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Death Penalty as a Deterrent, 2006.
A discussion about whether the death penalty is a real deterrent for violent crimes.
845 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the death penalty continues to be a highly controversial issue with most Americans and its deterrent effect has still not been absolutely determined. This paper concludes that it is clear that the death penalty does serve society quite well under certain circumstances, but in reality, society must begin to understand the reasons why people commit violent crimes and determine how to change a person's violent tendencies which in the end will make the death penalty unnecessary.
From the Paper
"One of the most controversial issues in today's America has to do with the question as to whether or not the death penalty is a deterrent to crime. Many of those that support the death penalty argue that execution, whether by lethal injection, the electric chair or hanging, is the most suitable penalty for persons who have committed atrocious crimes like first-degree murder, rape or the murder of a child. The main contention for these supporters is that the convicted person deserves punishment that is comparable to the crime; in addition, supporters of the death penalty argue that such an action demonstrates society's adherence to moral principles. According to Robert Bidinotto, such crimes as premeditated murder "is a crime in a class by itself," for it "negates the highest moral end of a civil society," being human life (156)."
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Media Violence, 2006.
An essay looking at whether media portrayals of violence increase aggressive behavior in children.
1,103 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the ongoing debate over media portrayals of violence and whether these portrayals contribute to aggressive behavior in children. The paper looks at arguments on both sides of the issue and concludes that, ultimately, it is family upbringing, parental role models, cultural norms and individual personality that influences aggressive behavior more than violent cartoon shows or video games.
From the Paper
"Gerard Jones would probably disagree. In his book Killing Monsters, Jones describes how and why children might in fact need fantasy violence in order to develop constructive coping skills. Fantasy violence might help children master their psychological and social realities, make sense out of complicated emotions like anger and sadness, develop self-confidence, self-efficacy, and a sense of humor. Moreover, fantasy violence especially as its depictions have evolved over recent years, might be highly beneficial for young girls. One of the book chapters in Killing Monsters, "Girl Power," demonstrates the relevance of physically strong female action heroes, and how such female action heroes can tremendously boost the self-esteem of young girls. Female action heroes, even and perhaps especially when they use violence to accomplish their goals, can help girls overcome the otherwise gender-biased tendencies within traditional media and within the overall culture."
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DNA Fingerprinting, 2005.
This paper examines the use of DNA fingerprinting by investigators.
1,060 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that DNA evidence exists in biological materials, such as blood, semen and even perspiration and can be found on a variety of items from cigarette butts to eyeglasses, even decades old evidence can contain DNA. The author points out that one of the biggest disadvantages of DNA testing is, if it is not performed correctly, the results are worthless. The paper relates that in the field, DNA fingerprinting is one of the investigator's forensic tools but its use requires full training in the process for collecting DNA evidence.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Overview of DNA Fingerprinting
Advantages of DNA Fingerprinting
Disadvantages of DNA Fingerprinting
What I Would do as an Investigator in this Field and Why I Would Choose DNA Fingerprinting
From the Paper
"Lastly, Smialek, Word, and Westveer note a primary disadvantage of DNA fingerprinting is the ease in which it's contaminated. Samples have to be collected and handled with gloves that have to be changed often. Disposable instruments, or those that are thoroughly cleansed can only be used. Even talking, sneezing or coughing over evidence can make it worthless. In addition, there is the backlog of DNA samples to be processed which lead to lengthy waits between collecting and interpretation."
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Prison Overcrowding, 2006.
Examines reasons for the overcrowding problem in U.S. prisons and offers possible solutions.
3,302 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the United States has a severe prison overcrowding problem. Efforts must be made to change the nature of the prison population by seeking alternative methods of punishment where appropriate, such as diversion of drug offenders into treatment programs. Education programs must be provided to increase the prisoner's chances of successfully reentering society. The paper argues that new avenues of incarceration, such as privatization, should be used where appropriate and new technologies should be employed to reduce the population and associated costs of incarceration.
