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IQ and Criminality, 2006.
A look at the research into the link between IQ and criminality.
3,137 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the factors that influence one's IQ and the direct link between IQ and criminality and how various environmental and social issues can also play a role. It also discusses the various methodologies used to conduct the study of the relationship between IQ and criminality.
From the Paper
"Adoptee studies have provided the most striking evidence of gene-environment interaction with respect to antisocial behavior. Thus, in a Scandinavian adoptee study of petty criminality, found that just less than 3% of individuals without a criminal biological parent and without major risk experiences in the adoptive family showed petty criminality. The risk doubled when there was an environmental but not a genetic risk. It went up to 12% with genetic risk in the absence of environmental risk but soared to 40% when both types of risks were present. In other words, those individuals at genetic risk were most likely to be adversely affected by adversities in their adoptive family. It is important to note that, because the adoptee strategy is specifically designed to remove the overlap between genetic and environmental risk, the proportion of variation in the population accounted for by this interaction will necessarily be misleadingly low. That is because the proportion of variation in the population explained by the interaction reflects the proportion of individuals in the key cell (in this case, the subgroup with both genetic and environmental risks); for that reason, it provides a most unsatisfactory measure of the strength of the effects as they operate on individuals . (Rutter, 1997, p. 396)
One thing important to note is that above and throughout other studies done on the subject matter, there is not just a relationship made between IQ and criminality. There are other factors often indicated, i.e. environmental factors, societal factors, etc. So there is a necessity to understand that the lack of IQ often has its own determinants and factors, it just so happens that there is a correlation no matter how small between criminality and IQ. It is proven throughout that with lower IQ criminality does often more than less become a characteristic."
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Troubled Youth in Residential Programs, 2005.
This paper discusses extensively that today's juvenile residential programs primarily house children, who come from dysfunctional environments and have been rejected psychologically from society.
3,585 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the express purpose of all juvenile independent living programs is the avoidance of a negative external situation because the offender's problems will be exacerbated by re-exposure to the conditions that caused them. The author points out that, rather than replacing the teen's freedom with a wholly regimented prison lifestyle, programs, such as Fresh Start, give youths responsibility for their own actions based upon their willingness to adhere voluntarily to the program's guidelines. The paper relates that most juvenile offenders see no use for schooling; however, hands-on activities, in programs such as the Gulf Coast Trades Center, transform education from something theoretical into something practical as these troubled youths discover that they have skills and interests they never knew existed. The paper includes a data table.
From the Paper
"First and foremost is the cost to society-at-large of troubled youth, specifically the problem of persons under the age of eighteen who become involved in criminal activity. Juvenile courts in the United States processed nearly 1.8 million cases in 1996 alone, an astonishing figure that represented an increase of forty-nine percent over the previous nine years. Of the huge numbers of young people passing through the juvenile court system, only a portion of them are currently accommodated in residential treatment and detention facilities. In 1999, this figure represented some 109,000 minors in a wide range of different programs."
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Juveniles Tried in Adult Courts, 2006.
An argumentative essay on whether to prosecute and incarcerate juvenile offenders in the adult court and penal system.
1,851 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the problem of juvenile crime, which is becoming increasingly serious in the United States. The writer analyzes Proposition 21, which, in the writer's view, holds that the only way to curb the problem is to do away with concepts such as understanding and rehabilitation, concentrating on the safety of society as a whole. The writer examines whether this is the best strategy in terms of both social values and for the sake of juvenile offenders. The writer proposes that locking juveniles away together with adult criminals, and in effect ignoring the problem, is likely to only exacerbate the problem.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The History of the Juvenile Justice System
Proposition 21
The Problem or the Solution?
From the Paper
"While the criminal justice system has been, until recently, fairly lenient and rehabilitative towards juvenile offenders, more distant history tells a different story. In 1648 for example, during the colonialist period, juvenile offenders in the young country were treated extremely harshly (Current Events, 2003) . The death penalty was for example the punishment for any child older than 16 who cursed or mocked his or her parents. The first reformatory for juvenile offenders opened in New York during 1825."
