The paper examines three mainstream (nominally non-biased) sources and three "alternative" and admittedly biased websites and the differences between how the two sides cover this case. The paper looks at the Daily Times of Maryville, Tennessee, the Times-Colonist of Victoria, B.C. and the Hamilton Spectator by Bill Dunphy. The paper also examines three alternative sites, revisionists.com, www.ihr.com and www.rense.com. The paper discusses how the definition of revisionism is dependent upon the context.
From the Paper
"Ernst Zundel is a German-born writer and political activist, and was a legal resident of Canada for approximately 40 years until his move to the United States in 2000. He was arrested by U.S. immigration authorities in February of 2003 at his home in Tennessee, where he had come to live with his American wife. The basis for the arrest was a technical violation of U.S. immigration regulations, despite the fact that Zundel had no prior criminal record and was in the process of attempting to acquire legal U.S. residency status, in addition to the fact of being married to a U.S. citizen. He was held in custody by U.S. authorities for several weeks before being deported to Canada, at which point he was held in custody by Canadian authorities for two years as a threat to national security (Rimland.)"
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Constitutional Violation in Law Enforcement, 2008.
This paper discuses the 4th, 5th, and 6th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution in relationship to law enforcement.
1,745 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the difference between Constitutional prohibitions and the rights of the citizens. The author points out that all rights belong to the individual, and are delegated to the government by the citizens. The paper relates that the Bill of Rights is not a list of the rights of the citizens but rather prohibitions against the government from taking specific rights away from them. The author states that the 4th Amendment contains restrictions in the use of searches and seizures by law enforcement; the most common violation of this amendment is searching individuals without having a search warrant. The paper tells that a part of the 5th Amendment prohibits self-incrimination as discussed in the case of "Spano v. New York'". The author underscores that the 6th Amendment provides the right to counsel, which is the core argument in the case of "United States v. Wade".
From the Paper
"The victim left the bar, and suspect walked back to his apartment and got his gun. It was then that the suspect went to a local candy store where the victim was known to frequent, that he shot the victim five times. The only witness was a young boy. A week later a grand jury issued a warrant to arrest Spano for the murder of the victim. Two days later Spano surrender himself to the police, and was accompanied by his attorney. The attorney instructed Spano not to answer any of the questions outside his presence. It is after Spano's attorney left when the case takes on the typical television police drama plot."
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Toronto Youth Gangs, Rationales and 'Moral Panic', 2007.
An examination of youth gangs in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA).
2,044 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the youth gang problem in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). The paper explains that governmental, academic and media sources tend to discuss the gangs only in a social context, ignoring profit motivations centred on the crack cocaine industry. The paper also looks at how youth gang activity in the GTA is more entrenched than a decade ago. The paper stresses how most sources fail to identify the central factor of a crack economy that is most lucrative, notably in academic sources that may present theories and models which fail to consider differences in the crack industry supporting gangs. In conclusion, the paper shows that persons supplying millions in crack to Toronto each year are not victims of troubled identity and membership, bad housing, educational failure or the results of bigotry, but people motivated by profits.
Outline:
Introduction
Extent of Gang Activity
Varied Perceptions
Significant Crime
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"Educated opinion indicates a liberal position equating gang membership with poverty, low opportunity or other disadvantage in a now usual rationale given minority members to engage in criminal youth gangs. The public can be unaware of 'white' gang members or gangs without particular ethnic origin or members by no means from deprived backgrounds. The culture of delinquency involves profiting from a deadly dug, as stressed later, though the educated public can seem more concerned by police approaches to youths arrested at younger than 14 or arrests made more often within one community than another. When the Toronto Police Service cracked down on the Crips-back New Born Assassins in the Keele-Eglinton area, in response to violent planned muggings, critics noted that those arrested were mainly 14 to 15 years old, charged with conspiracy to commit an indictable robbery, robbery and disguise with intent to commit an indictable offence; the public can be unclear as to why arrests are made when youths are 'not guilty' of an actual offense."
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Criminal Justice Issues, 2008.
An analysis of criminal justice issues in the United States and an explanation for criminal delinquency.
3,334 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews several criminal justice issues. Specifically, it looks at how crime is measured in the United States, the intersection between criminological theory and the social contract theory, the various key standards of insanity which have persisted in America over time and the evolving role of victims in criminal matters. The paper then concludes by offering up the writer's eclectic theoretical explanation for criminal delinquency and how this can be proved.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Criminal Justice Issues
Issue One
Issue Two
Issue Three
Issue Four
Issue Five
From the Paper
"Punishment and/or treatment programs which should best assist those who have already committed wrongful acts (under my multi-pronged approach) would include remedial education programs, drug treatment programs (where applicable); perhaps programs which teach young people about anger management and relationship skills; and out-reach and mentoring programs with those who have gone down a similar path and turned their lives around. In terms of punishment, I would argue that those who seduce young people into prostitution, who lead them into gangs, and who compel them to engage in felonious conduct are people who should be dealt with most severely."
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White-Collar Crime, 2008.
This paper analyzes the rise of white-collar crime within the United States in relation to John Maynard Keynes' and Adam Smith's free market systems.
