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Inadequacy of Forensic Hair Analysis, 2006.
An in-depth study of forensic hair analysis and its role in crime solving.
5,774 words (approx. 23.1 pages), 45 sources, MLA, $ 138.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes forensic hair analysis, and traditional evidentiary methodologies, concluding that although forensic hair analysis is often instrumental to crime solving, it is essentially inadequate unless extensive nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analysis is also conducted and considered. It also discusses technological advances in this area, and the future of DNA testing in the United States.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
History of Forensic Hair Analysis
Hair Analysis: The Process
DNA Testing
Forensic Hair Analysis and DNA Analysis
DNA Testing Compliance
Comparison of Hair Examination and other Evidentiary Methodologies
Future Advances in DNA Testing
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The science of hair comparison has been used in thousands of criminal cases all over the United States for decades. Hair, because of its widespread presence at crime scenes, has great evidentiary value in forensic science. Even if a suspect has tried to clean the crime scene of any evidence such as personal possessions, fingerprints or footprints, hair strands always seem to stick in the matter found in that area. Since hair is so personal to individuals, it serves as a great indicator of who was there. The forensic testing of hair strands has very early roots. It was first used as evidence in 1861, but did not gain scientific acceptance until after the turn of century, and public acceptance until the late 1950's. During this time the public acceptance of hair testing was widespread, and police received enormous support for any evidence consisting of hair strands."
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Privatization of Correctional Facilities in the United States, 2006.
This paper considers the reasons for privatization of correctional facilities and its results.
1,160 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the current trend toward privatization of certain services provided in correctional institutions in the United States. The author approaches his research from an historical and financial perspective. Also considered heavily are human rights issues.
Introduction
Background and Major Players
Legal Issues
Other Considerations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Those who advocate and go against private involvement in prison handlings make different arguments in its favor. Many say that past trend and analysis have shown that government has been largely inefficient in this area. So, people look for better inefficiency in the private sector but the absence of market forces pose a problem. one group of American researchers concluded "From a purely economic perspective, there are so many elements of the profit mechanism missing from correctional industries that its implementation is at worst unfeasible, at best elusive" (Gandy & Hurl, 1987). Different studies conducted show that there is not a market difference in the efficiency and profitability between private and public sector. Majority of analysts hold the view that if economy and efficiency are considerations then private sector does not offer any major benefits rather state prisons, as a more politically viable option should try to work on improving its own efficiency by different means."
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The Re-definition of Rape, 2006.
A look at how the feminist movement has re-defined the definition of rape and the effect that rape has on a victim.
1,860 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how historically, the concept of rape has severed to protect a man's right to exclusive sexual access to his woman, while the feminist re-definition of rape empowers women to assert control over their own bodies. This paper also reviews various reactions to this re-definition of rape and discusses the effects that rape has on a victim.
From the Paper
"Criminology indicated that date rape was an under-reported crime (Date pp). Vanstone highlighted the fact that sex through physical violence is clearly viewed as rape, date rape, on the other hand, may not involve physical violence (Date pp). There are other forms other forms of coercion to obtain sex that is also considered rape, such as "fear of violence, detention, intoxication with alcohol or a drug, and deception can all be factors relevant to whether the woman has consented (Date pp). Vanstone said that date rape has been an offence for a very long time, yet only recently has been acknowledged as a serious social problem (Date pp). According to a 1996 survey, almost 90 percent of rape victims know the perpetrator, and of these victims, some 25 percent were the current partner, boyfriend or date of the victim in the twelve months prior to the survey, and if previous partners are added in, the percentage is as high as 37 percent (Date pp). However, date rape is rarely reported to law enforcement authorities, and most surveys indicate that the number of sexual assaults reported to the police are only the tip of the iceberg (Date pp). "
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Probation: An Alternative to Incarceration, 2006.
A discussion on whether probation is the most practical method of treating large numbers of offenders.
865 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how probation is seen to be a viable alternative to a jail sentence and far less destructive than time spent in an over-crowded, corrupted and dangerous environment which most of the prisons have become, giving the offender a greater chance at rehabilitation. This paper reviews the specific case of a Mr Joseph Jones, who has been convicted of burglary in the community in which he lives.
Contents:
Introduction
The Case of Mr. Joseph Jones
Why Probation For Mr. Jones?
