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"Losing Matthew Shepard"--A Review, 2007.
A presentation of the facts surrounding an anti-gay murder from B. Loffreda's book "Losing Matthew Shepard."
1,795 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the murder of Matthew Shepard, its background and repercussions, as portrayed in B. Loffreda's book "Losing Matthew Shepard." The reviewer first delves into the myths Loffreda presents surrounding gay populations outside of major urban centers. The paper then outlines the active homophobia in some rural areas, such as Wyoming, where the Shepard murder took place. The reviewer finds Loffreda's analysis to be extensive, since she was able to talk to many people in the town who otherwise avoided speaking to the media. Her investigation took place at the same time as the trial and other events related to the crime, making her ability to get answers from a shell-shocked public all the more remarkable.
From the Paper
"Wyoming is a part of the country that sees itself as separated from the sort of tensions ascribed by the populace to places like New York City. Some may also see New York and Los Angeles as bastions of gay populations while trying to deny that there are any gay people at all in the hinterlands, though clearly there are. Shepard had jus recently joined a group at the university called the Lesbian Gay bisexual Transgender Association (LGBTA), and though this was the only gay organization on campus and in Laramie as a whole, its existence shows that there was a sizeable gay population in the area. Others in the group had been attacked, leading to a view that anti-gay feelings were pervasive and that these might have contributed to the death of Shepard."
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Community-Oriented Policing, 2007.
A discussion on the benefits and limitations of community-oriented policing.
1,252 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how community-oriented policing can be an incredibly effective method for reducing crime in areas where mistrust of the police has hampered law-enforcement efforts in the past. The paper discusses how a community might see the police as negative authorities, possessing racist or authoritarian attitudes, rather than as potentially positive social influences of control. The paper explains that, by involving the entire neighborhood in reducing drug abuse, violence, the use of unauthorized weapons, and other such activities, crime can be reduced through community policing. The paper further examines how in the case of so-called victimless crimes, such as illegal smoking in restaurants, community policing becomes more problematic.
From the Paper
"Cigarette smoking in non-designated places is seen as a victimless crime. Of course, the idea of a victimless crime is something of a misnomer. The law banning smoking in restaurants was passed to protect the health of food servers and other restaurant staff, so that these employees would not have to suffer the affects of second-hand smoke all day long. The law was also designed to protect the health of patrons, some of whom might not have consciously chosen to be exposed to second-hand smoke in a small, closed environment."
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Adult Prisoner Reentry, 2007.
An examination of issues associated with convicts reentering society following prison terms.
1,457 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the problems associated with the current national movement in corrections known as offender reentry. The author considers the challenges that the released prisoners face, including integrating into their former communities and the probability of recidivism. Several viewpoints are considered in connection with prisoner reentry, ranging from those in favor of prisoners serving sentences without the possibility of release to prisoners being given skills, such as job training, to facilitate their integration into society. The Second Chance Act, legislation to facilitate prisoner reentry, is described at length.
Outline:
Second Chance Act
The Institutional Phase
The Step-Down Phase
Community Release Phase
Aftercare Services
References
From the Paper
"Challenges presented by reentry, along with concerns regarding ex-offenders returning to their former communities, range from the released individual posing a danger to their former victims to extra expenses related to a crime being committed to the ex-offender not being reestablished and committing another crime. As most offenders eventually return to their home communities, however, counters that contribute to an ex-prisoner becoming a positive part of society need to be assessed and addressed. '"We know from long experience that if they [ex-offenders] can't find work, or a home, or help, they are much more likely to commit crime and return to prison." (Ibid.) "
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The Plea Bargaining System, 2007.
An analysis of the pros and cons of the plea bargaining system in the United States.
1,213 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of the plea bargaining system in the United States. The writer explores the history of the system and discusses when it may be used. It then discusses the benefits and the negative elements involved in using the plea bargaining system. The paper concludes that while there are pros and cons to the system, the benefits far outweigh the negative elements because of the time and money that the system saves.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What Is It?