Paper Outline:
I. Introduction
- Prisoners' Rights
- Allegations of Abuse
II. Prison Overcrowding
- Exploding Jail Populations
- Soaring Costs
- Pressure on Correctional Facilities
- Effects of Overcrowding
- Prison Litigation
- New Prison Construction
- Mandatory sentencing
III.Reducing Prison Population
- Incarceration of Drug Users
- Incarceration of Mentally Impaired
IV. Literacy of Prisoners
- Educational Programs in Prison
- Difficulties of Programs
- Privatization of Prisons
- GPS Monitoring
V. Conclusion
From the Paper
"Because of the growth of American prisons, it is not surprising that they have come to be viewed as magnets for economic development. Illinois Governor George Ryan explained that a new maximum-security prison was being built in a downstate community because it would be an important shot in the arm for a poor community badly in need of economic investment. The sixteen-hundred-bed prison is expected to generate 800 jobs and an annual payroll of $40 million. Not education or transportation but correctional services, at $1.3 billion a year, continue to be the largest item in the Illinois state budget."
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Personality Traits and Police Officers, 2006.
This paper analyzes the concept of 'police personality' by detailing the distinctive personality traits shared by many law enforcement officers.
956 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper examines the various social situations and experiences encountered, in the area of law enforcement, which influence and mold the personalities of police officers. This paper delves into the long-standing personality theory that dictates which particular traits are patterned within an individual's personality. The writer of this paper explores and details the shared personality traits evident among police officers, including their desire to help others, as well as the need for respect and dignity normally associated with the profession. This paper discusses the relevant published research, which states that certain individuals choose a career in law enforcement for a variety of reasons, including: Job security, wages and benefits as well as a clear career path.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
General Concepts of Police Personality
Nature versus Nurture: Socialization and On-The-Job Experiences
Men Police Officers: Status, Gender and Personality
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Based on the status model of personality, there is a distinct "pecking order" in place in virtually all police departments across the country that helps initiate newcomers to the profession into the field; new recruits to the force will ignore this hierarchy at their peril. According to Gerber, the high-status officer in each partnership type will be perceived as having more instrumentally oriented (dominating and instrumental) traits and the low-status officer will be viewed as having more expressive traits. In addition, the status model predicts that officers' perceptions of their personality traits will be affected by group status-the overall status of their partnership in relation to other kinds of partnerships. In her review of Gerber's analysis, Monago suggests that this study showed that sex category and work experience played instrumental roles in personality adjustments."
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Criminology, 2005.
This paper discusses some beliefs in the study of crime.
1,185 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that it is believed that the rates of the commission of crimes depend a lot on the economic conditions in the country; when there is an increase in per capita income, there is a clear reduction in violent and property crimes. The author points out that people who commit crimes get high pleasure, which comes from some symbolic meanings of the act and the neuro-physiologic high that is given to them by the act. The paper concludes that it is clear that criminal violence often takes place due to the mental processes of the criminal; however, there is no understanding of this process.
From the Paper
"At the international level, another study showed that inequality does not significantly affect rate of crime, unless the comparisons are made only between selected countries. According to them probably culture determines rate of crime more than income. The question then comes out as to what really causes persons to get into violent acts as no two sources seem to agree. There is certainty however that the acts are intentionally violent and they are reinforced by certain situations. The process of this reinforcement is not very well understood in the study of criminology."
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Teens and the Criminal Justice System, 2006.
Uses the example of one teenager to show how the criminal justice system deals with coke possession.
1,305 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
By describing the fictitious case of 16-year old Martin who was arrested for the possession of cocaine, this paper shows how the U.S. justice system deals with this kind of problem. The paper describes events from the time of arrest until Martin is released after three months for good behavior.
From the Paper
"Two weeks later, Martin is back in the courtroom to find out what his fate will be. The judge has reviewed the pre-sentencing report and, after both the prosecutor and Martin's attorney have spoken, he decides that since this is Martin's first offense as an adult, he will sentence him to six months in the county jail. He revokes Martin's bail and the court officers take him into custody."
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"Justice, Crime and Ethics", 2006.
An overview of this book by Belinda Rodger McCarthy, et. al.
740 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
"Justice, Crime and Ethics" (B. Rodgers McCarthy, et. al., 2005) centers on the law, the criminal justice system, policing, the courts and all the complex issues that surround the various careers in criminal justice. The paper explains how each section of the text examines a particular part of the system, from an introduction to the peacemaking process, all the way through to policing, the courts, corrections, crime control, and even potential future issues. The paper also explains why this book is not a typical text book.
From the Paper
"The case studies at the end of each chapter also make the reader think quite deeply about these issues, and answer questions in their own mind so they know where they stand on these important and complex issues. It is clear that the criminal justice system is not perfect, and the text gives some good information on what may be done to combat some of the problems with the criminal justice system, and how it may be overhauled in the future. It also uses a crystal ball of sorts to look into the future to see what it holds for the system and those who choose it as a career."
