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Prison Overcrowding, 2007.
A look at the issues concerning overcrowding in America's prisons.
2,691 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how prison overcrowding is the most significant problem facing the modern criminal justice system. It looks at how prison overcrowding means that millions of incarcerated low-risk offenders are subject to abuse and violence while in prison, which can only increase their risks of recidivism. The paper also looks at how prisoners are denied access to the very programs that might prevent them from re-offending. Furthermore, the paper discusses how there are several strategies that federal, state and local agencies can employ to reduce the problem of prison overcrowding and how, by using these strategies, government agencies can ease the heavy burden of prison overcrowding.
Outline:
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"While the failure of social and family support systems may explain the increase in criminal behavior, it is certainly not the only cause of prison overcrowding. In fact, "since 1981, the number of offenders in prison or jail continues to increase despite decreases in both crime rates and the number of persons arrested." (Connecticut General Assembly, 2000). This fact makes it clear that offenders are more likely to be incarcerated now than they have been in the past. The push for incarceration is a result of the combination of several factors. The first of these factors is the "war on drugs," which caused drug addicts and casual drug users to be labeled as criminal offenders. (Connecticut General Assembly, 2000). In part because of the war on drugs, and partially as a result of there has been an increase in state and federal funding for policing and an expansion of existing prison capacity. "
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Prison Parolees, 2007.
An analysis of alternative methods for preventing the return of parolees to prisons.
1,780 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a literature review regarding the return of parolees to prisons in California. The paper states that California has one of the highest return rates in America and therefore, the study aims to develop methods by which parolees who commit non-violent violations are provided sanctions other than prison terms and are provided opportunities to improve their lives to reduce the rate of recidivism.
From the Paper
"Drug and alcohol treatment programs are often a condition of parole but the system needs to be changed so that a violation based on a failed drug or alcohol test does not send the parolee back to prison. Instead, the parolee should be mandated to attend additional treatment for the substance abuse problem and enter psychological counseling to try and determine what is causing that person to continue drug use. In the research mentioned earlier the parolees indicated that the more they associate with old friends the more frequently they take part in forbidden activities and get sent back to prison. Hanging out with old friends is an evidenced trigger to returning to prison according to one study. The study asked how many times a week the parolee hangs out with old friends."
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Leadership Styles, 2007.
This paper examines various forms of leadership and their functions.
1,259 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the film "Hoosiers," which shows that different leadership styles are effective in different situations. The paper discusses how the main character, Dale, employs the authoritarian style of leadership throughout most of the film. The paper shows that despite the fact that it initially fuels the flames of the already-existing hostility of both the team and community, it is ultimately the best style to use in these circumstances. The paper discusses the style of leadership suitable for supervising criminals, which would be authoritative or authoritarian that could be changed if prisoners show themselves trustworthy to a degree appropriate for taking responsibility. The paper relates that in supervising a team of officers, it is probably best to use the authoritarian style initially, but this can vary as appropriate to each individual situation.
From the Paper
"Dale initially uses an authoritarian leadership style, bordering on the autocratic. This is the result of the extreme hostility that both the townspeople and the players display towards him. The authoritarian style is necessary in order to establish Dale's position as an authority in his field. Although it does little to endear the coach to those who make themselves his enemies, this leadership style proves effective in terms of results: under Norman's leadership, the team wins the 1952 Indiana State Championship."
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To Protect or to Punish?, 2007.
The paper discusses the highly debated issue of young offenders and the juvenile justice system.
1,310 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the original goal of family court was to make sure that children were protected. They were believed to be innocent because they were too young to understand what they were doing when they committed the crimes. However, in the 1960s, they began to be treated more like adults in their actions and this greatly changed the face of juvenile justice. The paper discusses how most of the children are arrested today due to felony crimes instead of minor things and this leads to a debate about whether these offenders should be tried as adults or remain in the juvenile system. The paper considers that the punishment should be appropriate; if it is not, the offender learns nothing. The paper concludes that there must be a balance between protection of children that have made mistakes and punishment for those children that are criminals in the deliberate sense.
