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American Dream and Criminology, 2006.
This paper examines how the American dream may relate to crime.
1,255 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the theory, proposed by Steven F. Messner and Richard Rosenfeld, that the American dream may in fact be a major causal factor in crime and criminal behavior. The writer explains that this theory, known as institutional anomie theory or more simply as the American dream theory, suggests that the relentless pursuit of material success creates anomie, a state of social lawlessness. Further, the writer notes that anomie in turn causes crime, which is in many cases the easiest and quickest way of fulfilling the American dream. The writer also discusses this theory as depicted in Martin Scorsese's 1990 film 'Goodfellas'. The writer concludes that policy changes need to be targeted at restructuring social norms, values and beliefs.
From the Paper
"Moreover, Messner and Rosenfeld point out that the values and beliefs underlying the American Dream also erode cultural values and subsequently lead to anomie. The American Dream has led to enormous structural changes within American society, and nearly every political, economic, social, and even spiritual institution operates under its spell. Messner and Rosenfeld's theories can be illuminated through the depiction of organized crime in films such as Martin Scorcese's 1990 Goodfellas, starring Ray Liotta, Robert DeNiro, and Joe Pesci. Based on the true story of Henry Hill, Goodfellas illustrates how the American Dream is a major causal factor in criminal behavior, showing also how law enforcement institutions cannot adequately address crime without there first being a major upheaval of values, norms, and beliefs in the society."
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Measuring Prevalence, 2006.
The paper examines the literature on disorders in female inmates.
5,160 words (approx. 20.6 pages), 100 sources, MLA, $ 129.95
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Abstract
The paper critically reviews the literature on the co-occurring disorders in females housed in jails. This review is limited to studies that include psychotic disorders assessed with structured clinical interviews. Only 22 publications meet the criteria for inclusion in this study. Threats to the validity of this study include observer bias, participant bias and instrument bias; these aspects are critically analyzed during the study. Jailed females with psychotic disorders and co-occurring substance disorders have the following: The highest rates of violent crime, recidivism, the highest number of life threatening behaviors while in custody; highest instances of denial of symptoms at intake in order to avoid psychiatric housing, and may fear loosing custody of their children if a psychotic disorder is detected. Over 60% of jailed females have custody of one or more children. This review finds rising rates of psychotic disorders. The Teplin et al., (1996) study is examined extensively. Though this study remains the largest and most cited in healthcare policy journals, it may underestimate the prevalence and needs of jailed females of today.
Outline:
Abstract
Problem statement
Literature review: Search methods, Reviews, Epidemiological Studies, Combined Methodological Critique.
Implications
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
" Mental Disorders like Schizophrenia and co-occurring Substance Disorders like Methamphetamine Dependence in jailed females is uncertain. This review is the outcome of a systematic international literature search on the epidemiology of mentally disordered female inmates admitted to jails. The goals of the review are to summarize current knowledge on this subject, describe the research methods used, as well as suggest how future research might be planned to extend and focus this knowledge on psychiatric epidemiology in jails. Data limited to studies using structured clinical interviews assessing mental and substance disorders was quantitatively reviewed and critically evaluated. A special emphasis was placed on the Psychotic Disorders and co-occurring Substance Disorders, because inmates with these disorders have the highest violent crime and recidivism rates, they call for the medical resources in the jails where they are housed."
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Illegal Gambling and Government Corruption, 2006.
A discussion on how illegal gambling and police corruption have been integral parts of organized crime since its inception in America.
2,372 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes how all of the major organized crime syndicates have played a role in illegal gambling throughout the years, and how organized crime has always had some type of influence on police and government officials. The paper discusses how, from cities as far apart as Chicago, IL, Los Angeles, CA, and Honolulu, HI, and spanning time periods prior to the turn of the 19th century until modern times, investigations of illegal gambling rings have yielded shameful and surprising information about police involvement in organized crime. The paper further examines how society has a decline in confidence in police morality, especially since officials in the police departments have distanced themselves from scandals by claiming to have been unaware of any brewing issues. The paper concludes that the result of such action is that citizens believe that the government is unable or unwilling to properly supervise the very people placed in charge of maintaining law and order.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Honolulu, HI
Los Angeles, CA
Chicago, IL
Types of Corruption
Gambling's Correlation with Police Corruption
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Honolulu gambling scandal came to light because of a federal lawsuit in which Detective Kenneth Kamakana made allegations that some of his fellow officers were involved in organized crime. Detective Kamakana was eventually removed from the CIU, which he claimed was a result of him providing secret tapes and documents to the FBI. Those tapes included a recording of CIU detectives, Alexander Ahlo and Milton Olmos, interviewing an indicted defendant, Marirose Tangi, while drinking at a bar. Ahlo conducted the interview in violation of advice given to the Honolulu Police Department by the FBI and the U.S. Attorney, both of which believed that interrogating a suspect without counsel could jeopardize the investigation. Ahlo claimed that the interview was regarding unrelated criminal matters, but the tape indicted that Ahlo and Tangi discussed the case."
