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Prison Life for Inmates, 2006.
A look at the inside of a prison and how the inmates really live.
1,383 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the real life of a prisoner incarcerated in a U.S. prison. According to the paper, the inmates enter the prison like cattle and are counted and recounted several times, then are shaved, photographed, given a hair cut, issued a number, a uniform, black shoes, some bedding, asked all kinds of questions, made to sign all sorts of forms, and are given a prison rulebook. The paper discusses how the inmates are strip-searched and deloused, and from this point on will be known by their inmate number, as they are led to their eight-by-ten-foot cell that they will share with another inmate for the next several years.
From the Paper
"Female offenders are usually referred to as the "forgotten offenders" because prisons for women lack the variety of programs and services that are generally available to male inmates, and those that do exist tend to follow stereotypical lines, such as cosmetology and food service training, and the educational programs rarely go beyond the high school level (DeRosia 1998). Moreover, medical services are extremely inadequate in female prisons, and are a particular problem that has resulted in serious health problems for many female inmates, including pregnancy (DeRosia 1998). The women are getting older, and many of them are going through menopause without proper treatment therapy (Day 2001). One woman describe having surgery, and afterwards, while she was still bleeding, she was strip-searched, shackled, chained, and forced to walk back to the van (Day 2001). More than 75 percent of incarcerated women are mothers, most of whom are heads of households, for, on average, two dependent children (DeRosia 1998). One female prisoner described prison life as "living the rest of your life in a tiny cell that was built for one and now houses three...you have no property, because there's no room" (Day 2001). She said, "Imagine yourself in a relationship with an abuser who controls your every move, keeps you locked in the house. There's the ever-present threat of violence or further repression if you don't toe the line. And imagine being there for fifteen years" (Day 2001). She described being punished to being absolutely controlled, "whether it's about buttoning your shirt, how you have a scarf on your head," everything is under constant scrutiny (Day 2001). According to the U.S. Department of Justice, at the end of 2004, there were 104,848 females incarcerated (Prison 2005). "
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Sex Tourism, 2006.
A discussion regarding the economy of sex tourism and the role it plays in society.
2,631 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper defines the term 'sex tourism' and the issues surrounding this topic. The paper discusses the role that underage children play in the sex tourism industry and the devastating consequences that it has on these abused children. The paper then goes on to define 'rape' and the statistics of rape and sexual crimes world wide.
From the Paper
"The fact that the demand exists for child sex tourism and that child sex tourism is an extremely lucrative industry for everyone but the prostitutes, would seem to suggest that the industry fills a gap. In order to determine whether or not the sex tourism industry meets the sexual needs of men, it is important to discover whether the sexual needs of men include having sex with people who are not in a position to refuse and/or having sex with children. Therefore, one must look at the history of both rape and pedophilia, and whether those two sexual activities fill sexual or other needs, to be able to determine whether or not the sex tourism industry exists to fulfill the sexual needs of men."
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Community-Based Policing, 2007.
This paper explores how community-based policing may be implemented.
1,691 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper defines community-based policing and further shows how these programs can be implemented. A brief description of the traditional model of a law enforcement organization is presented. The author argues that this model has failed and cites research to support his argument. Community-based policing is suggested as a workable and positive alternative. The paper describes the specific training needed to implement community-based policing programs.
From the Paper
"Law enforcement agencies have by tradition been structured as top-down, para-military organizations. Employees, sworn and civilian have been given limited autonomy and authority in these traditionally structured organizations. Although the conventional police organization structures allowed for greater control and accountability for employees, many politician and police leaders are incapable of responding to the new and changing demands that society make on law enforcement agencies see this organizational structure. In an effort to reduce crime and the fear of crime in their communities, many law enforcement agencies have embraced the philosophy of Community Based Policing. This policing philosophy emphasis the need for employees to use problem solving and the utilization of community resources to resolve community identified problems, reduce crime and the fear of crime."
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Crime Theory, 2007.
An analysis of the theories of how to prevent an increase in violent crime.
1,493 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the theories behind why some people commit violent crimes against others. It discusses classical theory which is based on the early work of Cecare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. It then goes on to describe rational choice theory, deterrence theory and the rationalist theory. The paper suggests that an understanding of all the theories are necessary in order to attempt to curb an increase in violent crime.