The Victims in Mr. Jones' Case
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the case of Mr. Joseph Jones, it appears that his offenses were not carried out as a result of any true criminal intent as would be the case for a career criminal. Since Mr. Jones was gainfully employed at his job at Tempura Industries for eight years (his employer informed the court that Mr. Jones was an exemplary worker and was disappointed to lose him) and during his tenure was not involved in any criminal activity, he definitely appears to be a valid candidate for probation. Also, since he is married (five years) with one child, Mr. Jones is obviously a responsible parent, due to providing for his family while employed at Tempura Industries.
In addition, since Mr. Jones has shown much remorse for his offenses and has offered to compensate his victims, the court should take all of these facts under advisement and recommend
that Mr. Jones be placed on probation for a period of not less than two years and not more than three years.
The Victims in Mr. Jones' Case:
After a rather lengthy interview with all of Mr. Jones' victims, it appears that they would be very willing to accept monetary compensation for their losses. For example, Mr. _______. mentioned that he would be satisfied if Mr. Jones compensated him for the loss of his television (est. value $500); likewise, Mrs. _______. also agreed to monetary compensation for the loss of her 5-carat diamond ring (est. value $2000). Thus, Mr. Jones, during and upon the completion of his probation, will compensate these two victims and the others by working at odd jobs. Mr. Jones has also expressed that he will diligently search for full-time employment during his probation period. Finally, all of Mr. Jones' victims have been told the circumstances of this case and thus understand why he committed the burglaries in the first place. "
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Aristotle's View on Capital Punishment, 2006.
A look at capital punishment through the eyes of Aristotle.
1,470 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines capital punishment as viewed by Aristotle, as a moral issue and argue the opinion that it is an immoral practice. This paper also carefully identifies and explains the premises that lead to this argument, looking at the flip side of the issue and creating a possible counter argument.
From the Paper
"Aristotle also distinguishes between distributive and retributatory justice. Retributive justice, or punishment for things done wrong, is similar to criminal courts. Distributive justice is conceptually similar to civil courts and awarding financial compensation.
People should not be held accountable for involuntary actions; things they were forced to do, or that they did in ignorance of the facts, which may be called mistakes or mishaps. Voluntary unjust actions can be divided according to whether they were premeditated or not. Crimes done due to emotion rather than reason (ex: sudden anger) are acts of injustice, but the person who does things in the heat of the moment should not be regarded as a wicked or unjust person. Premeditated unjust actions can only be done by unjust or wicked people, Aristotle thought. This may seem fairly sensible, but is an important departure from Socrates and Plato who held that people never did things which they realized were wrong, and that all evil was caused solely by ignorance."
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The Differential Association Theory, 2006.
This paper explains Edwin Sutherland's theory 'Differential Association' about the causes of criminal behaviour.
4,164 words (approx. 16.7 pages), 26 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper details the extent of drug trafficking today and explains how it has major consequences on the entire country. The paper describes the various US policies on drugs and on drug trafficking and shows the weaknesses in them. The author continues by saying that international cooperation is necessary to really control offenders. The paper quotes the criminologist of the time Edwin Sutherland's theory 'Differential Association.' This theory states that criminal behavior is learned behavior and that it is generally learned through social interaction with others. The author explains that a drug abuser learns from his environment and thus by correcting the surroundings of an offender, the behaviour can be affected.
From the Paper
"The problem of drug trafficking in America today is indeed an enormous one, with severe repercussions and ramifications for the future of the entire country. When the retired General Barry McCaffrey, the Director of the White House's Office of drug Control Policy was on an official visit to Peru, Peru was in the midst of a long string of scandals that were having an adverse impact on the Peruvian administration. Facts and figures revealed that there had been discovered a shipment of about one hundred and seventy kilograms of the drug cocaine, on board the air force plane that Fujimori, the President of Peru normally used on his travels to and from his country. Soon afterwards, about forty-five kilograms of cocaine were again found on board a ship that belonged to the Peruvian navy, in Vancouver, in Canada. When accusations were flung at each other, it was eventually decided that it was the Peruvian Montesinos who had been protecting an entire drug clan, named 'Lopez Paredes' which was engaged in drug trafficking on a large scale. This organization was supposedly dismantled in the year 1995, but amazingly, in the middle of August, the accused individual, called Demetrio Chavez, also known to some as 'El Vaticano', revealed in a Court that he had in fact been paying the Peruvian Montesinos the sum of $ US 50,000 every month so that he would be protected from inquiry of all his various drug trafficking operations."
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Radio-diagnostic Imaging in Forensic Medicine, 2006.
A paper on the role of radio-diagnostic imaging in forensic medicine and forensic investigation.