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Community Policing, 2006.
This paper discusses community policing and its effectiveness in minority communities in the city of Los Angeles.
6,212 words (approx. 24.8 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 145.95
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Abstract
This article examines the practice of community policing, that involves putting an officer or officers into a neighborhood or designated area of the city on a permanent assignment, instead of just sending an officer whereever he may need to go according to a specific call. The writer maintains that community policing has become more popular in recent years as police forces around the country strive to make communities safer, and their officers more trusted and understood. The writer discusses the advantages and disadvantages of community policing. Further, the writer examines the effectiveness of such policing methods within minority communities of the city of Los Angeles.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Strengths of Community Policing
Weaknesses of Community Policing
Community Policing and Minority Relations
The City of Los Angeles
Is Community Policing Meeting Its Objectives?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Community policing has become more popular in recent years as police forces around the country strive to make communities safer, and their officers more trusted and understood. They are looking for ways to get their officers out there into the community and get the citizens used to seeing police officers patrolling the streets in the hopes that not only will crime go down, but citizen comfort around police officers will go up, making citizens much more likely to report a criminal that they are aware of. If they feel safe and protected by the police, they will likely turn to them in times of need instead of just assuming that the neighborhood criminal is not their problem as long as he or she leaves them and their family and belongings alone in favor of someone else's. Some people are not comfortable talking to a policeman that they have never seen before, but they are all right in dealing with the policeman who is always on patrol during a certain time each day in their neighborhood."
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African-American Males, 2006.
An examination of the correlation between affective disorders, substance abuse and the criminal justice system in African-American males.
2,412 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 30 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
The paper uses a literature review to evaluate what the relative strength of correlation is between substance abuse, affective disorders and incarceration in African American males. The strength of association is exampled from multiple populations including those incarcerated for petty theft, auto convictions, and those convicted of rape, murder or other forms of violent assault. The paper concludes that there is ample evidence from the literature supporting a relationship or correlation between substance abuse disorders, affective disorders and deviant behaviors among incarcerated African American males. However, there is also evidence suggesting that at present the criminal justice system in America is doing little do address the needs of this unique population.
Outline
Literature Review
Theories of Affective Disorders and Substance Abuse
Substance Abuse
Affective and Substance Abuse Problems Combined
Conclusions/Discussion
From the Paper
"The theoretical framework describing the relationship between affective disorders, substance abuse and deviant behavior is often referred to as the "anomie perspective" and may be defined as the lack of normalness that one experiences in their day to day existence (Shaw, 2002). Following this theory, African males experience "more moral confusion and difficulty assimilating to the normal cultural landscape of society" and hence demonstrate "extremism in behavior", in part as a result of their loss of perspective or reality (Shaw, 2002:6). Further individuals suffering this state tend to lead extremes of life feeling "they are above the law or social order of society" in many cases, or lamenting their sad existence, both of which may lead to individual affective inclinations or substance abuse patterns in African males (Shaw, 2002:6). "Failure, frustration and strain" experienced in ordinary life can also result in moral unsureness and "polarized reactions to societal events" (Shaw, 2002: 6). This in turn may cause someone to give up hope or due diligence, or their efforts toward conformity and contribute to deviant behavior. Under the framework of anomie, strain and "moral undecidedness or lessening in normative control feed back on each other making substance dealing, abuse and deviant behavior an acceptable reaction to life and reality" (Shaw, 2002:6)."
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Crime and Poverty, 2005.
This paper discusses the global relationship of crime and poverty.
1,520 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that crime and poverty seem to be interrelated, especially in the developed countries, where poverty stricken people are driven by their needs to commit crime. The author points out that, though crimes are committed by the rich and the poor, it is the poor people who get punished while crimes against them go unnoticed. The paper stresses that if government policies, discrimination and indifference towards the poor were rectified and corrective social measures such as education, health care and vocational training were actively pursued, the poor people would not be trapped in a vicious cycle of crime and conviction.
Table of Contents:
Thesis
Introduction
Corruption a Global Crime against the Poor
Economic Human Rights Violation
Poverty, Race and Discrimination
Labor Exploitation
Poor Policies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Government policies have largely been restricted by resource limitations, which means that assistance programs cannot be fully implemented. A UN report states, "Resource constraints have limited the reach of the assistance programs and social discrimination has aggravated the problems in many situations resulting in poverty clearly seen as a violation of human rights." Similarly, some of the major policy initiatives have been detrimental to improving the quality of the poor people's lives. A case in point is the problem faced by the convicted poor people in the US in qualifying for public housing schemes."