From the Paper
"In the 1960's things changed and the treatment of children who broke the law was affected. Due process came into the picture, and children were suddenly allowed lawyers in the court. They began to be treated more like adults in their actions, and this greatly changed the face of juvenile justice (Loeber, 1990). Whether it was for the better or not still really remains to be seen, but it would appear that changing the juvenile justice system has not really accomplished much. The goal was to make things tougher for juvenile offenders, but this really has not happened."
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Observational Studies of Police, 2007.
This paper discusses the ethics and risks involved in the research of police officers.
2,731 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper examines observational studies of the police officer and the risks, including ethical risks, that one might face in the course of conducting such a study. The paper notes the danger that is presented in one 'going native' and losing his/her objectivity, thereby clouding the research. The paper reviews various studies about the risks in such a research initiative. This paper finds that optimally one would research from a more detached or objective view and certainly accompany an observational study of the police officer with other types of data and analysis methods. The paper concludes how it is clear that the observational study of the police officer is one with inherent risks that the researcher should be well-prepared for.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Problem of Access
Impartiality
Going Native
Overt Vs Covert
Ethics
How Reliable/How Valid
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Another factor to consider is the confidentiality of the information one might obtain in the conduction of research and the fact that a court order might order disclosure compliance and simultaneously conflict with principles in research and ethics. Related in one report are two specific instances when a court order might demand confidential research information being disclosed. Those two situations are: "(1) When maintaining confidentiality would undermine a defendant's right to full answer and defense, and (2) When public safety is endangered. (Lowman and Palys, nd)"
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Serial Killers, 2007.
An analysis of the etiology of the serial killer behavior.
2,947 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how serial killers almost have the level of cult heroes in the psyche of the United States and other countries. It attempts to define who serial killers are, what makes them who they are and why they have commanded our interest in such a way.
Outline:
Introduction
Backgrounds of Serial Killers
Motivation of Serial Killers
Male versus Female Serial Killers
Police Hunts for Serial Killers
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Documentation of crimes felt to be attributable to serial killers have been noted since the 15th Centrury. In the Psychopathica Sexualis, Richard von Krafft Ebing reports an incident of serial murder in Italy in t he 1870s. We all have heard of Jack the Ripper, who terrorized London in 1888. The term serial killer, however, , yet the term only came into popular use sometime in the 1970s. No one is sure who exactly gets the credit for the nomenclature. It was first widely applied to the cases surrounding the murders committed by Ted Bundy and the Son "
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Serial Killers and Gender, 2007.
An analysis of the gender theories behind what drives serial killers.
1,288 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses serial killers, specifically the roles of gender in determining serial killers. It looks at some of the theories of what drives serial killers and suggests that many of the theories are based on male case studies that often do not hold true for female serial killers. It also presents a study in the form of a survey to illustrates its hypothesis.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Hypothesis
Participants
Method
From the Paper
"The idea that all serial killers are driven by sexual fantasies has been challenged by some theorists, who suggest that these murders are less defined by sex -- even when it plays a functional role in their execution -- and more driven by some other psychological aspect, such as the desire for power or status. (It is somewhat ironic that theorists have traditionally argued that rape is always about power, rather than sex, but that serial murder is always about sex) According to Buss, serial killers may actually be motivated by status. Serial killers, in this idea, are seeking revenge on the world for denying them the status they feel they have earned, while mass murderers are attempting to gain or maintain status by killing those who threaten it. This might be applied both to sadistic sexual murders and to what might be called "feminine" murders of intimate associates."
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Crimes Unlimited, 2007.
This paper explores cultural and personality issues that contribute to the high rates of juvenile recidivism.
1,603 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper defines recidivism as the potential of a criminal to commit another crime within a specific period of time after being released from a correctional custody facility or discharged from a rehabilitation program. The paper is of the opinion that money being spent on juvenile reform would appear to be better spent in identifying the small number who are likely to re-offend, rather than mandating intervention for those who are very unlikely to re-offend. The paper explains that one must consider many things, including personality issues, offenders' attitudes and economic status. The paper concludes that it is very unclear from the literature if current programs really are of use in assisting the small but significantly pathological group which is considered most likely to re-offend.
