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Torts, 2006.
An overview of wrongful acts which cause harm or injury to a second party.
1,711 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
There are two types of acts that yield tort liability - negligent acts and intentional acts - and those acts yield negligence and intentional tort claims. This paper provides an overview of tort law and examines how it is dealt with in a court of law.
From the Paper
"Finally, tort law does not always involve one wrongdoer and one victim. In fact, both parties can have some liability for the harm incurred, or multiple parties can be responsible for the damages. In order to determine liability for the damages, one must explore the possibilities of contributory and comparative negligence, joint and several liability, and assumption of the risk. The laws determining liability vary by state. For example, in some jurisdictions joint tortfeasors are only individually liable only for the proportion of damages they caused, while in other jurisdictions joint tortfeasors are jointly and severably liable."
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The Death Penalty, 2005.
This paper discusses the arguments in favor and against the death penalty, especially from the standpoint of the U.S. Constitution, including specific cases.
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that opposition to the death penalty has focused (1)on the issue of the constitutionality by citing the Eighth Amendment's prohibitions against cruel and unusual punishment to prove their claims, (2) the death penalty is ineffective in reducing incidents of violent crime and (3) it is prohibitively expensive. The author points out that the death penalty proponents believe (1) the death penalty is constitutional because it is specifically mentioned in the Bill of Rights stating that the only constitutional prohibition against the death penalty is that it no person be deprived of life without due process of law (U.S. Const. Amend. V) and (2) the death penalty accomplishes legitimate goals, such as punishment and retribution, which cannot be accomplished by alternative sentences. The paper relates that the one thing that both sides agree upon is the fact that "death is different" (Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280 at 305 (1976)): There is no appeal from the death penalty.
From the Paper
"Death penalty proponents argue that those deficiencies have been remedied by recent Supreme Court decisions. In "Atkins v. Virginia", 536 U.S. 304 (2002), the U.S. Supreme Court determined that executing the mentally retarded is unconstitutional. However, opponents of the death penalty can point out the fact that many states have failed to comply with the Atkins decision. Even though there is evidence that many people currently on death row are mentally retarded, some states have failed to institute any way of determining whether or not inmates currently on death row are mentally retarded. The fact is that mild mental retardation may not be apparent to the casual observer, including trial judges."
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Youth Gangs, 2006.
This paper examines the increase in gangs and gang related violence in America, as well as the available programs and strategies to combat this growing problem.
1,170 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The writer of this informative paper details the growing number of gangs and membership to gangs which have become a public security threat that communities are now recognizing that must be addressed. This paper supplies relevant statistics and data relating to gangs and various acts of gang violence. Approximately half of all youth gang members are 18 years or older and thus more likely to become involved in serious and violent crimes than younger gang members. This paper discusses the spread of gangs across America. While gangs have been a problem in L.A. for years, and account for roughly 50% of the city's murders, gangs are now responsible for 41% of the homicides in Omaha, Nebraska. This paper details the various preventative measures and programs available to curtail this growing problem. The writer contends and explains why preventing adolescents from joining gangs seems to be the most cost-effective long-term strategy. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms has implemented a school-based gang prevention program that has shown positive preliminary results. The writer of this paper stresses the need for communities to organize a collaborative approach to gang problems from the outset rather than beginning with a predominantly suppression strategy.
From the Paper
"Since 1980, the United States has witnessed a rapid proliferation of youth gangs. According to a 1998 Juvenile Justice Bulletin, there were roughly 286 gang jurisdictions with some 2,000 gangs and approximately 100,000 gang members in 1980. By 1996, there were some 4,800 jurisdictions with more than 31,000 gangs and an estimated 846,000 gang members. In an eleven-city survey of eighth graders, researchers found than nine percent were currently gang members, while seventeen percent stated they had belonged to a gang at some point in their lives. Other studies show similar percentages and also indicated that gang members were responsible for a large proportion of violent offenses."
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Gang Violence in Prison, 2006.
This paper examines the issue of gang violence in prison as well as the various strategies and solutions to managing this growing trend.