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Communication and Law Enforcement, 2006.
The paper focuses on the changing role of the police and law enforcement in communication.
2,059 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the modern trend in policing which has meant a change in the perception and role of the police in society. Interaction and communication are important today to create trust and cooperation and in solving crimes. According to the paper, in order to provide a more effective and wide-ranging community oriented form of law enforcement, the police and law enforcement authorities should communicate and connect with the public. The paper discusses the idea of marketing through communication relating to the more interactive approach to the function and role of the police in society. The paper concludes that conventional views of communication in a logistical and technological sense is essential for the success of law enforcement procedures and operations. Thus the importance of information and information gathering has assumed an increasing importance in modern times.
From the Paper
"Communication in the modern age is an essential part of law enforcement and the control and containment of crime. On the one hand good communication systems and up - to - date communication technology is essential in dealing with modern sophisticated crime. However on another level, what has become possibly more important today is the idea that the police and law enforcement authorities should communicate and connect with the public in order to provide a more effective and wide -ranging community oriented form of law enforcement. This paper will focus on the latter idea of what is meant by the changing role of the police and law enforcement in communication."
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Rehabilitation, 2006.
A discussion on how incarceration serves to remove criminal elements from society in general.
3,187 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the current rate of deviance and criminal behavior in the United States, in terms of incarcerated individuals and individuals within the criminal justice system. It further analyzes current trends in rehabilitation, through an analysis of their effectiveness, which includes an examination of the current prison system. In the conclusion, the paper examines which options would be most effective, in terms of lifestyle alterations for criminals and deviants, as well as which options would be most effective at reducing the overall crime rate within the United States.
From the Paper
"Prior to any analysis on the current solutions within the criminal justice system, it is important to understand the scope of deviance and criminal behavior in the United States today. According to the Department of Justice's Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2,267,787 individuals were incarcerated as of December 31, 2004. Of those, 1,421,911 were held in Federal and state prisons, 713,990 were in local jails, 102,338 were in juvenile facilities, 15,757 were in U.S. Territory jails, 9,788 were in facilities for the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 2,1777 were in military prison facilities, and 1,826 were in Indian country jail systems"
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Is Criminal Incarceration Effective, 2006.
A study on whether incarceration is effective especially in the cases of recidivism.
5,319 words (approx. 21.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 131.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the rising prison incarceration numbers and the effect of longer or shorter sentences for offenders. The paper focuses on recidivism and its possible causes and examines this in terms of public safety and the cost-effectiveness of incarceration. The paper also points out that, in addition to the recidivism rate of convicted offenders, the amount of crime in a community is influenced by several factors. The paper includes various studies which show both the negative and positive aspects of lengths of incarceration. Also discussed is the sentencing in European countries compared to the United States. The system in California is given special mention. The subject of African American mass incarceration is also examined.
From the Paper
"The rising prison incarceration numbers in the United States and the effectiveness of prison incarceration has been an issue of considerable discussion within the media and within state and federal governments.
"According to the United States Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Assistance, many jurisdictions throughout the country are implementing successful, cost-effective alternatives to traditional incarceration, while at the same time are improving efforts to reintegrate nonviolent offenders into the community (Alternatives). These corrections options programs promote sanctions other than incarceration, in which violators receive treatment combined with appropriate social services and vocational education in an effort to help them re-enter the community as productive and law-abiding citizens (Alternatives)."
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Youthful Offenders Under British Law, 2006.
A research into how youthful offenders are handled by British Law.
2,108 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper researches the British legal system with regards to youthful offenders and the sentencing of juvenile offenders in British Courts. This research shows that more studies are necessary in order to develop a program to better assist young offenders in the British legal system.