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Boot Camps, 2006.
Examines boot camps as effective forms of intermediate sanctions.
2,487 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
Boot camps have been brought to the arena of intermediate sanctions in recent times. A boot camp is regarded as a correctional system in consonance with military style, in which the inmates are imparted with a highly organized and tough routine for training, along with vocational, educational and curative programs. This paper examines how boot camps were started and why they are so important. It examines the pros and cons of boot camps and concludes that while there are limitations to this form of punishment, they have their advantages both for inmates and society at large.
From the Paper
"They enter the boot camps with very little confidence with their abilities or necessity to establish relationships with adults. The camp fosters positive relationships between the boys, and at the minimum, their primary counselor. They attain a sense of their ability to generate and maintain such relationships that contributes to a developed sense of self-worth and the motivation to engage in other positive activities. (Kilgore; Mede, 64)"
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Youth Violence, 2006.
This paper examines the various reasons behind youth related violence, which has been steadily increasing in America.
1,219 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the recent rise in youth violence across the U.S., while supplying data and statistics relevant to this particular topic. This paper analyzes the cause and effect of youth related violence, from a psychological, social and anthropological standpoint. The writer contends and proves that certain social situations within the school system contribute to juvenile delinquency. This paper examines the views and opinions of researchers who believe the cause of youth violence to be internal and that problems arise from the psychological aspect of the individual. This paper also delves into the media's impact on juvenile related crimes. This paper discusses the lack of proper supervision on today's youth, which results in their gaining access to a wide range of unsuitable material, including television, movies and video games that depict high levels of violence.
From the Paper
"Coinciding with this need to manipulate situations, researchers also point to the possible reason for youth violence of retaliation. The APA states that, in some cases, violence is used again those who have harmed the individual, or the family, friends, or business of the individual. In an effort to "even" the playing field, youths may use handguns or other weapons to retaliate against wrongs done against them, in an effort to maintain their pride and dignity. Other researchers note that violence is a learned psychological behavior. In over 60 percent of juveniles arrested for violent behavior, the youths noted violent episodes in childhood, including having a parent arrested for violent crime, sexual abuse, verbal abuse, incidents of physical abuse, or violence against friends or family."
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Organized Crime and the Catholic Church, 2006.
This paper analyzes the link between the Catholic Church and organized crime, as depicted in Francis Ford Coppola's film "Godfather III," as well as in real life.
2,646 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how actual events surrounding the Vatican gave director Francis Ford Coppola the creative license to fictionalize a series of conspiracy theories involving the mafia and the church. This paper explores and details the events of the Roberto Calvi case. Calvi's case, of an Italian businessman and banker, who was involved with the Vatican, was found hanged in 1982, is similar to one of the sub-plots in Coppola's film. The writer presents published material which suggests Calvi may have been killed, in order to stop him from revealing certain secrets about Italy's political and religious establishments. This paper also discusses other events from the film, which were played out in real life, including one involving the death of Pope John Paul I.
From the Paper
"The book contains a photo of the Pope taken reportedly three hours before his death, speaking "jovially" with a Cardinal, not looking like a man about to succumb. The official Vatican reason given for his death was a "possible myocardial infarction," according to press accounts of the Vatican announcement of Pope John Paul I's death. "Possible" myocardial infarction? And why, interestingly, was there no autopsy? These are all issues and questions that obviously played into Coppola's hands as he set out to produce the third in the Godfather trilogy.
The Pope was about to investigate the banking scandal, when he died on September 29, 1978. He was found by Sister Vincenza, at about 4:45 a.m., and according to Yallop's book. She was allegedly "forced to keep silent by the Secretariat of State, Cardinal Villot, who imposed a vow of silence upon her to cover up the whole affair," the reviewer continued."
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Conjugal Prison Visits, 2005.
This paper investigates the value and costs of conjugal prison visits if they were to be instituted in a state.