From the Paper
"This is not to suggest that criminals should be coddled, a view parodied in the musical West Side Story when gang members sang out excuses for their bad behavior. If all criminal behavior were rationally driven, manipulation of the factors of certainty, severity and celerity would drastically reduce crime. However, ignoring the other things that influence and even detract from logical processes will lead to a greater understanding of why individuals commit crimes. In that way, the specific approach points to the general approach, because in research we find specific individuals, who, when grouped together in an effective research model, can suggest explanations for their behavior (Aurhahn & Parker, 1998). For example, research shows that alcohol abuse and violence correlate highly. But knowing such facts does not always point to simple solutions, possibly because behavior is too complex to be blamed on one behavior. This was demonstrated ironically and powerfully with this country's experiment with prohibition, which led to a dramatic increase in some crimes."
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African-American Males, 2007.
An analysis of the incidence of affective disorders, incarceration and substance abuse among African-American males.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the correlation between affective disorders, substance abuse and involvement in the criminal justice system among African-American males. The paper discusses the incidence of incarceration, substance abuse and affective disorders individually and then it discusses patterns between the three issues.
Table of Contents:
High Incarceration Rates Among African Males
High Incidence Untreated Affective Disorders Depression/Anxiety
Mandated Sentences Equal Tougher Sentences on AM Males
Perception of Traumatic Events in Urban African Males
Part II - Drug Abuse and Crime Activity
From the Paper
"Most of these studies suggest that left untreated, affective disorders including those among African Americans worsen with time, and that higher rates of recidivism often result particularly when offenders are released and still must face various psychological stressors and disorders including depression or anxiety (Spencer, 1999). Given this information it seems logical that rehabilitation measures be adopted that help address psychological instability among prison populations. As yet however, there are no uniform regulations or laws that dictate or mandate rehabilitation for African Americans or other populations at risk for higher rates of affective disorders in prison. This suggests that these disorders will likely continue in the future."
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Brain Research, 2007.
An analysis of the ethical issues of neuroscience research into the brain activity of criminals.
2,010 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses brain imaging which may be able to answer questions about the brain, such as about human thoughts, emotions and actions. It also discusses some of the moral and ethical issues that must be considered when using this new technology. The paper focuses on research into the brain activity of criminals spending time in correctional facilities. It discusses whether it is too early to use neuroscience research, such as brain fingerprinting, as a definite substitute for the polygraph, to determine guilt or innocence, without first looking at ethical considerations.
From the Paper
"Farah and Wolpe (35) state that neuroethics encompasses a variety of bioethical issues. Some are these are the same as the ones in the past as in biomedicine, such as the safety of advanced research and treatment methods, the rationing of promising approaches, and predictive testing for future illnesses when no cure is available. Other neuroethical concerns, however, are unique to neuroscience due to the subject matter. The brain is the organ of the mind and consciousness, the location of human of being and thought. Interventions here thus have different ethical considerations than those in other parts of the body. Also, expanding knowledge of mind-brain connections may impact determinations of competence, mental health and illness and death. Further, moral and legal conceptions of responsibility most likely will be susceptible to change as knowledge of the physical mechanisms of behavior becomes more enhanced. The whole concept of privacy and confidentiality of thought processes could be threatened by instruments that can actually show neural connections of innermost thoughts."
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Punishment and Crime, 2007.
An argumentative essay on whether punishment prevents crime.
1,183 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how, in less than three decades, wars on crime and drugs in the United States have resulted in a six-fold increase of the prison population, and the construction of the world's largest prison system. The paper explores how the United States, with about half a million more prisoners than China, not only imprisons many more people than any other nation, but has approximately 25 percent of all the prisoners in the world behind its bars. The writer argues that punishment is not a deterrent for criminals and that one would have expected to see a larger drop in the crime-rate if it was.
From the Paper
"Traditionally devoted to the punishment of past crime, the U.S. criminal justice system has begun to focus as well on the prevention of future crime by incarceration and control of dangerous offenders (Robinson). Habitual offender statutes, like 'three strikes' laws, sentence repeat offenders to life imprisonment (Robinson). Moreover, jurisdictional reforms lower the age at which juveniles may be tried as adults, increasing the available terms of imprisonment beyond those of juvenile court, and gang membership and recruitment are also criminalized (Robinson)."
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Search Warrants, 2006.
This paper discusses the search warrant, its nature, the required procedures and issues faced by the criminal justice system today.
1,185 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in the United States, to search private property in their criminal investigations, the police are normally required to have a written search warrant. The author points out the very strict guidelines for search warrants, which were created to protect individual citizens from unwarranted abuses by the police and the justice system. The paper states that the hysterical reaction of the authorities and society to the events of 9/11 has resulted in a significant change regarding the criminal justice system and its rules so that searches, warrants and their concomitant rules have become flexible and arbitrary.
