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International Criminal Justice System, 2006.
An outline of a model for a global system of law enforcement and justice.
2,376 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper proposes that an International Criminal Court based upon already existing working models of criminal justice systems could and should be established. Next, the paper examines some of the existing models of law enforcement and explains how they could be expanded and combined in order to create a global system of law enforcement that would supercede the current national systems in operation, rather than be subordinate to them.
Outline
Argument against International System
European Model Already Exists
Lessons from the International Criminal Court
Positive: It Pre-exists Incidents
Negative: It has Limited Jurisdiction
Historically, Global Investigation of Financial
Misdeeds Useful for New Organization
UN Crime Conferences Establish Grounds for Action
UN Already has Mandate
Interpol Already has Experience and Good Reputation
Combine These, Use Facets of Each
From the Paper
"There is a major argument against forming a true international justice agency often cited by opponents, that in creating such an entity, individual states would lose a portion of their sovereignty. However, there are already components of such an agency, from finding and arresting criminals to bringing them to justice, in place. Expanding them, at a time when sending information across national boundaries is instantaneous and universal, seems essential, more essential, in fact, than was the creation of the European Union, once a seemingly impossible concept as well. It was, for example, unthinkable that European nations would relinquish their own currencies in favor of an international standard, at least among those nations."
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Community Policing Initiative, 2005.
A look at effective approaches to establishing a community policing program in an American municipality.
5,680 words (approx. 22.7 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 137.95
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Abstract
This paper is an extensive literature review that shows that community policing initiatives have become increasingly popular in recent years and are now in place in the vast majority of American cities. It points out that the impact of these programs has been difficult to assess; but the fact remains that, in 1980, the United States clearly led the Western world in overall crime and ranked particularly high in property crime; however, since the implementation of community policing programs across the country, statistics have shown a marked decline in U.S. property crime. It also discusses how the research indicates that, despite their many success, community policing programs have experienced a wide range of internal and external obstacles and constraints to their implementation that continue to plague many such efforts today.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Review of the Literature
Background and Overview
Community Policing Programs - What Are They?
Constraints to Implementation
Current and Future Trends
Recommendations and Supporting Rationale
Chiefs' Support
The Liaison Officer
The Survey
Officer Training
Current Community Policing Programs
Dearborn Security Network, Dearborn Police Department, Dearborn, Michigan
PRIDE, Southfield Police Department, Southfield, Michigan
Downtown Detroit Security Executive Council (DDSEC), Detroit Police Department (DPD)
Annual Update Seminar on Security and Crime Prevention, Detroit Chapter of American Society for Industrial Security, (ASIS) and the DPD
Baltimore County Police Department and Private Security Association
Area Police/Private Security Liaison (APPL), New York City Police Department (NYPD)
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The goals and methods of community policing are comparable to those of community development planning; for example, both activities are designed to foster stable, healthy neighborhoods, and both attempt to involve community residents in these improvement efforts. As a result, urban planners and community police officers are increasingly being required to work together in order to maximize their impacts and to take advantage of the perspectives and skills that each profession brings to the task of improving living conditions in a community's neighborhoods."
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Substance Abuse and African-American Males, 2006.
An examination of the relationship between substance abuse among African-American males and the criminal justice system.
1,190 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 22 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how there appears to be some correlation between substance abuse among African-American males and their representation in the criminal justice system. It provides a literature review to show that African-American males are greatly overrepresented in the statistical data of the criminal justice system. It also reviews theoretical models such as the Social Development model and the Developmental Pathways model.
From the Paper
"Poverty is termed "an assault on a child's self-esteem" (Prothrow-Stith, 1991) and this in combination with "single parents families often lead to resentment and anger in young men. Young black males in the impoverished underclass often grow to manhood robbed of their pride and self-esteem. It is related that the investigation of the effects of the socio-economic underclass is the focus of many studies and has been so since the early 1990's. A great deal of research exist that links substance abuse with certain developmental risk factors. Some of these factors are poor parenting skills, as well adversity in family or environmental condition."
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Custodial Abuse, 2005.
This paper discusses the history and impact of custodial abuse in prisons for women.