History
Benefits
Negative Elements
The Comparison
From the Paper
"There are numerous benefits to using the plea bargain system. The first and most important benefit from the standpoint of a prosecutor is the fact that it provides an automatic conviction. The prosecution does not have to worry about whether the evidence will hold up under the scrutiny of the system. They have to wonder if their witnesses will be believable during a traditional trial. In addition the prosecution is always at the mercy of the jury members. Jury members are human and subject to human emotion and error. A prosecutor faced with a trial will always be concerned that the jury will feel sorry for the defendant and even if convinced that the defendant committed the crime will acquit or provide a not guilty verdict."
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Hispanic Drug Gangs, 2007.
An examination of the population and issues associated with Hispanic drug gangs.
1,695 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the ethnic composition of street gangs, with an emphasis on those that attract Hispanic youth. Also discussed are the activities of drug gangs and their association with organized crime. Several theories describing the Hispanic gang phenomenon are presented, although the author believes they do not account for all the factors affecting Hispanic street gangs. Other theories also have to be considered in the understanding of this phenomenon.
Outline:
Introduction and Overview
Theoretical Perspectives
Conclusion
From the Paper
" There are a number of different characteristics that set Hispanic street gangs apart from other gang types. These include the fact that Hispanic gangs are more likely to develop along ethnic and racial lines. It should also be noted in this regard that the term "Hispanic" is a nebulous term which is often used to include other indigenous cultures such as "...Chicanos, Mexicans, El Salvadorians, Cubans, South Americans, and anyone else from a Spanish-speaking country." (THE PROBLEMS OF DEFINITIONS ) Latino gangs are usually mainly male dominated. "Females who seemed to be with the gang all the time were perceived as more of a support system, companions, girlfriends, and some were referred to as "party animals." (THE PROBLEMS OF DEFINITIONS ) "
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Fingerprints, 2007.
This paper describes the development and importance of fingerprints in criminal identification throughout history.
2,940 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history of fingerprint identification. Additionally, it discusses why fingerprinting has become the number one identification tool in forensic science, and describes the basic patterns of fingerprints. The contributions of Henry Faulds, known as the Father of Fingerprinting, and other researchers in this area are also presented. In addition, the paper also examines certain cases of incorrect fingerprint identification that have thrown doubt on the long-recognized infallibility of fingerprints as an identification tool in criminology. The author concludes that the uniqueness and permanence of fingerprints have made it an indispensable identification tool that has been employed for crime fighting by the law enforcing agencies for more than 100 years
Outline:
History of Fingerprints' Use in Identification
Early History
The Earliest Use of Fingerprints in Crime Solving
Early Attempts at Explaining the Importance of Fingerprinting
The Unrecognized Father of Fingerprints
The Work of Herschel & Galton
The First Practical Application of Fingerprinting
Fingerprinting Method of Identification is Established
Why Fingerprinting Has Replaced Other Identification Tools In Forensic Science
Individuality of Fingerprints
Permanence
Previous Methods of Identification
How Does Fingerprinting Compare with DNA Fingerprinting
The Basic Patterns & Types of Fingerprints
Cases of Incorrect Fingerprint Identification
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Evidence exists that fingerprints were used on clay tablets in business transactions in Ancient Babylon as long as 3000 years ago and thumbprints were used on clay seals to "sign" documents in China in the 3rd century B.C. This indicates that human beings realized the significance of such patterns, but perhaps did not fully understand, thousands of years before their potential was actually realized. (Meaney, 2006) Wall etchings found in Nova Scotia, Canada, also shows a hand with ridge patterns sketched on it dating from the first century AD and official government documents preserved from the Tang Dynasty in China (610-907 AD) and Persia (14th century AD) have fingerprint impressions on them. In the Persian documents from the same period, one government physician has noted that no two fingerprints were an exact match. (Ibid.) "
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Teen Gangs, 2006.