3,081 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how the free market global economy has played a large role in increasing corporate crimes. The paper looks at the conflict between the economic theories of Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes and shows how the details of economic global free market systems can identify the problems of 20th century white-collar crime within the discourse of rights and justice-based theory. The paper presents a strategic plan that will address systemic problems that facilitate corporate crime. The paper believes that with a coordinated resolve to fight corporate crime, this is a workable strategy that will improve the situation substantially and prevent a great deal of free market abuse.
From the Paper
"The central issue of Adam Smith's "hidden hand" economics in the free market economy is the growing failure of the U.S. government to regulate the way that banking has been practiced in global markets. One example of this was the problem of the Savings and Loan Crisis, which often deregulated banking institutions, causing problematic ethical issues through justice based theories of fair and balanced market behaviors. In this case, the government did not enforce restrictions on competitive measures for commercial banks for the greater benefit of the banking industry."
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The Steven Truscott Case: Justice, Culture and Social Order, 2008.
An analysis of the Steven Truscott case and its impact on the criminal justice system in Canada.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the legal issues emerging from the Steven Truscott case of the late 1950s, a case that broke new ground in shaping and shaking popular understandings of the Canadian criminal justice system. Particular attention is focused on social and cultural factors - especially attitudes towards sexuality and media pressure contributing to a rush to convict - as contributing elements to this case. Comparisons are drawn to a similar case in the United States at this time - the Sam Sheppard trial - to illustrate how this situation is not limited to Canadian law but, in fact, reflects wider social and cultural realities. Increasing anti-institutional sentiments in both Canada and the United States have contributed to a revisiting of both cases, sentiments that both cases also played a role in shaping.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Culture and Sexuality
Tunnel Vision and the Issue of Disclosure
The Sheppard Case, Media and Authority
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the major legal problems to emerge from the Truscott trial was one of disclosure or discovery. As the Daum story reveals, the culture of the 1950s - which placed much more faith in the honesty and integrity of law enforcement officials than today -allowed law enforcement officials to effectively bury evidence that may have been of assistance to the Truscott defense. Indeed, it may be argued that cases such as Truscott contributed to an evolution in criminal law in such matters: "Rules of evidence today oblige the Crown and the police to disclose all the relevant information they turn up in the course of their investigations" (Sher 299)."
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Intermediate Use of Force and Police Management, 2007.
A discussion of the excessive use of force by police officers while apprehending criminals and the alternative, intermediate use of force.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the problem of excessive force used by police officers, a constant concern of the worldwide community, government, political entities and police officers for decades. The alternative to excessive force that the paper presents is intermediate force, which allows officers to capture suspects with the least amount of injury when force is required and ensure their own safety as well. The paper concludes that training and monitoring of law enforcement officers in the intermediate use of force, weaponry, and tactics will provide all police departments with more positive outcomes and ensure that the safety and protection of the society is achieved successfully. The paper includes detailed tables showing examples of force used and charts of assailant/officer action, mapping out the legitimate amount of force to be used.
From the Paper
"In 2002 the city of Detriot, Michigan underwent an investigation regarding police use of force and found that no definitions of force or the procedures that specified types of force were found in the city regulations ("Investigation", 2002, sec. 1). This led to multiple cases of excessive force that were reported to the city, civil rights organizations and the United States Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Michigan. In addressing these concerns, the city attorney advised that the police department of Detroit develop stages of force that were applied to different situations, with intermediate force being a vital inclusion in those stages ("Investigations", 2002, sec. 1). The city attorney stated that intermediate force was significant because it allowed police to use chemical sprays and weapons other than guns as a means of maintaining peace and ensuring that arrests were made."
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Street Gangs, Juvenile Violence, and Drugs, 2005.
An examination of the problem of street gangs, juvenile violence, and drugs, and a suggestion for possible solutions.
1,750 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses gang violence as a multi-generational problem in many communities. Many gangs are decades old, and solutions to the gang violence problem have been sought after for equally as long. The paper explores the structure and roots of gang violence, future trends, and proven solutions to the problem. It concludes that early intervention, as well as providing safe havens for youth at risk in troubled neighborhoods, are valuable tools to help stem the tide of gang violence.
From the Paper
"Gangs undertake a variety of criminal pursuits, and the level of violence that is perpetrated by the gang is directly related to the particular crimes that are committed. The drug trade is the primary involvement of the gangs. Gangs are also involved in intimidation, robbery, and other acts of violence as well. There is an increasing trend among gangs becoming involved in less traditional crimes, and becoming involved in identity theft and credit card fraud. (2005 National Gang Threat Assessment p. 4) The gangs are also becoming involved more and more with organized crime. The organized crime syndicates include the Mexican and South American drug cartels, Russian Organized crime, Asian Crime families, the more recognizable La Cosa Nostra (Mafia) and assorted other group throughout the world. (id p. 6) Gangs are also availing themselves to technology. The technology of choice by the gang members is the push-to-talk cell phone. This is of particular use in coordinating efforts of the individual members regardless of the criminal undertaking. The gangs also make use of the internet, postings on websites to communicate with members and notify them of event dates, as well as boasting of recent illicit activities. (id p.4)"
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