2,185 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that sexual abuse of female inmates is an issue in both federal and state prisons; abuses against female inmates occur from both male and female corrections officers and from other prisoners. The author points out that one serious problem associated with sexual abuse is the spread of contraband because, often in return for sexual favors, corrections officers provide their victims with drugs and other items that prisoners are not supposed to possess. The paper relates that the most detrimental impact of sexual abuse upon corrections is the inability to rehabilitate; inmates who are sexually abused are more likely to become repeat offenders and return to prison.
Table of Contents
Introduction
History
Impact
Summary
From the Paper
"The sexual abuse of female inmates also comes from other inmates. Just as in male prisons, female prisoners often prey on other prisoners for sexual favors. In some cases female inmates have even been raped by other female inmates. According to an article published in the "Journal of Sex Research "explains that while this type of sexual abuse is not as common among female inmates when compared to male inmates, it does occur. The research asserts that female inmates are often confronted with the sexual advances of other inmates. The research describes an inmate observer who gave an account of a violent rape perpetrated against her by other female inmates. However, research has found that rape is the least common form of sexual behavior amongst female inmates."
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Hate/Bias Crimes in New Jersey, 2006.
A look at some of the hate crimes committed in the state of New Jersey and legislation for combating hate crimes.
2,381 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the various hate crimes that take place throughout the U.S. on a regular basis, focusing particularly on the state of New Jersey. The paper also describes some of the legislation that has been enacted in an effort to fight hate crimes and discusses the need for even harsher laws for curtailing such crimes. The paper further explains that the present hate laws are ineffective as a deterrent and, therefore, are not helpful towards solving the problem of hate crimes. Finally, the paper outlines a plan for curtailing hate crimes that would include proper training for members of law enforcement in how to recognize and respond to hate crimes, the creation of a multi-agency task force on hate crimes, and sufficient state and federal funds for fighting hate crimes.
From the Paper
"Cross burning is one of the hate crimes that occur in the state of New Jersey on the regular basis. Cross burning can, in fact be traced back in history right up to the time of the infamous 'Ku Klux Clan', which was a group of people who were dedicated totally to the perpetration of hate and bias related crimes on minorities, mostly African-Americans living peacefully in that state. According to an eyewitness of the cross burning carried out outside an African-American's house in new Jersey, "Few things can chill free expression and association to the bone like night-riders outside the door, and a fiery cross in the yard". (O Say! Can you see: Free expression by the light of fiery Crosses) An African-American couple, Russ and Laura Jones, started to experience trouble with so called 'skinheads', as soon as they had shifted their place of residence to St.Paul, in Minnesota. They were, in fact, the only Blacks living in that all-white neighborhood, and this was indeed a neighborhood that was known for its racist culture and its hatred of blacks."
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Criminal Evidence, 2006.
This paper describes criminal evidence, its use in court and specifically in the case of Illinois vs. Caballes (2005).
1,260 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that criminal evidence can be (1) physical such as fingerprints and documentary such as a "paper trail", (2) testimony of witnesses from eyewitnesses to expert witnesses or (3) the accused person's confession. The author points out that a confession is only admissible as evidence if the prosecution can show that it was not obtained by any sort of coercion and that the accused person (1) knew that anything he said could be used against him in a court of law, (2) was aware of his right not to speak and (3) knew he had a right to have a lawyer present during police questioning. The paper concludes that, in the Illinois vs. Caballes, the fact that a drug-sniffing dog is intimidating implies a violation of the 4th Amendment and the police did not have probable cause.
From the Paper
"Evidence may be refutable, that is, it can be shown in court to be untrue, or it may be irrefutable. For instance, for many years fatherhood was irrefutable if the child was born during the marriage of the man to the child's mother. Such a man was not entitled to argue in Court, for example, that the child had blond hair and blue eyes and was 6'4" tall while he had black hair, brown eyes, and was only 5'3", and besides the child looked exactly like the next door neighbor. As long as the man was married to the child's mother when the child was born, he was legally the father of the child. In some cases, this has now changed and fatherhood has become refutable since the introduction of DNA testing where it can be proven that a man is not the father of a child."
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Crime and the Treatment of Prisoners, 2006.