1,725 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper details relevant statistics and data regarding the growing problem of violence and gang related incidents in prisons, both in America and around the world. This paper cites federal reports which state that there was a 400% increase in prison gang disturbances during the 1990s. This paper examines the unique management issues facing prison guards and administrators in trying to control the violence. The writer explores several published articles with information and solutions to the gang violence problem in prisons. This paper delves into the reason gangs exist in prison, which include current gang members who enter prisons who are quick to locate affiliate members from their own gang. Young people who enter prison for the first time learn quickly that the fastest way to get protection from the older, tougher inmates is to join a gang. The writer discusses the importance of systematically monitoring gangs in prison for purposes of seizing drugs and other illegal contraband. This paper also examines the lack of rules or restrictions in dealing with gangs in prison.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
The Statistics
Monitoring
Restrictions
Characteristics Common to all the Gangs Around the World Include
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Gang activity through prison is most often tracked by a data base computer system. This insures that an inmate who is known to belong to a particular gang is in the computer data base and can be tracked if he re-offends and goes to another prison or comes back to the same one.
"Also, three systems use regularly scheduled reports, incident reports and intake interviews to track gangs, and in Connecticut, Nebraska and Tennessee, gang coordinators are present in the facilities. Utah uses a graduated point system to document gang activity before the information is officially validated and logged, and Delaware refers all cases of gang-related activity to its internal affairs section."
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Cyber-Crime, 2006.
This paper analyzes the cause and effects of illegal acts committed over the internet, also known as cyber-crimes.
2,429 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
The writer of this well-researched paper focuses on the consistent rise in both computer and internet related crimes in the U.S. and the United Kingdom, as well as the strategies that have been implemented to fight these illegal acts. This paper supplies relevant statistics and data regarding this particular topic. The writer contends and details why the term cyber-crime falls into three basic categories: Software piracy, electronic break-ins and computer sabotage. This paper cites several cases of cyber-terrorism, in which computer hackers shut down various public and/or government computer websites, including those of the CIA, FBI and the U.S. Air Force. This paper also delves into the various measures taken to prevent cyber-crimes including: The European Union, which established the Committee of Experts on Crime in Cyberspace, which drafted a binding convention to facilitate international cooperation in the investigation and prosecution of individuals suspected of computer crimes. The U.S. has also developed legislation that deals with specific forms of cyber-crimes, as well as providing copyright protection for various computer programs, which are now recognized by the courts.
From the Paper
"Not all attacks are external. Sabotage by employees can also occur. The above Trade and Industry survey also found that almost a third of UK firms had dealt with up to five disciplinary cases of Internet abuse in 2002. Carelessness by employees is almost as threatening as intentional crime. Users make passwords too simple, reveal them when asked, or write them on a post-it near their PC. Carelessness can be countered by the implementation and enforcement of systems use policies and training.
Lastly, because of the fear of terrorism since 9/11, numerous cities throughout the United States have put together disaster plans as well as had practice drills in case the worst occurs. It may be just as important to prepare for the worst for cybercrimes."
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Alcohol Consumption and Sexual Behavior, 2006.
A literature review of research on the affect of alcohol consumption on sexual behavior.
4,580 words (approx. 18.3 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 118.95
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Abstract
This paper studies current research on the impact of drinking alcohol on one's decision to engage in risky sexual behavior. The paper's extensive literature review indicates that despite the social stigma that may be associated with certain drinking and sexual behavior activities, there remains strong social and peer pressure to participate in both activities. The paper also demonstrates how the linkage between consumption of alcohol and sexual activity begins at relatively young ages in American and western culture. The author of this paper attempts to clarify statistics regarding drinking and sexual behavior, as well as recommendations regarding the connection. Specifically, high-risk sexual behavior among various age and social groups is addressed, such as sexual rebellion and conformity, compulsive or uneducated choices, exposure to sexually transmitted diseases, and sexual assault.
From the Paper
"The University of Arkansas for Medical Studies has found that attitudes about appropriate sexual behavior, as well as those regarding appropriate alcohol consumption, are formed in youth at a very young age, and by the preteen years children have already developed a unique attitude regarding these subjects. A Thomson Healthcare Company (2004) report reveals that risky behavior may be minimized in adolescents and young adults if parents were to discuss standards and beliefs on sexual and other issues with children at a younger age, because relating these values to older children is not as effective. Alcohol use has been shown to lead to early initiation of sexual activity, as well as being related to the number of sexual partners that preteens and adolescents will have, particularly in high-risk groups. These high-risk youth groups include inner-city females, males in detention homes, and gay and bisexual males. Alcohol is not the only substance that is prevalent in these high-risk groups; marijuana is also associated with altered sexual statistics. Intervention treatment for youths to help curb consumption of alcohol may also help delay sexual activity, or decrease the number of sexual partners and overall risk associated with sexual activity, are encouraged as early as 9 to 12 years of age."
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Capital Punishment in the U.S.A., 2005.
This paper discusses the history, statistics and arguments for and against capital punishment in the U.S.A..