From the Paper
"A study conducted by the Hennepin County Minnesota Men's Project and published in January 2002 was done to determine the characteristics of clients enrolled in programs to provide services to criminal offenders. These characteristics where hoped to help analyze rates of recidivism that the clients showed after completing the programs. The final analysis of the Hennepin County study showed that a higher proportion of African-Americans participated in these programs and that outcomes tended to be less successful for the African-Americans that whites enrolled in the same program. Research for similar studies found the Hennepin County experience to be similar to that of most counties in the United States in the 21st Century."
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Gonzales v. Oregon, 2006.
A review and discussion regarding the case of Gonzales v. Oregon.
830 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the case of Gonzales v. Oregon in which the question is posed whether the Controlled Substances Act, 21 U.S.C. 801 et seq., and its implementing regulations authorize Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales to prohibit the distribution of federally controlled substances for the purpose of facilitating an individual's suicide, regardless of state law allowing such distribution.
Outline:
Title of Case
Case Number
Citations
Question
Holding
Facts
Majority Reasoning
Dissenting Opinion
Critique
From the Paper
"The majority decision seems to be more of a "political rebuke" to the Bush administration's aggressive use of the executive power rather than being based on strictly legal consideration. As pointed out by Justice Thomas in his dissenting opinion, the Court has disregarded its own precedent of "Gonzales v. Raich" in which the Supreme Court ruled by 6-3 that the federal government is entitled to enforce the CSA's ban of the use of marijuana, even though the state of California permits the drug to be possessed legally for medicinal purposes, and the marijuana use in question was for medical use (Smith) Moreover, the majority opinion in "Raich" also cited the Constitution's Supremacy Clause as "unambiguously" providing "that if there is any conflict between federal and state law, federal law shall prevail." (Quoted by Smith) This principle of the US Constitution was also surprisingly disregarded in "Oregon." The decision in "Gonzales v Oregon" in favor of physician-assisted suicide could also prove to be the start of the slide down the "slippery slope" and gradually extend the scope of physician-assisted suicides beyond just the terminally ill to others such as the disabled. (Grossman and Nicholls) The Court does not seem to have considered the moral dimensions of the issue in its decision."
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Undercover Operations, 2007.
This paper explores police decoys and the policy of entrapment.
2,235 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the uses of police decoys in light of the writer's personal experience as a decoy. The paper defines police decoys' activities, discusses the brief history behind the use of decoys and explains the effect of constitutional considerations surrounding their use. The paper examines the use of informants and the training available and accessible for decoys and analyzes safety hazards involved in being employed as a decoy. The paper also explores any relevant ethical issues. Finally, the paper concludes that in general, the use of decoys in the United States criminal justice system has been proven to be effective.
Outline:
Definition
History
Constitutional Considerations
Use of Informants
Training for Decoys
Hazards
Ethical Issues
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Information and intelligence have always been, and will remain the most essential components of policing, and indeed all law enforcement and security work (Taylor & Francis, 2002). The use of a decoy in police operations involves the use of an innocent unrelated third party to "set up" the criminal. The use of a police decoy is equivalent to a source of information used to assist the police or relevant authority in solving a crime. Sources of information are many and varied, ranging from everyday interactions with police officers, to anonymous reports, and to the use of paid and unpaid informants."
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Brain Fingerprinting, 2007.
An analysis of the advantages and limitations of using brain fingerprinting to aid in crime solving.
727 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the technique of brain fingerprinting and specifically how this technique can be used to determine the guilt or innocence of a suspect with regards to a crime. It then discusses some of the ethical considerations in using this technique and some of its limitations. The paper concludes by suggesting that the validity of the machine has not yet been proven and as such, it is not a reliable method for crime solving.
From the Paper
"Nothing is perfect, however. Although Farwell is confident his technology may prove more accurate than today's polygraphs, he is quick to point out there will never be a magic box that uncovers truth with 100 percent accuracy.
"The brain wave detector is just another piece of equipment that may have the positive use of apprehending guilty or clearing not guilty individuals. However, as with many other machines that have other potential uses, it is the person who runs it who is the problem--machines cannot act on their own. History has shown time and time again, how something built with all good intentions has been used for all the wrong reasons."