Table of Contents:
Requirements and Procedures
Exceptions
Additional Types of Search Warrants
9/11 Issues and Concerns
From the Paper
"Blood samples are normally required in situations where endangerment is caused by an over-indulgence in substances such as drugs or alcohol. Driving under the influence, for example, is such a situation. Surreptitious surveillance is also an issue that is under the control of courts and would be a violation of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms if conduced without a warrant. As will be seen, this has become an extremely controversial issue in the United States."
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U.S. vs. China Legal Systems, 2007.
This paper discusses and compares the legal systems of the U.S. and of China.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the U.S. criminal justice system is framed after the ideal of justice for all and equal protection for all through a common civil law, interpreted by its courts. On the other hand, the writer notes that codified laws and statutes established by the legislature have guided China's criminal justice system. The writer discusses that the cultural differences between the U.S. and China are seen to be simplified and bridged by modern information technology, and many observe concrete progress in the replacement of the rule of men with the rule of law. The writer concludes that some still believe that Mao Zedong is the greatest revolutionary, that Abraham Lincoln was a dictator who destroyed the ideals of the colonists and that the American criminal justice system has now become one of the most corrupt in the world.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Review of Literature
Method
Findings and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Sachs writes that despite America's overall wealth as a nation, its people now live in a society of great and indescribable fear of their legal system, their lawyers and the prison system, the loss of health care in a system with no health plan and losing their jobs. He says that Americans are afraid of questioning the system and become gullible victims to propaganda. The issue on terrorism has so engaged them that their attention has been swayed out of their own society's ills. Sachs believes that they have projected their fear into foreign terrorists and ignored the increasing corruption and repression in their legal system. Lawyers, judges and courts trample upon the freedom Americans thought they had. He warns travelers and those wanting to visit or work in America to reconsider the risks of being in a country with one of the most crooked legal systems in the world."
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Articles on Criminal Violence, 2006.
This paper discusses two articles on the causation of criminal violence based on Edwin Sutherland's theory of differential association in crime.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Edwin Sutherland's theory of differential association suggests that individuals learn criminal behaviors by imitating behavior and ideas about criminality from people with whom they routinely associate. The author points out that the R.L. Peralta and J.M. Cruz article, "Conferring Meaning onto Alcohol-Related Violence: An Analysis of Alcohol Use and Gender in a Sample of College Youth", emphasizes that many college males "learn" (1) to demonstrate violent or aggressive tendencies as "macho" behavior and (2) to abuse alcohol as a socially acceptable form of entertainment. The paper relates that the study by B.S. Fisher, F.T. Cullen and M.G. Turner, "The Sexual Victimization Of College Women", suggests that people "learn" to engage in acts of sexual violence by discovering (1) that violence can be used to overpower other people, especially women, and (2) that sexual violence can be a mechanism for alleviating their own chronic problems including stress or guilt associated with a history of sexual violence as a child.
Table of Contents:
Summarization
Theories of Crime and Delinquency Control
Reaction/Social Position
From the Paper
"I shared the information and insights gathered from this study with a friend of mine who works as a paramedic with an emergency medical team. Having witnessed many acts of violence and treated many women for sexual assault, the individual agreed that violence and substance abuse patterns often seem to be "learned" behaviors. He also felt that he could distinguish patterns of behavior among certain populations in particularly, including among those with low socioeconomic backgrounds or education."
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Gangs, 2007.
A look at the history and development of gangs through history.
2,389 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the existence of gangs in the United States can be traced back to the early 1800s and how it was the years following the Civil War, and the subsequent World Wars that gave rise to the number gangs. It looks at how, over the decades, gangs have become not only a major concern for the United States, but for other countries as well. It discusses how gangs are not confined to neighborhood streets, but can be found behind prison walls and how technology has allowed gangs to communicate worldwide. It also shows how today, all three elements, street gangs, prison gangs and global gangs are interconnected.
From the Paper
"The existence of gangs can be traced back to ancient civilizations, however the first identified gang in the United States, was formed in 1820 in the Five Points District of New York City (Allender 2001). The end of the Civil War saw large-scale criminal activity on the part of a few veterans who had trouble returning to a peaceful society (Allender 2001). Following World War II, veterans returning home formed motorcycle clubs, and while most were social groups, a few, such as the Hell's Angels, began to engage in criminal activities (Allender 2001). Ethnic groups, including Asians, Italians, Jews, Jamaicans, and many others, formed gangs due to the prejudice and discrimination that they had to deal with and which alienated them from mainstream society (Allender 2001)."
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Juvenile Delinquency, 2007.