1,490 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that capital punishment, or the death penalty, has been in the U.S. law even before the American Revolution. However, since then, the death penalty has undergone numerous changes in the American history, which are listed in the paper. The author points out that the death penalty used to be decided by local state's government; however, the jurisdiction to decide on whether a type of case deserves a death penalty is currently in the position of the Supreme Court, such as the ruling prohibiting the death sentence for minors. The paper presents several arguments for the death penalty, such as it may decrease capital crimes; however, the paper concludes that, if there is even a small percentage that an error in the provision of death sentence to a person may exist, the death sentence should be abolished. Charts.
Table of Contents
History of Capital Punishment
Evolution of Death Penalty
U.S. Statistics on Death Penalty
Pros and Cons on Death Penalty
From the Paper
"Several incidents or events had been special factors in the evolution of death penalty. This includes the Civil War, where the jurisdiction to death penalty had been transferred to the local state's government; the World War I which caused those states that had eliminated death penalty to impose the punishment again; the Civil Rights Movements which fought for equality and cause some level of equality for the African-American people; the World War II that changed the views and perceptions of the Americans regarding death penalty due to the brutal and massive death sentence to millions of Jews; and, the Vietnam War."
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Immigration and Moral Turpitude, 2006.
A discussion of where the courts should draw the line in immigration cases involving moral turpitude.
5,700 words (approx. 22.8 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 137.95
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Abstract
This paper studies deportations of immigrants based on crimes of "moral turpitude". The paper analyzes where courts should draw the line on these crimes. The paper begins with an historical overview of the legal precedent for the decisions. Since early in the history of U.S. federal immigration laws, explains the paper, criminal activity has been grounds for denying admission to the country, as well as for expelling or deporting immigrants. In the past decade, however, the number of deportations has dramatically increased, as the category of crimes involving "moral turpitude" has been significantly expanded. This research-based paper cites relevant case law in arguing that standards should be made more uniform.
Outline:
Introduction
Legislative History
Deportation Factors and Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude
Drawing the Line in Cases involving Moral Turpitude
Immigration Cases Involving Crimes of Moral Turpitude
Effect of Discrepancies in Cases involving Moral Turpitude or Aggravated Felonies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As a result of the legislation, crimes involving moral turpitude, which rendered an individual deportable, essentially now included every possible offense. Cancellation relief is now wholly unavailable to anyone with an aggravated felony conviction. Asylum and withholding of removal, since 1990, have been likewise barred to aggravated felons. Withholding is now possible for an aggravated felon if the sentence was for less than five years, although immigration judges retain discretion to find that a lesser offense is nonetheless a particularly serious crime barring the criminal from refugee protections. The broadening of the definition of an aggravated felony has raised many questions as to where the line should be drawn involving crimes of moral turpitude. As a result of the broadening, practically any alien who commits a nontrivial crime, is subject to automatic expulsion. This is especially true if the crime fits one of the 21 paragraphs of the new definition of an aggravated felony. This result ensues even if the alien has been a lawful permanent resident since childhood, the crime and punishment took place decades ago, and he otherwise has a completely clean record."
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Justice Information Systems Integration, 2006.
An evaluation of decision making and the role of technology in integrating justice information systems.
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper studies information systems integration in regard to the legal and justice systems of the nation. In our digital era, information has become a thread that provides an opportunity to tie the many aspects of our criminal justice process into a more efficient and effective system. This paper presents insights into the decision making process for justice information systems integration. The paper also discusses the technological advances, which create opportunities for each locality and state to develop a governance process that will serve as a viable solution for its own jurisdiction. At the same time, the paper assesses how these advances enable localities and states to simultaneously mesh with immediate and distant neighbors.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Introduction
History
Expectations
Sentencing
Security
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"How will the modern day justice system become more efficient and possibly more successful in the twenty-first century and beyond? The answer is simple, the entire system will need to take advantage of the technological advances and focus its time, efforts and resources in a direction that will meet the objectives of the entire community. "Criminal justice integration is a prime example of using IT to solve problems and improve service to citizens. A survey of the Governors of all 50 states was conducted in the spring of 1999 to determine Governors top priorities for IT applications, and nearly every responding governor listed criminal justice integration as a major near-term priority." (Meyers, 2004) This system would alter the makeup of any single agency such as a prosecutor's office or a police department. These historically isolated entities would have the same information at their fingertips as any large governmentally supported agency once integration nears completion. "Project staff has developed a web-based modeling tool and a methodology to capture detailed information regarding the processes, events, agencies, information and exchange conditions associated with justice information integration, which was initially tested in five states: Colorado, Kansas, Minnesota, New Mexico and Pennsylvania, and has been introduced into over 20 jurisdictions." (The Justice Information Exchange Model, 2005) "
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Executing Mentally Ill Criminals, 2006.