Counters the myth that violent crime is on the rise and that prisoners are treated like royalty in U.S. prisons.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the misconception held by many Americans that violent crime in the country is steadily increasing and that prisoners are treated like guests in trendy hotels. The paper shows that this cannot be further from the truth and goes on to provide proof of the declining crime rate in the country. The paper also investigates the role of the media in creating myths and misconceptions.
From the Paper
"Another part of the myth centers on separating "criminals" from "law abiding citizens." The two are seen as having a great gulf between them. However, the difference between the two is not so clear cut. Studies have shown that more than 90% of "law-abiding citizens" have done something for which they could have gone to jail (Silver, 1968; Wallerstein & Wyle, 1947 cited in Bohm, 1986). There are probably a few people who have never done anything wrong, but in general, criminality is relative. It would be hard to find a single person who was either all good or all bad. It would not make sense to label a person criminal, for example, who cheats on his income tax, switches license plates from one car to another, gets into a fight, shoplifts, or exceeds the speed limit."
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Pornography, 2005.
This paper argues that pornography has a negative effect on society.
2,255 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, since the rapid popularity and use of the internet in the United States and around the globe, pornography and the viewing of pornography on-line seems to have mushroomed tremendously, resulting in more violence, less general empathy and understanding and a general moral decay of the principles and ideals which make up a civilized society. The author points out the dangers of child pornography, violent pornography that shows rape and violent acts toward women and pornography based on a dominant/submissive theme, whether geared toward men or women. The paper relates that studies show that men who are relatively at high risk for sexual aggression are more likely to be attracted to pornography and to become more aroused and more disposed to act aggressively toward women and even children.
From the Paper
"Another researcher, Catherine Helen Palczewski, notes that more and more women believe that pornography berates and belittles women, and that "pornography is the ideology of a culture which promotes and condones rape, woman-battering, and other crimes of violence against women." Thus, this prevalent aspect of pornography leads to a general degrading of women and a societal acceptance of that degrading as a norm. This is illustrated by many other forms of media, from advertising to film and television, where often the women are portrayed as little more than sex objects."
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Theories of Justice, 2006.
Compares the theories of John Rawls and Robert Nozick on the issue of justice.
793 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
Justice has been explained by different theorists in different terms. The paper examines the theories of John Rawls and Robert Nozick which differ in key ways. It points out however, that both theories are normative, offering a model of what they each believe justice should be.
From the Paper
"The major institutions of society to which Rawls refers are pervasive and have profound effects on behavior and the distribution of benefits. These institutions embody deep-seated inequalities that may be inevitable in the basic structure of any society, and any principles of justice must apply to these inequalities (Rawls, A Theory of Justice 7)."
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Homicide, 2006.
An extensive discussion on homicide in America.
1,776 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a brief two hundred year history of homicide. It continues to discuss the sociology of victims and perpetrators exploring race, age and gender. It also expands on various motivations for murder and monitors, through stated statistics, patterns of considered motivations through history. In conclusion, grief and methods for coping with grief are discussed.
From the Paper
"Total homicide rates fluctuated during the 1981-1998 period, however, intimate partner homicide rates decreased steadily during this time frame, and among certain sub-populations, the decrease has been substantial (Paulozzi pp).
These decreases are temporally associated with the introduction of social programs and legal measures to curb intimate partner violence, but a causal relationship has not been established (Paulozzi pp). Moreover, no confirmed explanation exists for the greater decrease in rates among males compared with rates among females (Paulozzi pp). The differences in intimate partner homicide rates by race indicate that economic, social, and cultural factors are involved (Paulozzi pp). It was also found that community population size and state demonstrates that regional sociocultural differences might be involved, while access to firearms might be a key factor in both male and female intimate partner homicides (Paulozzi pp)."
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Excessive Use of Police Force, 2006.
This paper analyzes the issue of police brutality while also discussing the role of the media in depicting cases of unwarranted excessive force on the part of law enforcement officers.