Contents:
Research Proposal Objective
Statement of the Problem
Introduction
Methodology of the Research
Age of Juvenile Offender According to General British Law
Alternative Sentencing Solutions Available in British Courtrooms
Youthful Offenders: Custodial Sentence
Argument Both For and Against Custodial Sentencing of Young Offenders
Findings
From the Paper
"The age of 'responsibility' or 'accountability' in the criminal justice court in England and Wales is the age of 10. Juveniles in the age range between 10 and 17 years old must appear before a youth court upon receiving a criminal charge A National Institute of Justice report states that "the sanctions available to youth courts are more restricted than those for adult courts, the major differences being that fines can be imposed which parents must pay and supervision or attendance center orders may be imposed." (NIJ Report) Options exist that may be pursued in lieu of typical trial on the case the defendant is charged under. For example, the following options are available in the British Court/Legal System. Alternatives to trials exist, according to the National Institute of Justice Report due to the possibility of a "formal caution administered by the police, used disproportionately for young offenders...." Stated is that a caution of a formal nature makes as a requirement that specific conditions be met. Inclusive in these requirements is that the offender: (1) admit to the offense; and (2) The offender and their guardian must be willing to "proceed as the police wish".
The following is stated in relation to Youth Courts which are one within the division of various Special Courts: Courts. Youth courts are specialized magistrates' courts that adjudicate cases involving defendants less than 18 years of age. There are restrictions on the access of the public and press to such courts. The defendant and any other witnesses under 18 years old must not be identified. "
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Drug Testing, 2006.
This paper discusses the negative aspects of drug testing in schools.
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper addresses the system of drug testing in schools and illustrates the negative aspects of this practice. The paper explains that these include the legality and constitutionality of doing so, the actual accuracy of the testing and the methods used to test. The paper claims that drug testing is controversial and since the results of testing are so minimal, it seems that testing is simply a waste of time, energy, and district funds. The paper also maintains that it creates distrust in American youth and concludes that the money could be used in different, more effective ways in the education of our youth.
From the Paper
"Two relatively recent Supreme Court decisions relate to the constitutionality of drug testing in public schools. They are the Vernonia School District v. Acton ruled on in 1995, and the Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls ruled on in 2002. These are references as Vernonia and Earls hereafter (Yacoubian, 2003). One ruling determined schools may drug test participants in school athletic programs (Vernonia), and the other determined schools may test participants in any school extracurricular activities, too (Earls). Thus, schools may test students who give up their free time for school activities, such as band members, cheerleaders, club members, and honor society members. The legal aspects are still being challenged, and their constitutionality, while upheld by the courts, is still questionable to many people."
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The Police Force, 2006.
This paper explores the various influences that affect the policies and actions within police departments.
1,807 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the police force and how the government, resources and the public influence them. The paper explains how police departments are obliged to follow policies legalized by the government and they have to contend with budgetary constraints. The paper examines previous and current instances of racism that have resulted in public distrust of the police and maintains that community policing programs have remedied many negative public perceptions. The paper concludes that through careful discretionary practices, however, it is possible for the police department to remedy its image in the public eye. The paradigm of partnership with the community can be cultivated even with budget cuts.
Contents:
The Role of the Public
The Rules
Other Influences
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Being a police officer might be one of the most stressful jobs available today. The reasons for this are myriad, with the already odious nature of the work exacerbated by outside issues such as money, social issues and government issues. The police, as will be seen, walk a thin line when it comes to ethics and morality. Not only are they under close scrutiny, especially in the United States, of a public made up of a widely diverse group of ethnicity and rules of conduct, but they are also under government and financial pressure to perform their task with minimal resources. In an ideal situation, the task of the police is to fight, diminish and minimize crime. This aim has however been complicated by social, financial and legal issues. Below is a consideration of the influence of the public, the government and resources on the police force and the discrimination that is the daily task of the police officer."
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Abuse on Family Members, 2006.
This paper discusses the impact of spousal abuse on family members.