1,075 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that proponents argue that providing prisoners with normal family relations including conjugal rights will (1) somewhat counteract the pain of imprisonment, (2) ease frustration among prisoners, (3) strengthen family ties and (4) encourage normal sexual patterns for married inmates. The author points out that opposition to conjugal visits argue that (1) only a minority of prisoners are married, (2) the state prisons don't have facilities to use for such a program, (3) this privilege would create jealousy among those prisoners unable or not allowed to participate and (4) spouses might be embarrassed by the openly sexual nature of the program. The paper concludes that creating a conjugal visitation program is not appropriate for this state's prison population because implementing this program would be costly and the research does not demonstrate solid benefits either in a more sexually normalized prison population or by showing that the prisoners would return to a stable family, which might reduce recidivism.
From the Paper
"The state with the longest history of allowing conjugal visits for prisoners exists in the state of Mississippi. Gray-Ray (2000) looked at Mississippi's history of allowing conjugal visits for selected prisoners and found that its roots are based upon tradition rather than science, as it appears that Mississippi has allowed conjugal rights for selected Mississippi prisoners for more than a century. Perhaps because of this history, Mississippi went to the expense of actually building apartments for prisoner use during family visits. While an expensive approach, the apartments provide a way for inmates to have normalized interactions with all family members including any children rather than with the spouse alone."
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"Race, Crime and the Law", 2006.
This paper analyzes Randall Kennedy's book "Race, Crime and the Law," which presents an in-depth look at how issues of race link to crime and law enforcement.
2,728 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the views and opinions of author Randall Kennedy, a Harvard law professor, regarding the correlation between crime and race. This paper explores Kennedy's argument which states that the field of law enforcement in America is largely considered racist, especially by the African-American community. This paper analyzes the results of an investigation carried out by the author, which focuses on the issue of racial inequality in the justice system, which is largely overlooked. Kennedy's in-depth book details the numerous problems in the justice system, while also suggesting solutions. This paper delves into Kennedy's assertion that officials in law enforcement must be forced to respect the rules prohibiting racial misconduct, while also stating that police and prosecutors engaged in illegitimate racial practices must be deterred from continuing to do so. The writer of this paper also reviews the author's particular style of writing, which, in the case of this book, appeals mainly to a white audience.
From the Paper
"It must also be noted that Kennedy does not ignore serious issues of racial discrimination. However, he does frame them so the problems seem to be a result of a system or of the individuals in that system, rather than of society itself. A good example is seen where Kennedy describes abuse of power. Kennedy describes how police officers and judges can abuse their power and engage in racial misconduct. The abuse of power occurs because they are able to engage in this behavior unchecked. The emphasis is placed on controlling the behavior of those in power and maintaining standards. Kennedy argues that if standards and control are not maintained, then people can abuse their power without consequence of any action being taken. This creates a situation where complete control is lost, with this extending to problems greater than just racist behavior."
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Identity Theft, 2006.
This paper examines the topic of identity fraud and identity theft, which is currently the fastest growing crime in America.
2,615 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper defines identity theft as a crime that is committed in which someone wrongfully obtains and uses the personal information of someone else. This paper explores this particular problem and its impact on society. This paper details the various methods of identity theft. The reports of incidence most frequently involve the withdrawal of money from a personal bank or financial account, while the worst cases involve completely pilfered identities, with vast debts accumulated and crimes committed in the victim's name. This paper delves into published reports which claim that identity fraud is the fastest growing crime in the U.S., with over 9.9 million victims reported. The writer discusses the flaws in technology that enable computer hackers to obtain one's personal information as well as the available strategies to thwart this growing problem. This paper details the workings behind mandatory internet service provider coverage, which is among the most feasible solutions to the problem of identity fraud. This paper also examines various cases involving identity theft and fraud, including that of ChoicePoint, who recently announced that the personal information of 145,000 members had been stolen by thieves.
From the Paper
"The use of privacy software by the ISPs would establish an early wall of protection and an immediate source of blame; for example, in the case of the Lowe's security breach, while hackers were at fault for committing the actions, the wireless networking system that made the whole so gaping a twenty year old in a Grand Prix could step through it suggests a critical lack of responsibility on behalf of the service provider as reflected in their software. The May 10 Hearings on Identity Theft and Data Broker Services, as documented by the Sensenbrenner Advocates Watchdog for Judiciary lobby group would suggest that the Federal Government agrees. Testimonies included Kurt Sanford, President and C.E.O at LexisNexis, Douclas Curling, President and CEO at ChoicePoint, Jennifer Barret, the Chief Privacy Officer at Axcom, and Mark Rotenberg, President and executive Director at Electronic Privacy Information Center, among others."
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