1,131 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the use of excessive police force primarily among minorities. This paper discusses the various reasons excessive force not only occurs but continues to grow at an alarming rate. This paper contains data and statistics relevant to this particular topic. This paper discusses the issue of police brutality from the point of view of law enforcement officers who insist that excessive force is used in less than 1% of contacts with civilians and suspects. This paper also delves into this issue from the point of view of African-Americans who contend that police brutality is significantly higher than the claims made by law enforcement officers. The writer analyzes the systematic biases that are present when debating this controversial topic. This paper discusses the fact that officers are rarely convicted for improper use of violence which indirectly contributes to this growing problem. This paper examines the role of the media in depicting police brutality while also detailing the case of Tyisha Miller, a young black woman killed by police in California.
Table of Contents:
A National Pattern
Systemic Bias
Media Ownership
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Many members of various minority groups feel that they are unfairly targeted, especially with regard to the use of excessive force and the differences that white and black residents ascribe to these incidents. In many cases, such as the cases of Wilson and Oregon, the incidents are sparked by non-violent offenses. In addition to fatal shootings, many police officers are also resorting to the use of TASER or stun guns, in situations which were previously resolved without the use of force. Statistics from the Orange County Sheriff's Office in Florida, for example, show a stunning increase in the use of TASERS. In 2000, there were only three reported uses of TASER guns. a mere two years later, that figure jumped to 295."
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Family Visitation for Prisoners, 2006.
Argues that the present system in the U.S. does not make it easier for prisoners to maintain normal ties with their families.
830 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper suggests that the U.S. prisoner family visitation system come under review by authorities. The paper maintains that it is just one more tool in the country's correctional system that will keep its prisoners grounded in the fact that they are human, and keep the families grounded in the fact that the incarcerated member is still very much a part of their lives.
From the Paper
"Family visitation can also give the family who has lost a member to prison a measure of validation , especially when family visits can be tied in with "check-ins" with family support services who can make sure the family on the outside is surviving socially and economically. There may be little external support for a father or mother who is raising children on their own while a spouse is in jail. There is tendency for society to see the removal of the parent as a "comeuppance" not noticing what the effect may be on the blameless ones left behind, which did nothing to bring the grief and loss upon themselves. "
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Juvenile Offenders, 2006.
Examines the problem of juvenile delinquency in the U.S.A. and how it is handled by authorities.
1,438 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that the United States faces a dilemma in that it needs to decide how to handle juvenile offenders. Currently, with some exceptions, each state and municipality sets its own rules and the rules vary tremendously. The paper shows that children as young as eleven years old have been tried and convicted as adults. Juvenile systems do not always respond effectively to the youth charged to its care. Probation practices also vary widely. The paper argues that when the criminal system cannot decide whether to charge many juveniles as juveniles or adults it should not be surprising that probation practices vary as well.
Paper Outline:
The Problem
Complicating Issues
Innovative Programs
Solutions
Bibliography
From the Paper
"One of the difficulties in forming a plan to truly rehabilitate youthful offenders is that little systematic research has been done. In 2001, the Texas legislature attempted to determine the number of youth in their probation system who had mental health needs. They found that they could not determine the number. There are 168 different juvenile probation programs in Texas. They are not united under any kind of state program, and each probation program used its own system for assessing the needs of the youths under their probationary supervision."
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Death Penalty as a Deterrent, 2006.
A discussion about whether the death penalty is a real deterrent for violent crimes.
845 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the death penalty continues to be a highly controversial issue with most Americans and its deterrent effect has still not been absolutely determined. This paper concludes that it is clear that the death penalty does serve society quite well under certain circumstances, but in reality, society must begin to understand the reasons why people commit violent crimes and determine how to change a person's violent tendencies which in the end will make the death penalty unnecessary.
From the Paper
"One of the most controversial issues in today's America has to do with the question as to whether or not the death penalty is a deterrent to crime. Many of those that support the death penalty argue that execution, whether by lethal injection, the electric chair or hanging, is the most suitable penalty for persons who have committed atrocious crimes like first-degree murder, rape or the murder of a child. The main contention for these supporters is that the convicted person deserves punishment that is comparable to the crime; in addition, supporters of the death penalty argue that such an action demonstrates society's adherence to moral principles. According to Robert Bidinotto, such crimes as premeditated murder "is a crime in a class by itself," for it "negates the highest moral end of a civil society," being human life (156)."
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