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The Stranger Beside Me, 2008.
An analysis of a serial killer as described in the book "The Stranger Beside Me'' by Ann Rule.
1,326 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the character of a serial killer. Referring to the book "The Stranger Beside Me'' by Ann Rule, the paper discusses how the character Ted Bundy fits the archetypal profile of a serial killer. The paper discusses his psychopathic behavior which is rooted in a combination of reasons as discussed by the paper.
From the Paper
"Indeed, Bundy had a standard modus operandi that he employed that law enforcement caught on to very quickly in the investigation. This involved the usage of crutches or a cast, to give his victims the idea that he was injured and elicit sympathy. He would ask them for help in carrying something, at which point he would lead them to his car, which would typically be parked in an isolated area, and hit them on the head with some sort of object and drive off with them in his possession. This modus operandi did not work every time, as Rule notes in her book (71). But it was likely this trick that led to the disappearance of Georgeann Hawkins, among others. "
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Community-Based Programs in New Jersey, 2008.
This paper discusses New Jersey's trend toward community-based offender programs.
740 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses a study that examined the possibility of incorporating community-based programs in New Jersey. The paper looks at its results that indicated that modest increases in educational spending can be offset by the significant savings from reduced recidivism. The paper concludes that it appears that New Jersey is slowly moving in the direction of adding additional community-based programs in order to curb crime and recidivism.
Outline:
Introduction
Overview of Community Based Programs in New Jersey
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the past few decades crime has become a significant issue in the United States, as the New Jersey public has been overwhelmed with graphic stories from the media. In prior years, political leaders have responded with calls for harsher treatment of criminal offenders as an end to revolving door justice by processing these offenders through the criminal justice system. The DEA describes New Jersey as a gateway state, with major interstate highways, roadways, international airports/seaports, and other infrastructures capable of accommodating voluminous amounts of passenger and cargo traffic, making it an ideal strategic corridor for transportation of drug contraband and illicit currency (DEA, 2008)."
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Police Use of Force, 2008.
This paper reviews and discusses the article "Police Culture and Coercion" by W.Terrill, E.A. Paoline, and P.K. Manning.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the article "Police Culture and Coercion" by Terrill, Paoline, and Manning, and explains that the article is about the possible connection between police culture and coercive tactics or the use of force in performance of police duties. The writer then explains the initial expectations and the findings expressed in the article and then concludes with his own response to the findings of the article.
Outline:
Introduction
Initial Expectations
Experimental Findings
Response
From the Paper
"The article accurately described the likely evolution of what it characterized as the traditional mindset reflected universally among police officer, particularly first-line police officers engaged in street patrol. According to the authors, the combined strains associated with police work in the form of perceived threat potential from citizen contacts and arbitrary, unpredictable, and punitive enforcement of procedural rules by superior officers and police administration. Those psychological strains produce an "us against them" mentality with respect to citizens and police administrators alike.
"The authors correctly defined the component elements of the described police mindset in terms of the three main contributing variables of attitude toward the public, attitude toward immediate superiors and police administration, and self-described roles as law enforcement officers. The study effectively limited the effect of extraneous factors by appropriately excluding both working environments where increased vigilance and concern for officer safety are to be expected, as well as issues corresponding to the most likely areas of idiosyncratic prejudices capable of skewing the accuracy and relevance of the results observed."
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Media Influences On Violent/Criminal Behaviour, 2008.
An analysis and commentary of various research publications on the influence of the media on criminal behavior.
4,127 words (approx. 16.5 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 110.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses various newspaper articles on the influence of violent videos and movies. The paper discusses comments by various authors and researchers who recommend that reseachers study violent people, not the media, to understand them. The paper concludes that the researchers expect that the debate about whether or not media exposure constitutes a significant risk factor for violent behavior, will continue to claim a number of audiences in the future.
Outline:
The Ongoing Debate
Media's Power
Distorted and Troubling Images
Myths and Facts
Gaps in Answers
News Media's Coverage
Portrayal from the Past
Positive Media Impact Potential
From the Paper
"Anderson argues that according to a historical assessment of the research, debate regarding whether media exposure constitutes a significant risk factor for aggressive and violent behavior should have been dismissed years ago. (Bushman & Anderson, 2001, cited by Anderson) "After 40+ years of research," Anderson stresses, "one might think that debate about media violence effects would be over. Four types of media violence studies [nevertheless] provide converging evidence of such effects: laboratory experiments, field experiments, cross-sectional correlation studies, and longitudinal studies." Whether the media's power is frail, as noted by Aquino (cited by Simpson) in this paper's introductory quote, or whether the media contributes to challenging concerns regarding criminal/violent behaviour, the question, as noted by Anderson, along with Danl and Vigna in the following excerpt, still merits debate."