1,546 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that spousal abuse or violence is a hidden but widespread phenomenon in society. Certain theories have attempted to explain it, its origin, how it occurs, its victim and its consequences. The writer describes that several studies confirm that children and other family members who witness spousal abuse develop negative behavior and grow up to repeat and perpetuate the cycle of violence they experience at home. The writer contends that it is important to understand this phenomenon more deeply as it impacts future generations and various institutions in society. This study draws its significance from establishing the nature or origin and development of spousal abuse, when and how it occurs, who are the frequent offenders and the victims and its consequences on family members who witness it. The writer explains that learning more about spousal abuse and understanding it more deeply can enable families cope with their situations and can provide better medical and legal assistance.
Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Bibliography
From the Paper
"A national survey in Canada revealed that one in four women was abused by a current or previous intimate partner and that children witnessed almost 40% of the incidents against their mothers. Meanwhile, FBI Uniform Crime statistics said that 1,500 American women are killed by their husbands or boyfriends every year and who have come to fear the very men they know and once loved than from any outsider or stranger. Surveys also said that women who come to emergency rooms of hospitals are victims of deliberate and premeditated violence, repeatedly occurring until the woman is killed. Spousal abuse is largely unreported because it is largely hidden and ranges from emotional intimidation to violent beating and even shootings so that it is difficult to get accurate figures on the degree of spousal or partner abuse in general populations. Another survey in Manitoba said that 57% considered it a major or serious problem in their community. About 3 to 10 million children witness family violence every year and other surveys showed that 70% of the perpetrators also abuse other family members, especially children."
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Domestic Violence, 2006.
A review of five different articles concerning domestic violence.
2,161 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
Domestic violence is a problem that society has been dealing with for a number of years. The only difference today seems to be the number of people coming forward to report it. One thing that still seems to be a constant is the number of women that are the recipients of the violence even though there is a percentage of men that are also victims of domestic violence. This paper reviews five journal articles dealing with domestic violence with the one common thread being the number of women that are reporting the violence.
From the Paper
"Physical and sexual violence can also have an impact on fertility. Many international studies have found that women who suffer physical or sexual abuse from an intimate partner are more likely than non-abused women to have many children. Although high parity often has been assumed to be a risk factor for abuse, research among Nicaraguan women found that violence frequently begins early in a relationship, often preceding a woman's first pregnancy. High parity, therefore, is more likely a consequence of violence, resulting from women's diminished ability to control the timing of sex and contraceptive use. Qualitative research has shown that in many parts of the world, the marriage vows are interpreted as granting a man the right to unconditional sexual access to his wife. "
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Police Brutality and Monetary Judgments, 2006.
A case study on police brutality and the resulting lawsuits, and the effect these have on government agencies.
2,708 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses police brutality and whether financial damages awarded equals justice. The paper further discusses the different degrees of brutality and the frequency of occurrence. The writer looks into the potential damages to public agencies and whether town, city and county governments face bankruptcy or financial ruin because of these judgments against them. In conclusion the paper examines whether this need to sue reflects problems in society and whether there is a cultural basis for it.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions and Sub-Questions
Definition of Police Brutality
Limitations of Study
Brief Review of Related Literature
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Part of the problem is most aspects of police abuse, its data collection and lawsuits resulting for "police brutality" is inadequate. Some cities do not even distinguish amounts paid in cases of misconduct, including excessive force, from damages arising because of traffic accidents. This allows lack of concrete data just allows the trend to continue. Other information includes a myriad of police actions not even associated with misconduct or monetary judgments, rather they are completely different police matters somehow thrown in the mix. For instance the data collection at Atlanta's police department had no system intact and one wonders why the agency out of cities surveyed pays the most lawsuits."
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Direct Supervision, 2006.
This paper offers an examination of direct supervision in correctional organizations today.
1,074 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses how the wide range of methods used in prisons around the world reflect societal attitudes toward criminals and the purpose of prisons in their punishment and eventually their rehabilitation. The writer examines how many correctional organizations have adopted a direct supervision approach which many proponents suggest is the most effective method available today in many corrections settings. This paper provides an overview of direct supervision and how it is used. The writer concludes by providing a summary of the research in this regard.