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Sexual Victimization of College Women, 2006.
A discussion of the prevalence of sexual victimization of female college students and steps taken to prevent it.
1,679 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the serious issue of sexual victimization and assault of females on college campuses. The paper lists the risk factors for victimization and what the college campuses are doing to try to combat the problem. The paper also describes a few individual cases, in terms of the victim's point of view and the way in which the issue was handled once reported.
From the Paper
"In 2004, the U.S. Department of Education ruled that Georgetown University's policy of requiring a campus rape victim to sign a confidentiality agreement before receiving the outcome of any disciplinary action against a sexual perpetrator was illegal (Bhatia, 2004). This ruling is likely to help break the silence surrounding campus rape. "It will ensure that sexual-assault victims are able to talk to people they need to tell what happened to heal," said Daniel Carter, vice president of Security On Campus Inc., the nonprofit victim assistance group based in King Of Prussia, Pa., that filed the complaint against Georgetown last year. "And if they have grievances they are free to address those.""
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Philip Dray's "... The Lynching of Black America", 2005.
This paper discusses Philip Dray book "At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America", which exposes the killing by hanging of Black Americans for committing no other crime than being black.
1,330 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the story told by Dray shows how lynching developed, what it was supposed to mean to those carrying it out and what it meant to those targeted including the whole black community, what it meant to reformers and what it continues to mean today as a symbol and terrible mark on American history. The author points out that lynchers are among those who try to force a focus on African-Americans as victims, with the act of lynching itself a deliberate victimization. The paper states that Dray's book, which is informative and frightening at the same time, tells much about the practice, the people involve and the symbolic meaning this era still has for many in America.
From the Paper
"The title of Dray's book evokes a police report or legal statement by a coroner, as if the crime of lynching were being investigated and the perpetrators slyly exonerated by being listed as "persons unknown," as if unknown when in fact they are known. That has indeed been the pattern for most of these crimes, with the white power structure in the South in particular closing ranks to protect those who lynched blacks because they did not see this as a crime. Dray gives a good account of the history of the era and of the nature of the problem of lynching at different times in American history, beginning with the extralegal actions of Charles Lynch in the late eighteenth century, from whom the name was derived."
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Police Corruption, 2006.
A discussion of police corruption, it's causes and how to fight it.
1,273 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper examines police corruption, the abuse of police authority for personal gain or advantage. The paper describes police corruption as criminal activities, such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and police violence, accepting bribes and overlooking crimes when they involve family or friends. The paper further examines how police corruption may also involve depriving citizens of their legal rights. These actions include discriminating against minorities, unlawful searches, sexual assault, and deliberate fabrication of evidence. The paper discusses case studies of investigations into police corruption, and concludes that the fight against corruption is likely to be a long one as police corruption is prevalent in today's society.
From the Paper
"Police corruption is often seen as a victimless crime because the victim is a neighborhood rather than an individual. In many cases, most of the attention goes to the officers who are guilty of corruption, rather than the psychological and social effects police corruption has on the victims and their communities."
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Bibliographic Research Study Re-working, 2006.
An in-depth analysis on bibliometric studies and bibliographic research.
2,602 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This study serves as a benchmark for further studies on the topic of publication patterns concerning literature on terrorism prevention and homeland security. It also serves as a point of reference for bibliometric studies on related topics of terrorism, law enforcement, national defense and other similar topics.
Table of Contents:
Importance of the Study
Chapter II - Review of Related Literature
Rate of Article Publication Within a Body of Literature
Lotka's Law of Repeat Authorship and Prolific Authors
Journal Discipline and Prolific Journals Within a Body of Literature
Authorship Gender and Prolific Authors Within a Body of Literature
Relationship of Previous Studies to this Study
From the Paper
"In a study related to the examination of journal disciplines within a body of literature, Moriarty assessed the writings within the field of visual communications to find the main disciplines of journal articles. A total of 1,617 journal articles were studied and each article was placed into a certain discipline category based of the overall premise of the article. From the research (382), Moriarty found that visual communications articles were most written about in the following disciplines: development/children (61 articles), advertising (50 articles), and visual/verbal interaction (49 articles)."
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The Lindbergh Kidnapping, 2006.
An overview of the kidnapping and murder of the Lindbergh baby in 1932.
1,484 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The kidnapping of the son of Charles Lindbergh in 1932 was immediately labeled the Crime of the Century, and the investigation and subsequent court case occupied the headlines for some time. This paper shows that, indeed, this case was one of the first of the true media events of the century, and much of the media attention might today be seen as damaging. The paper shows that Bruno Hauptmann was tried and executed for the crime, but some see him as having been tried first in the press, one of the reasons some doubts have emerged about his real culpability in recent years.