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Organizational Change and the Future of Policing, 2008.
This paper presents an overview of law enforcement trends.
2,483 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses some of the past predictions concerning the future of law enforcement and provides an overview of these current trends to develop an informed assessment of how law enforcement organizations will likely change in the future in response to these trends. A summary of the research and salient findings are presented in the conclusion.
Outline:
Review and Discussion
Theoretical Background and Historical Overview
Current Research
Future Trends in Police Organizations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Throughout the 20th century, police departments in the United States experienced some disconnection from the public they served that created the need for organizational change that would make these agencies more responsive. For example, in his essay, "Assigned to Patrol," Thale (2004) advises, "Public and scholarly discussions of twentieth-century policing seem to agree that police became disconnected from citizens and neighborhoods during the twentieth century, and that political, technological, and organizational changes have resulted in suspicion, alienation, and loss of important feedback to the police" (p. 1037). In response to these problems, police science has increasingly sought to incorporate policing techniques that could overcome these constraints and provide law enforcement officials with the feedback they needed to accomplish their respective missions. Unfortunately, some of the policing techniques and innovations that have being embraced by police scientists over the years have simply exacerbated these problems of disconnect between law enforcement officials and the communities in which they serve."
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Criminal Justice and ID Technology, 2008.
This paper discusses the evolution of identification technology in law enforcement.
2,551 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in barely a century and a half, law enforcement identification capabilities have evolved from rudimentary procedures for positively establishing the identity of criminal suspects to incredibly sophisticated methods of identification. The writer points out that modern law enforcement authorities have the benefit of age-old interview and interrogation techniques perfected long before the technological explosion of the late 20th century. The writer discusses that fingerprinting revolutionized police identification procedures at the turn of the 20th century, and computers, DNA science, and digital analysis expanded the identification tools available to law enforcement exponentially. Still, the writer maintains that after 150 years, the basic investigative approach to law enforcement identification procedures remains essentially unchanged, except for the tools themselves.
Outline:
Background and History
Line-ups and Mug-Shots
Interviews and Interrogation
Fingerprints
Blood Evidence
Psychological Profiling
DNA-Based Technology
Shared Computer Databases
Future Directions of Identification Technology
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The traditional methods of positively identifying subjects that developed in the earliest eras of policing relied heavily on the deductive reasoning skills of police investigators, on the availability of witnesses. In this regard, criminal investigations often hinged on the individual investigator's ability to canvass crime scenes, solicit cooperation from witnesses, and information from crime victims and known associates of subjects under investigation or criminal suspects. In turn, the potential value of eyewitness testimony has always been limited by the inaccuracy inherent in human memory.
"Criminal lineups were devised as a method of testing the accuracy of memory, and consisted, in general, of simply presenting a group of subjects containing only one actual criminal suspect to an eyewitness or victim of the crime, with instructions to the witness to identify the individual suspected of perpetrating the crime."
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Genocide in Africa and Kosovo, 2008.
An examination of genocide in Darfur and Rwanda and Kosovo.
2,523 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the genocide in Darfur, and also brings in information about other genocides in the past. The paper explains that even though the United States calls what is happening in Darfur "genocide" and the United Nations refers to it as "...the worst humanitarian disaster in the world today," little is actually being done to stop the slaughter of innocent people. The paper points out that there are no clean hands in this conflict - many rebels have turned to being bandits and just steal and sack villages wherever they wish to make trouble. The paper then looks at how innocent civilians, peacekeepers and humanitarian aid workers are caught in the crossfire.
From the Paper
"Journalist Hunter-Gault did her homework prior to coming to Sudan, and was aware that tensions had been building for a long time between the Arabs (Muslims) and Black Africans; indeed, there were ongoing issues including land and grazing rights in the area. A "rebel Darfur group" - mostly Black Africans - actually took up arms against the government in Khartoum, which is principally ruled by Muslims. Africans wanted a bigger share of the wealth that they claim the government was enjoying, but Hunter-Gault continues, instead of inviting a discussion of how life could be made better for the native Africans, the government responded with "a vengeance." They bombed rebel positions and began supplying arms to the Janjaweed militia (Janjaweed means "men on horses"), which is the marauding force that rapes women, kills men, and burns villages."
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African-Americans and Criminal Justice, 2008.
This paper addresses the racial disparities in the criminal justice system.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the ideas of Tonry in "Malign Neglect" where the author addresses the disproportionate number of African Americans in the criminal justice system and maintains that this is due to social biases and preconceived notions as well as disproportionate limitations on the ability of minorities to defend themselves in a money driven legal justice system. The paper looks at Tonry's suggested solutions that tackle the nature of racial disparities.