Contents:
Review and Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Today, both jails and prisons use direct supervision techniques. According to Mark Dow, the direct supervision inmate management principle is a means by which "[the] staff is trained to look at people as rational human beings who make conscious decisions whether or not to violate a rule". Direct supervision as a philosophy for prisons first emerged during the 1970s following a long period of neglect. "The Federal Bureau of Prisons was at the forefront of this new generation of facilities and in the process," these authors note, "also experimented with new operational approaches. What eventually became known as direct supervision was refined and used at many of the new federal facilities". At the time, the BOP, in collaboration with its architects, created three metropolitan detention centers in Chicago, New York and San Diego that were specifically designed to facilitate direct-supervision operations."
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Assassinations, 2006.
A look at the assassinations of various American figures and targets, in an attempt to establish the cause.
2,860 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the assassination of prominent American figures, as well as terrorist attacks of Middle Eastern origin, such as 9/11. This paper also takes a look at the word 'assassin', its origin and its meaning.
Contents:
Assassinations
A problem of Middle Eastern Origin
Could George Do What He Did?
Assassination Prior to 1975
Non-state Threats to National Security: Assassinating Thugs?
Assassination as "Alternative Justice
Conclusion
From the Paper
"That was almost a decade ago, and terror suicide bombing had not stopped or even slacked off until the recent accords. So it must be asked whether assassination is ever truly fruitful in terms of diminishing attacks and enhancing national security. Silverstein offers another more extensive 'assassination' scenario to attempt to prove that it is.
During the Vietnam era, the United States CIA and South Vietnamese agencies ran a program to uncover and neutralize members of the Viet Cong who were "secretly directing subversion and terror campaigns in South Vietnam--communists who aimed to undercut the stability of South Vietnam's evolving proto-democracy" (Silverstein, 2001, p. 36+). It was regarded as a success, with about 33,000 Viet Cong incarcerated, 22,000 'turned' to another way of thinking, and 26,000 killed. Despite the fact that it offered options other than assassination, the program "turned out to be highly effective in eliminating terror and subversion in South Vietnam...[and] "The ranks of Viet Cong terrorists were thinned so drastically that the war became less of a counter-guerilla battle and more a struggle against invading regular North Vietnamese troops" (Silverstein, 2001, p. 36+)."
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The 21st Amendment and Its Impact on American Society, 2006.
Discussion of the 21st Amendment to the US Constitution, which repealed prohibition.
1,586 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a discussion of the history, creation and ratification of the 21st Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This Amendment repealed prohibition, and allowed the sale and consumption of alcohol to resume in the United States. The social climate in the era leading up to prohibition is discussed, as well as the results of prohibition. Some holes in the 21st Amendment are discussed in view of our current century. The author, however, concludes that the U.S. Constitution remains a living document that is capable of responding to changes in American society.
From the Paper
"During 1933, laws were passed in 43 states that provided for conventions in that or the following year (with the exceptions of Georgia, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and North Dakota) (Livingston 211). During the same year conventions were held in thirty-eight states of which thirty-seven ratified the amendment and one (South Carolina) rejected it. The thirty-sixth ratification was received in the late afternoon of December 5, 1933 and the certificate was issued by the Secretary of State less than an hour later (Livingston 211).
On December 6, 1933, the thirty-seventh ratification was received from Maine; as a result, it required less than eleven months after its submission to the states for the amendment to be ratified by the requisite three-fourths and the ill-fated experiment of national prohibition ended (Livingston 211). One of the reasons the process went so smoothly may have been based on a misconception among lawmakers at the time. For example, in his essay, "No More 'Cherry-Picking,'" Aaron Nielson (2004) reports that the 21st Amendment achieved the required votes in each house of Congress without causing much substantive debate, most likely because the majority of Congressmen at the time considered section one of the amendment, the simple repeal of constitutional Prohibition, as being its main thrust: "It seems that sections two and three of the Amendment were seen as being primarily procedural sections, necessary to support and implement section one" (Nielson 281). The implications of that fateful misperception have come back to haunt legislators today, particularly as they apply to section two."
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