This paper examines the controversial and much debated issue of executing mentally ill individuals who were sentenced to death in capital punishment trials.
2,394 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper presents a detailed examination regarding the execution of mentally ill criminals. The writer explores case law, as well as moral issues when it comes to medicating the mentally ill with anti-psychotics so they are well enough to be executed. This paper analyzes the verdicts in several death sentence trials, including the cases of Ford vs. Wainwright and Singleton vs. Norris. In 1986, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the execution of the mentally incompetent violates the 8th Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. A prisoner cannot be executed unless sufficiently competent to understand the nature and reasons for his punishment. This paper also details the recent 6-to-5 decision and the first ruling of its kind, in Singleton vs. Norris, that a mentally ill prisoner may be involuntarily medicated with anti-psychotic drugs to restore his competency for execution. The author examines the issue of executing the mentally ill after forcing them to take medication which has been upheld in several U.S. courts . The logic behind such decisions is flawed for several reasons, which are detailed in this paper.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Getting Worse Before it Gets Better
Works Cited
From the Paper
"The execution of the mentally ill after forcing them to take medication has been upheld in several US courts. The logic behind such decisions is flawed for several reasons. The mentally ill who are so disordered that they cannot function are not forced to stand trial, nor are they required to answer for their crimes. They are allowed an insanity defense that allows them to seek treatment and eventually apply to be released back to society. It does not make sense, that a mentally ill person can be force fed medications so that they become sane enough to be executed, if defendants cannot be force fed medications for the purpose of understanding their crime and standing trial. The health care industry is built on not harming others."
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The Crime Victims? Rights Amendment, 2005.
Examines the controversy surrounding the proposal for a victim's bill of rights.
1,063 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
For something so seemingly innocuous, the idea of a bill of rights for crime victims has raised an amazing amount of controversy. The paper shows that those against the Crime Victims' Rights Amendment believe that it is the first step towards eroding the constitutional protections guaranteed to those accused of a crime in the United States. The paper argues that such a belief displays a basic misunderstanding of both the U.S. Constitution and the proposed Crime Victims' Rights Amendment. The Crime Victims' Rights Amendment is aimed at offering protections towards those victims whose offenders have been convicted. The paper argues that this idea is not contrary to the United States Constitution, which offers little protection for convicted criminals beyond the right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment.
From the Paper
"The first proposed victims' right is that victims should be notified if an accused is no longer in custody, whether by escape or release. Looking at the guarantees contained in U.S. Constitutional Amendments Four through Six, it is clear that nothing in those amendments prohibits a crime victim from receiving such notice. The notice is not a search or seizure, nor does it require an accused to serve as a witness against himself. Furthermore, the notice would occur outside of a trial setting, which means that it would not affect any of the rights aimed at guaranteeing an accused criminal a fair and speedy trial."
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The Lessons of Enron, 2006.
This paper details the events that led up to the collapse of Enron that affected not only its employees and shareholders, but also the global economy.
2,388 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper examines the sudden collapse of Enron. Enron's downfall forced both ordinary citizens and their political representatives to step back and take a long, hard look at precisely what had been happening behind closed doors. This paper explores the history of Enron, which quickly became one of the world's largest private generators and suppliers of power. The corporation's success was based largely on the work of Jeffrey Skilling and Ken Lay, who were experts at cultivating an upstanding public image. This paper describes how the high ranking execs at Enron frequently helped themselves to huge amounts of judiciously manipulated stocks and then sold them for a profit just before the inevitable disaster. The writer details the events that led to Enron's collapse which began in 2001, when Sharon Watkins, a company vice-president noticed something was wrong with the company's accounting system. Enron had clawed its way up the corporate ladder by engaging in what was essentially an exceedingly risky venture. By offering to guarantee future prices in the natural gas market, the corporation was taking on a potentially enormous financial burden. Enron was able to mask its losses by removing them from the company's books. This paper explores how the misconduct of Enron and other corporations such as Anderson and Worldcom, hurts more than just their employees, customers and shareholders, they also hurt the global economy.