From the Paper
"Tonry in Malign Neglect (1996) explains that the disproportionate number of African Americans in the criminal justice system can in part be blamed on disproportionate applications of sentencing, incarceration and parole, not in the disproportionate development of criminality of minorities. Tonry believes that the war on drugs with all its demonstrative judicial changes is largely to blame as such changes along with the application of tougher sentencing and reduced utilization of parole for minorities based on a along held bias regarding criminality in the population create a disparity that is alarming to say the least. "
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Uses of Y-chromosomal STR Haplotypes in Forensics, 2008.
An analysis of the uses of Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in forensics and population studies.
18,922 words (approx. 75.7 pages), 27 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This research paper discusses the current and anticipated uses of Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in forensics and population studies. It analyzes the literature regarding the subject and discusses the results and conclusions reached. The paper concludes that the individuality of the male-specific part of the Y chromosome can be optimally explored by the Y-STR haplotype analysis. The paper contains graphs and tables.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Definition of Key Terms
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3: Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
Chapter 4: Data Analysis
Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper
"The research showed that the ability to identify male-specific DNA renders polymorphic Y-chromosomal sequences an invaluable addition to the standard panel of autosomal loci used in forensic genetics. Y-STR haplotyping is particularly important for sensitive typing of male DNA in mixed stains as well as for rapid assortment of biological crime scene evidence. Moreover, Y chromosomal profiling can trace back paternal lineages into the past and has thus been proven a useful tool in genealogical and kinship testing. The research also showed that the individuality of the male-specific part of the Y chromosome can be optimally explored by the Y-STR haplotype analysis using a set of highly variable short tandem repeat markers approved by the forensic and scientific community."
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Crime Control Vs. Due Process, 2008.
The paper discusses how the crime control and due process points of view contribute valuable elements to systems of justice.
918 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that a strict crime control focus in penal regulation could virtually ensure the complete elimination of crime in society as well as certain punishment for all violators. The paper explains further that to balance this, the due process perspective prohibits deprivation of the individual's property or liberty without established procedures or processes governing the proper exercise of police authority.
Outline:
Introduction
Balancing the Interests of Crime Control and Due Process
From the Paper
"In principle, crime control and due process are two opposite philosophical perspectives about crime prevention and punishment in society. However, in practical application, each point of view contributes valuable elements to any system of justice. Without fundamental aspects of crime control, effective policing and prosecution of penal violations would be all but impossible; but without due process protections, everyone in society - both criminals and non-criminals - would be subjected to intrusive state actions with little regard for personal privacy or even the sanctity of one's home.'
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Kidney Trafficking, 2008.
A discussion of the illegal trafficking of kidneys around the world.
2,215 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the case against Dr. Horror-Amit Kumar, the alleged mastermind of a shocking and reportedly expansive kidney trafficking ring, which has raised eyebrows in Canada, Europe, the United States, India and in civilized societies around the world. The paper explains that a clandestine, crime-syndicate-driven network of doctors have been providing stolen kidneys to wealthy people in India and other venues. The paper claims that this is an outrageously unethical and illegal violation of values and human rights. It argues for a world-wide cooperative strategy, run through the United Nations, the World Health Organization, or other respected international agencies, that will address the best way to get needed organs to people regardless of their ability to pay. The paper concludes that this issue has not received serious attention because Western nations are preoccupied with fighting terrorism.
From the Paper
"These illegally harvested kidneys were believed to have been transplanted into "more than 500 kidneys into foreign and well-paying Indian patients." Where did Kumar and his colleagues get those kidneys? The Star claims that Kumar made a "desperate attempt to bribe Nepalese police" when they arrested him in his hotel room in southern Nepal. Reportedly, Kumar offered police "2 million rupees" if they would let him go. They refused.
"Moreover, reports in the Star indicate that Kumar "and his network forcibly removed kidneys from more than 500 poor laborers over a period of nine years." One of those men was an Indian laborer named Shakeel Ahmad, according to the Star (February 10, 2008), who stood on the side of the main road to Delhi as he always did, waiting for someone to pick him up and offer him a job digging ditches or hauling heavy materials."
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False Accusations, 2008.
This paper discusses how a person's reputation may be ruined by accusations and concentrates on the case of baseball star Barry Bonds.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that the reputation of a political figure, of an eminent student, or of an athlete is one of the most important aspects of his career. However, the writer notes that once a scandal breaks out in which one's reputation is torn apart, no matter the actions undertaken following such an event or whether one is guilty of the charges being brought upon him or not, that reputation can rarely be saved and rebuilt. The writer discusses that the case of baseball star Barry Bonds is a worthy example of the fact that scandals, regardless of their factual support, can decisively ruin one's reputation and image, not only towards the fans, but also in regard to the sponsors and investors. The writer concludes that in the eyes of the world, Bonds is guilty for the simple fact of having cast a doubt on his performances and may end up being labeled as just another player on steroids.