1,285 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the use of radio-diagnostic imagery instead of the more standard form of autopsy in forensic medicine. The paper examines the pros and cons of using images provided by machinery such as MRIs instead of the information provided by the more invasive autopsy procedure. The paper discusses the accuracy of radio-diagnostic imagery compared with its less technologically advanced counterpart in determining causes of death. The author concludes that while radio-diagnostic imaging can be useful in forensic medicine, it can not yet replace traditional autopsy.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Introduction
Negative Findings in the use of Radio-diagnostic Imaging in Forensic Medicine
Positive Findings in the use of Radio-diagnostic Imaging in Forensic Medicine
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There has been an increase in the use of MRI in forensics in making a diagnosis when death involved either injury or disease. Stated to be one of the: "main criticisms of the use of MRI as an alternative to conventional autopsy is the lack of validation of this imaging technique." This is due to the mixed results that have been reported related to MRI post mortem examinations in the fields of neuropathology and paediatrics."
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Hostage Negotiation, 2006.
A consideration of various options for handling hostage negotiations.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses methods and techniques for dealing with crises related to hostages. The author contends that adept handling by experts can lead to a peaceful resolution of the situation. Experience, expertise, sharp judgment and quick decision-making should be employed for a successful outcome.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Different Situations
Considerations in Negotiation
Team Building
Well Being of Hostage
Movement of Objects
Prolonging the Situation
Rapport Development
Deception Techniques and Lying
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Negotiation technique depends upon the circumstances. For example in case of kidnapping the situation can be assessed in four different ways depending upon the kidnappers. "Kidnappers fall into four different categories: the opportunist or novice criminal; the religiously or politically motivated individual; the mentally deranged individual; and the professional criminal" (Zandt, 1993). The situation can also be defined as planned or unplanned. Planned situation occurs in case of political and professional criminals while unplanned situation may arise in case of opportunist or mentally disable person."
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IT Security, 2006.
This paper discusses David Lang's article "A Graphic Picture of Crime" about IT security.
860 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that David Lang's article "A Graphic Picture of Crime" (1) paints an overall benign portrait of law enforcement zealously protecting user privacy and safety and (2) demonstrates how an apparently invisible crime can be rendered visible through the use of technology as both the law and law enforcement attempt to stay one step ahead of potential hackers. The author points out that the article stresses that the most important step is to ensure that network logging devices are turned on, even though these devices use disk space and processor time because, if they are turned off, investigations can become impossible. The paper stresses that, when the hacker's identity can be hidden with technological devises especially though uniquely permeable wireless sources, investigators must possess similar tools to be able to penetrate these shields.
From the Paper
"Later, after Frank is 'captured' and the investigators can obtain a warrant search the working memory of the alleged offender's computer, the random access memory (RAM) or primary storage area where calculations and data manipulation occur. The forensic examiners are most concerned with the section of slack space known as RAM slack, swap files, and deleted information from slack space and swap files. Examiners can thus create a timeline and confirm that Frank downloaded and decrypted the instructions from the Internet before using stenography software to hide his progress."
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Sociology of Crime, 2006.
An analytical view of the sociology of crime primarily using the structural conflict perspective.
2,891 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper aims to examine the sociology of crime primarily using the structural conflict perspective. It reviews Karl Marx's ideas of capitalism from which the "structural conflict perspective" is derived. Further, this paper gives the reader a look at the war against terrorism and the laws formulated to 'fight terror'.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Karl Marx and Capitalism
Structural Conflict Perspective
Terrorism
Fight Against Terrorism
The Beneficiaries
The Disadvantageous Group
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Any peace process can lead to two scenarios. One would be negative peace and the other would be positive peace. Positive peace would be the absence of structural violence. When structural causes exist in society, they can be made worse by specific triggers. They then take form of crime and terrorism. Such structural causes range from bad governance (or an illegitimate government), ethno politics, lack of political participation to unfair access to wealth and lack of equal social and economic opportunities. A precursor of crime and terrorism is where one class of the population becomes the sole beneficiary of any economic, social or political benefit. "
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Forensic Tools and Methods, 2005.
This paper is a literature review to identify and analyze current forensic science tools and methods and to extrapolate future tends for this field based on this analysis.