From the Paper
"Enron did all it could to cultivate an upstanding public image. In 1997, the energy supplier was one of a small number of companies each of which donated more than one million dollars to the Nature Conservancy. In regard to the Kyoto Accords that were being negotiated at this time, Enron planned to benefit in two ways. By supporting the Accords, Enron was placing itself on the good side of the environmentalist public, while at the same time endorsing a document that severely limited the use of coal in energy production. Since Enron dealt only in natural gas, coal would have been competition. Though a praiseworthy idea at the time, the company's willingness to bend regulations to its own purposes might have given cause for alarm. Ken Lay and Jeff Skilling were not only innovative, but they were also increasingly creative when it came to figuring out ways to make money, and to expand Enron's horizons."
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The Texas Rangers, 2006.
A look at the origins of the Texas Rangers and how their role evolved from a military one to that of a police role.
876 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the history and origins of the Texas Rangers and explains how they eventually evolved into an elite state police force. The paper discusses the Texas Ranger's role in safeguarding the rights and freedoms of the people of Texas, their involvement in the African-American struggle for full citizenship and civil rights, their mythic status among the people of Texas and how they have come to represent, at least in the minds and hearts of their fellow citizens, all that is good and noble in the American Character.
From the Paper
"While these activities could still be called "soldierly," they do represent the slow movement of the Rangers toward a genuine police role. After all, the protection of life and limb is deemed, by no less a document than the Declaration of Independence, to be necessary to the pursuit of happiness. The Texas Rangers, in something resembling their original form, proved useful so long as Texas was still sparsely settled and "wide-open" territory. But as modern ideas of policing and criminal justice began to develop, the Rangers saw dramatic changes take place in their organization and its role."
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Is Capital Punishment Justified?, 2006.
This paper examines whether or not the death penalty is in fact an effective form of punishment.
1,979 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper focuses on the negative aspects of capital punishment. The writer contends and details why, after researching the available material on the issue, it's apparent that the death penalty does not deter future murders and is therefore ineffective as a punishment. This paper delves into the costs involved in the death penalty, as opposed to those of alternative punishments. This paper also examines the risk of putting innocent people to death, due to various errors that may occur in the course of a capital punishment trial. One of the main reasons that people advocate capital punishment is to deter future murders. The writer asserts that there is a good argument to be made for the fact that the presence of the death penalty actually increases the murder rate. This paper also discusses the issues of racial and socioeconomic discrimination which may play a vital role in capital punishment. This paper looks at a viable alternative to the death penalty, life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.
From the Paper
"In addition to being ineffective, the sad reality is that capital punishment is not applied in a fair manner. The Supreme Court has made it clear that capital punishment is only constitutional if it applied fairly and consistently. However, in the United States, capital punishment is applied in an extremely arbitrary and unfair manner. For example, minority defendants and the poor are more likely to be sentenced to death than non-minorities and the wealthy. In addition, even in states that impose the death penalty, there are geographic disparities between jurisdictions. These disparities rely on community standards, but they also reflect the tremendous power that prosecutors have. After all, while juries make the decision whether or not to impose the death penalty, it is prosecutors who determine whether or not to seek the death penalty."
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Global Sex Trade, 2006.
This paper examines the magnitude of the growing global sex trade problem, in which more than one million children under the age of 16 are reported to be working as child prostitutes in brothels throughout Asia alone.
1,432 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper analyzes the growing problem of the sex trade industry in America as well as around the world. This paper details the sex trade problem in Asia in which over one million girls are reported to be working working as child prostitutes in brothels. The problem, however, is not confined to Asia alone but is manifested in a flourishing global sex trade or trafficking of children from one country to another and within national borders for the purposes of sexual exploitation. This paper discusses the illegal activity that takes place by international crime rings taking women and children captive with the aim of selling them as sex slaves. The writer also discusses the large amounts of money that are generated in the illegal sex trade industry. The trafficking of humans has grown so large in proportion that it is projected to be the world's most lucrative illegal activity with profits topping $7 billion annually. This paper delves into the criminal nature of the global sex trade in children that is further accentuated by the fact that most of these children are from underdeveloped countries and/or the poorer sections of society.
From the Paper
"Girl children are particularly vulnerable because they are forced to have repeated sex before their bodies have been prepared for it by nature. This results in physiological problems such as the tearing of flesh, which then becomes a breeding ground for sexually transmitted diseases. These unfortunate children are also exposed to the danger of AIDS that may end up endangering their very lives. Indeed, as Poulin and O'Grady point out, HIV is rampant among prostitutes all over the world. The female gender, as already observed, is particularly vulnerable, and this vulnerability only increases considering that, the global sex trade is more skewed towards the abducting of women. So much so, that Poulin terms it as feminization of migration, although he uses the term to signify the illegal trafficking of women for purposes of labor and sexual exploitation."
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