From the Paper
"The rivalry existing between the two of them manifested at all levels, but especially concerning the physical abilities. In an attempt to take away the chance of winning new standards on world records, Bonds appealed to Anderson, a weightlifting trainer, who provided the athlete steroids as well. The visible changes that were noticed on Bonds' body made the world suspicious over the possibility of the athlete using steroids. However, neither his innocence nor his guilt can so far be proved.
"There are those who argue in support of the athlete's innocence, and others who argue against. Bonds' claims of innocence are based on the idea that although his test results did come up suggesting he has taken steroids, knowingly, he did not consume any enhancing performance drugs."
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Physical Exercise and Stress Reduction, 2008.
A look at physical fitness and correction officer stress reduction at Attica Prison, New York.
4,338 words (approx. 17.4 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 114.95
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Abstract
Correction officers face many job demands that create tension in the workplace and in other areas of their lives. Stress stems from many sources, including the constant threat of physical violence, and tensions with co-workers. This paper explores sources of job stress and various methods for combating job stress among corrections officers. It supports the thesis that physical exercise plays a major role in the reduction of stress among correction officers in the Attica Prison in New York. It also suggests steps that can be taken to increase physical activity and reduce stress among corrections at this facility.
Outline:
Benefits to the Facility
Impact of Stress on Correction Officers
Sources of Stress for Correction Officers
A Review of Current Stress Management Strategies
Critical Incident Stress Management Team
Stress Reduction and Exercise
Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper
"A comparison of various programs across the United States revealed that in most cases, these services are provided in-house. Only a small number contract these services from outside the facility (Finn, 2000). New York State has a Stress Debriefing Team which consists of officer peers available to law enforcement and correction officers that experience a critical incident (Finn, 2000). This program includes debriefing by peers for the officer and referral to EAP in some cases (Finn, 2000). The program is available to family members and civilians that are close to the situation. No budget is provided for this program. Officers staff it themselves on a voluntary basis. "
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Is Legislating Morality Immoral?, 2008.
An argument that the legislative attempts to moralize victimless behavior have created a crisis of over-criminalization in America.
1,558 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper addresses the phenomenon of over-criminalization in America today. The paper discusses how there is a proliferation of laws that punish people for behavior that, while considered immoral by some portion of the population, has no real victims and creates no lasting harms. The paper contends that although determining criminal behavior is a moral process, a freedom-based society has to balance society's moral views with the concepts of personal liberty and justice.
From the Paper
"To understand how overcriminalization happens, one must first understand criminalization. Lawmakers respond to societal pressures by creating laws to address new social issues. This is not an inherently negative process. For example, before the advent of the internet, many behaviors that are currently considered criminal were not considered crimes and placed people in danger of victimization. This has happened in the area of violent crimes as well. As recently as a century ago, child molestation was not generally acknowledged, and such behavior was certainly not criminalized. As society became aware that child molestation was a problem, the behavior began to be criminalized. Furthermore, as society became aware of how serious and dramatic the impact of molestation is on a child's life, legislators responded by increasing the penalties for those crimes. In circumstances such as those described above, criminalization is a positive phenomenon because it penalizes behavior that has the potential for creating serious harm and is, by its nature, victimizing."
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Sentencing of Minorities, 2008.
A look at disparities in the court system in the sentencing of minorities.
8,689 words (approx. 34.8 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 182.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to show that there is disparity between the sentencing guidelines that are given to Caucasians and to non-Caucasians and to look at the extent race plays a part in the prosecution for different crimes. In an effort to be fair, opposing views on this subject are discussed and the problems and proposed solutions are discussed as well. By examining all of these issues, it attempts to show that individuals who are of minority races often meet with harsher punishments than others who come into the criminal justice system.
Outline:
Introduction
Review of Literature
Hypotheses
Research Design
Analysis of Data
Implications of Proposed Research
From the Paper
"There are many more minorities in the prison system and on death row than there are Caucasian individuals, and there are more men than women. For the purposes of this paper the gender differences will not be an issue. Whether they are male or female will be irrelevant; the only concern will be with what race they belong to. According to the Supreme Court, there should be equal treatment for all individuals who are found to the guilty of an infraction of the law (Saltzburg, 2003). This should be true regardless of the race of the individuals but sadly there seems to be loopholes in the criminal justice system which cause many of these individuals to fall into difficulty with the law and then to have trouble getting out of this cycle of scrutiny and arrest (Thompson, 1999). "
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