3,205 words (approx. 12.8 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the criminal justice system depends on scientific evidence for investigating and prosecuting crimes and uses a wide range of tools and techniques to achieve their goals of identifying who is responsible and the extent of the violation in such a manner that the results are admissible in a legal proceeding. The author stresses that forensic science has emerged as a dynamic and increasingly important field of investigation for both private enterprises and governmental agencies. The paper relates that, while the field continues to evolve in response to newly identified threats and innovations in digital technology, the legal requirements of forensic science must be maintained and the resulting evidence must satisfy the requirements of Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Purpose of the Study
Research Methods and Procedures Used
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Forensic Science Tools and Methods
Current and Future Trends
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Generally speaking, forensic science is the application of scientific knowledge to legal problems or proceedings; from a law enforcement perspective, forensic science is primarily concerned with testing physical and biological evidence to determine objective facts about what happened, when it happened, and who was involved (Davis, Jackson & Schwab, 2001). Therefore, forensic science capability is important because it may yield information that is more accurate, precise, and reliable than eyewitness testimony or even confessions; this information, in turn, can provide prosecutors with an improved chance for success in terms of both investigations and trials in determining the facts of the case."
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The Death Penalty, 2006.
Examines theoretical perspectives on capital punishment.
1,020 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a literature review on a number of theoretical perspectives of the death penalty. After looking at several theories and viewpoints, the paper sums up the literature and presents a conclusion.
Paper Outline:
Overview of Social Theory and Death Penalty
Symbolic Interactionism and Death Penalty
Functional Theory Approach to Death Penalty
Social Conflict Theory and the Death Penalty
Summary of Literature
References
From the Paper
"Unfortunately this theory is somewhat debunk, as there is little hard evidence supporting the notion that the death penalty successfully deters crime. In this case a functionalist may in turn look for latent functions the death penalty might serve including revenge or victim appeasement (Weisberg, 2003). Functionalists support strong condemnatory action because weak or less severe penalties may suggest that the underlying conduct "is not genuinely worth condemnation" (Weisberg, 467)."
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Rehabilitation of Non-Violent Ex-Offenders, 2006.
An analysis of critical success factors for a reform and rehabilitation program to support non-violent ex-offenders.
6,135 words (approx. 24.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 144.95
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Abstract
This study focuses on the potential benefits of a rehabilitation and support program for non-violent ex-offenders in the community. The intent of the research is to gain insight regarding the critical elements necessary for a rehabilitation program to succeed and help reduce rates of recidivism in the community. After conducting an extensive preliminary literature review, the paper shows multiple critical success factors for a successful ex-offender support program. In addition to the literature review, the researcher proposes further investigation and field research that examine inmates' views and opinions regarding the potential benefits of a rehabilitation program for nonviolent ex-offenders.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Problem and Objectives
Background Of The Problem
Significance of the Study
Preliminary Literature Review
Ex-Offenders Problems
Programs In Other Countries
Opinions On Programs To Aid Ex Offenders
Benefits Of Rehabilitation
Programs That Work
Social Support For Ex-Offenders
Summary of the Research
Methods
Results
Limitations Of Study
Conclusions
References
From the Paper
"Every year more than 600,000 people are released from prison, and this number continually grows (Petersilia, 2005). Studies suggest that up to 93 percent of inmates are released at some point in time (Petersilia, 2005). The needs of ex-offenders continue to grow as fewer and fewer rehabilitation programs exist to house and enable ex-offenders to gain meaningful employment. Reentry programs are vital to the success of ex-offenders and may substantially impact rates of recidivism among ex-offenders (Petersilia, 2005)."
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Parole Programs, 2005.
This paper discusses approaches to parole programs to prevent recidivism.
1,190 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that parole, which is a conditional release of people serving time that allows them to serve the rest of their time outside jail in the community as long as they comply with the terms of the release; hence, multiple programs have been designed to stop them from violating these terms. The paper discusses the Reintegrating Alternatives Personal Program (RAPP), run by Christian volunteers who get parolees employed and reunited with their families by offering a wide range of services such as counseling for substance abuse and mentoring and a plan devised by Gov. Robert L. Ehrlich, Jr., which pays parolees, who report on time to their parole offices, a monthly stipend of $25. The paper is critical of both programs and stresses that, for a plan to ensure the prevention and cure of recidivism, it must be targeted and specific in nature depending on the person it is dealing with and should be run by a professional staff.
From the Paper
"Giving $25 worth of incentives to report to the parole officer is not a good idea and apart from them reporting to a parole officer, the parole officer should also be mobile enough to go out to them if they don't appear on the scheduled day. The parolee should also be made to visit a psychologist every month who can in turn keep on updating the progress. Assistance should be given to those who require a job desperately. A program should be such that it would cover all the bases to benefit the parolee and naturally benefit the society. Rehabilitation should be provided to those addicted to drugs and their families should be involved in the rehabilitation process so that the support which he would receive from them would help his transition to a drug free much easier.".
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