From the Paper
"The media circus surrounding the Hauptmann trial contributed to the view of many that the trial was unfair, which has also raised questions about whether Hauptmann was guilty or not. Even some people at the time thought that Hauptmann was innocent, and more have agreed with this assessment since. Critics of the outcome note that the case was largely circumstantial, that no one saw Hauptmann at the house or with the baby at any time."
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Linguistics and the Criminal Justice System, 2006.
This paper examines the connection between linguistic terminology and its effects on international law enforcement.
1,597 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the effect of language on international law enforcement. In particular, the terms "martyr" and "murderer" are considered. The author contends that the brain is at least partly fooled by this terminology. The paper concludes that law enforcement is done a disservice by using these terms, the result being that murderers are cut at least some psychological slack. It is a matter of justice being linguistically turned upside down.
From the Paper
"Elias told the tale of Rodney King. No matter what deeds of misdeeds King had perpetrated, when his beating by California police officers was caught on tape, there was abundant proof of excessive force being used to subdue the man. And yet, because of the continuing tough stance of the government in its attack on crime, the beating was seen as a reasonable response by many people. In the aftermath of such incidents, Congress wrote ever tougher crime bills which, Elias contends, "provided no new strategies" but instead "merely intensified what had already been tried and shown to fail: building more prisons, curbing defendants' rights, stiffening penalties, and so on. Yet despite such draconian measures, crime rates continue to rise, and the fear of crime has reached staggering levels" (1994, p. 3+)."
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Rapists, 2006.
An analysis of the types of personalities that commit rape.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a definition of rape, explaining the different types of rape that occur. The paper then goes on to examine theories of the types of rapists who commit these acts, hypothesising on why certain types of individuals resort to these acts of violence. It also allows that some rapists exhibit a combination of more than one theory of personality, which leads to them committing rape.
From the Paper
"Still another theory involving a specific type of rapist is that some rapists suffer from an inferiority complex, which make them either adhere to strict sex role rigidity, or cause them to suffer from a Don Juan complex. According to this complex, some males have insecurity about their own masculinity. Often, these rapists are poorly socialized, and thus, have a fear of females and their social power. They compensate for this fear by "proving" their masculinity through rape. Additionally, this inferiority complex causes the male to strictly adhere to the "male" role, often forcing his victims into submission through force and violence. Even further, these rapists tend to commit rape serially, due to the "Don Juan" complex, which is the overcompensation for their inferiority through sexual relations (Langevin, 397)."
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Illegal Immigration, 2006.
A review of the problem of illegal immigration in the United States of America.
1,211 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the ongoing issue of illegal immigration to the United States of America. According to this paper, it's estimated that over eight million illegal immigrants are currently residing in the USA, people who come to the United States legally and continue even after their visa expires and many who cross borders and enter into the United States using forged documents.
From the Paper
"The main problem with illegal immigrants is that they work in the United States but they pay little or no taxes at all. This affects the economy of the country greatly. Some also claim unemployment compensation. So with them a country has an outflow of money but little or no inflow. Many work and also claim unemployment compensation. "In the 1950s President Dwight D. Eisenhower, faced with large numbers of Mexicans crossing the Rio Grande illegally, sent troops to the Mexican border" (Ted Hayes, p.46). It took about six months and the problem was solved. However what needs to be done will be analyzed later on in the paper. Another major problem which comes with illegal immigration is the fact that due to porous borders, people associated or linked with terrorism also seep into the United States. In the September 11 attacks, the people involved were inside the United States. They did not hijack any international flight, but took control of the domestic ones. Thus if these borders are not controlled there are chances that people with a negative agenda might enter the United States and then can conduct operations from within the country."
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Marijuana Made Legal, 2006.
A review of the debate regarding the legalization of marijuana.
1,607 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the debate surrounding the legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes. This paper explores three areas of controversy: the claims that marijuana is "dangerous and addictive," that marijuana is a "gateway" drug; and that decriminalization would lead to increased use.
From the Paper
"The Drug Enforcement Administration (Marijuana, the Facts, 2001) argues, among other things, that marijuana leads to crime. To support this assertion they claim that 40% of males arrested for crimes have marijuana in their blood at the time of arrest. However, this fact does not show any causal relationship. The same males may also have tested positive for alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine, but we do not claim these substances "cause" crime. Correlated information does not prove cause. The same source also states that THC content in marijuana has risen dramatically in recent years, thus, making it more dangerous. But this is really an argument for legislation to legalize. The THC content could be controlled, as alcohol is controlled in beer, wine, and whiskey, if marijuana were legal. Although the "drug warriors" claim that marijuana is "dangerous and addictive," no one has ever died from using it, and there is no known level where an overdose could happen. "
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