A literature review on juvenile programs and recidivism rates among juveniles.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines, through a literature review, how more recent programs and proponents of reform suggest that reforming juvenile programs and offering juveniles more access to rehabilitation programs may help reduce rates of recidivism and crime in large urban centers.
Outline:
Significance of Juvenile Programs and Recidivism
Overview of Juvenile Programs
Overview of Recidivism Rates Among Juveniles
Relationship Between Juvenile Programs and Recidivism
Family Interventions and Recidivism
Parent Child Interactions and Delinquency
Supervision and Delinquency
From the Paper
"Studies suggest that violent juvenile crime is increasingly on the rise (Butterfield, 1996; Howard & Jenson, 1998). This suggests that youth crime is not only escalating but also becoming more violent (Howard & Jenson, 1998). In light of this many juvenile justice systems are now challenging the beliefs that have traditionally guided decision making policies and practices in the hopes to establish a better balance between "rehabilitating" and "punishing" juvenile offenders (Howard & Jenson, 324). In the past the juvenile justice system has focused more on punishing offenders for their actions, with increasing numbers of young adults transferred to adult facilities for punishment and lengthy incarcerations (Tolan & Guerra, 1994)."
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Policies of Sentencing, 2007.
An analysis of the changing nature of criminal sentencing guidelines.
957 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of criminal justice. Specifically it discusses why criminal sentencing guidelines are set up the way that they are. It looks at the history of sentencing and discusses some of the controversial aspects of sentencing policies. It then looks at ways that policies on sentencing could be improved.
From the Paper
"However, there are exceptions to sentencing guidelines in modern criminal sentencing, and that is one aspect of sentencing that brings forth many critics. The most controversial aspect of sentencing are mandatory guidelines for specific crimes, and many people feel these mandatory sentences simply do not work. Often the sentences are too long in these cases, or the history of the criminal and the facts of the crime are not brought into being. In short, there are exceptions to all rules, specially these (Bowman, 2003, p. B05). This is evident in statistics since 1970. During that time, the prison population has more than quadrupled, indicating a harder line, mandatory approach to many criminals in the sentencing process (Reitz, 2000, p. 541). Rehabilitation has become far less desirable, while alternative forms of punishment, such as house arrest and community service have been investigated as punishment for some "white-collar" crimes."
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Juvenile Delinquency, 2007.
This paper argues for a reform of the juvenile justice system.
1,116 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the government's insensitivity toward juvenile correction facilities today can be traced back to the early part of the eighteenth century, when politicians neglected such institutions in favor of prison facilities and boot camps. The paper explains that this resulted in various problems that continue to plague the present juvenile corrections system. The paper describes the ineffectiveness of cycles consisting of a largely punitive phase of juvenile justice policy, followed by a predominantly rehabilitative phase. The paper contends that practitioners need to understand the historical legacy that continues to influence contemporary policy and practice. The paper stresses that few areas of the justice system are more in need of critical re-examination than juvenile justice.
From the Paper
"The New York House of Refuge in 1825 is considered a starting point for the subsequent cycles of juvenile reform. The House of Refuge, and the development of institutions for juveniles in Massachusetts, embraced the belief that children should be treated separately from adult offenders, however by 1890 these institutions resembled adult prisons than juvenile reform homes, and rehabilitation generally played nothing more than a minor role in custodial care. In 1899, a second policy cycle began along with the creation of the juvenile court. At this time a separate legal process for juvenile offenders together with probation units which emphasized social casework, became integral components of a rehabilitative juvenile justice system between 1899 and 1960."
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Christine Jessop, 2006.
A discussion on the misconduct of the Canadian criminal jusitce system surrounding Chrisitine Jessop's murder.
2,630 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a detailed description of the circumstances leading to and surrounding the disappearance of Christine Jessop in 1984. It continues to analyze the actions of the police and the investigation committee after having found Jessop's body. It highlights the actions of the Canadian criminal justice system in congruence with the wrongful conviction of Guy Morin. In the conclusion, the author of the paper, discusses the criminal system's misconduct, and its severe effects, which occurred during and after the investigation of the murder.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Analysis
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"In fact, York officers may have had a substantial lead in Christine's disappearance. On October 6, 1984, a witness reported that she and her husband seeing a man holding a small child in a forceful manner in a car on October 3, 1984, near the time of Christine's disappearance. Despite the fact that the witnesses provided a description of the car, they were not interviewed until 12 days after their initial report. Although her report of the suspicious behavior was consistent with an abduction and the suspect she described did not have a car similar to Morin's, nor did he match Morin's physical description. However, police failed to fully investigate the lead. In fact, they did not even request a list of vehicles matching the one described, in detail, by one of the witnesses."
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