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The Death Penalty, 2007.
This paper explores capital punishment as a form of retributive justice.
807 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the principle of retributive justice remains evident in capital punishment. In meting out the final penalty, society is effectively saying that there is no hope for rehabilitating an individual. The paper explains that the principles of retributive justice could be used to justify the application of the death penalty in many cases. The paper also shows how social inequity, geography and even subjective interpretations have resulted in selective applications of the death penalty. This uneven application means that people who are meted the death penalty are subject to a punishment that is "cruel and unusual" which violates the Eight Amendment of the United States Constitution.
From the Paper
"The principles of retributive justice could be used to justify the application of the death penalty in many cases. However, specific criteria need to be met. First, retributive justice demands that the punishment be commensurate to the crime. Thus, a just application of the death penalty demands that the person facing execution should have caused a loss of life."
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Is Prison Effective?, 2007.
A literature review essay on the article "The Use of Prison Confinement in the Treatment of Drunk Drivers" by Daniel P. LeClair.
1,368 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper presents twelve key questions pertaining to the article addressed. The article researches how prison, used as a punishment for drunk drivers, impacts the offenders. The paper discusses how the article uses a specific treatment center to research the affects of alcohol, treatment and how the elements impact the alcoholics who go through the program. The paper explains how this study determined that programs like the Longwood Treatment Center are more effective to the reduction of drunk driving offenses than the standard prison.
From the Paper
"The research was designed to provide both qualitative and quantitative research. The author of the study was clear to address the fact that the exploratory nature of the research provided a natural consequence of qualitative research becoming predominate throughout the study and result discussion.
"The research questions that included demographics and past criminal histories of course were the foundational basis for quantitative data gathering, however the true meat of the research was answered through the use of observations and conversations, which of course act as a perfect foundational basis for the gathering of qualitative data."
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Domestic Violence Against African-American Women, 2006.
A discussion regarding the increase in domestic violence within the African-American community.
4,038 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the statistics relating to the level of domestic violence against African-American Women. The paper further discusses the different opinions on whether race and ethnicity plays a role in determining the risk of becoming the victim of domestic violence. The paper concludes with a discussion regarding the intervention and prevention of domestic violence within this community.
From the Paper
"There are different opinions on whether race and ethnicity plays a role in determining the risk of becoming the victim of domestic violence. Even so, studies have shown "different types of minorities report significantly different rates of intimate partner violence". (U.S. Department of Justice, 2000) Considering the minority groups affected, the African American represents the largest segment. In comparison to the Asian Pacific Islander, the number of women victimized by an intimate partner in lifetime is almost six times bigger, while reporting it to the American Indian/ Alaska Native, it is eight times bigger; consideration should be given to the difference in size between the minority group which would show that it is the American Indian community that reported a 37 % in women abuse; however, the data points the African American community as being one of the most affected by domestic violence in the American society (U.S. Department of Justice, 2000). "
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Teen Violence, 2007.
This paper discusses the issue of juvenile criminal behavior in the United States.
909 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the different techniques aimed at curbing juvenile crime. The first part of the paper looks at arguments for emphasizing punishment as a deterrent to crime. The writer then looks at the effectiveness of rehabilitation as a way of curbing juvenile crime. The writer concludes that the increase in the number of youth who are at risk of engaging in violent activity, stems from a convergence of socio-economic factors. Further, the writer maintains that the only effective solutions therefore involve a concerted effort of parents, families, schools and the community at large.
From the Paper
"Proponents of punishment for juvenile crime are far from a monolithic bloc. At one end of the spectrum are those who argue for "boot camps," where juvenile offenders are both confined and taught skills. Kilgore and Meade, for example, chronicle the success of Lakeview Academy, a military-style correction facility in Iowa. In addition to incarceration, the adolescent boys confined in this facility engage in activities aimed at promoting self-discipline. The structured regiment is intended to both give juvenile inmates a chance to learn educational and vocational skills. Much of the boot camps' focus, however, lies in "shocking" students away from a life of crime, by exposing them to the harsh consequences of prison life."
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