This paper discusses teen gangs and the theories behind why teenagers join these gangs.
1,625 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while the primary purpose of gangs may be to engage in criminal activity, they serve other social functions that attract teens as gang members. The author points out that researchers have developed a variety of different theories to explain the proliferation of gangs such as criminological theories, which focus on the social aspects of crime and gang membership. The author points out that the advocates of social disorganization theory suggest that this theory is more comprehensive than any of the criminological theories and may be able to supply a broader solution to the gang problem.
From the Paper
"In addition, many people believe that gangs are only an urban problem. This impression has a basis in reality; the majority of gang activity is concentrated in large cities and suburban areas. Furthermore, these areas large urban and suburban areas are more likely to report long-established gang activity. However, gang activity is spreading to smaller urban and rural areas. The spread of gang activity may be very significant because of the composition differences between established and newer gangs."
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Gang Enhancement Legislation, 2007.
This paper examines the effectiveness of enhancing punishments for crimes that are gang related.
1,503 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the gang problem where the dynamics create a cycle of feeling alone, finding a "family" in the gang membership, committing acts of violence for the gang and becoming incarcerated. The paper discusses how the legislative action that is aimed at enhancing punishment packages will provide leverage for those who prosecute gang members, as well as incentives, for those who have not yet been caught, to change their lives. The paper reveals that statistics show that since the introduction of such packages, the gang problem has begun to taper off or stabilize.
Outline:
Introduction
Gangs
Enhancing Punishments
STEP
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The gang issue in America is not a new one. Gangs have been around for many years but in the past couple of years the violence and gang related crime has escalated significantly. Police departments across the nation have developed gang units in which the specific purpose is to target and curtail the area's gang criminal activity. There are many different gangs, with many different names however, they all have certain commonalities in that they are driven by criminal activity, they have involvement with the drug industry and they recruit members to keep their numbers strong."
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Human Trafficking, 2007.
This paper discusses the trade of human beings to foreign countries.
1,276 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that human trafficking is the smuggling of people against their will for use mainly in forced labor or prostitution. The paper shows how modern innovations such as the Internet have changed the face of human trafficking in many ways and have made contacting and abducting victims easier than ever before. The paper relates that while most of the victims end up in the slave trade, others are forced into domestic service, hard labor or other forms of work.
From the Paper
"What exactly is human trafficking? Many drug smugglers use people to traffic their drugs across country borders, but that is not the type of human trafficking discussed here. Human trafficking is the actual trade of human beings to foreign countries. Researchers Julie Cwikel and Elizabeth Hoban note the definition, "[A]cknowledges that when deception, threats, violence, and fraud are used, even in cases where women have consented to entering a work contract, the abrogation of their human rights constitutes trafficking" (Cwikel and Hoban)."
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Student Search and Seizure Case, 2007.
A case study of a hypothetical situation in which a student was searched and arrested at school for possession of cocaine and a comparison with real life cases of the same nature.
1,074 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This three page paper analyzes the constitutionality of searches and seizures in schools. The writer explores a hypothetical case in which a student was searched and arrested when a cocaine pipe was found in her coat pocket. It then applies real life cases to the argument that the search of the hypothetical student at school, was illegal.
From the Paper
"In the TLO case the court ruled that the authorities had no reasonable suspicion that there were cigarettes in the student's purse. In our case, the officer had no reasonable suspicion that the student's coat pocket would contain drugs therefore he had no right to perform the search of her person."
"The weakest argument we have is the argument that the school did not have the right to search because it has no claim as the parent substitute. Several courts have upheld school searches with the ruling that the school operates as the parent during school hours, therefore the student has no right to privacy from school authorities.
However in the case of New Jersey v. T.L.O. the courts found that schools do not in fact act as parents."
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Pennell v. State of Delaware, 2006.
This paper examines the case of Pennell v. State of Delaware in which the court addressed issues surrounding an expert's testimony about serial killers.
1,702 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the distinctive elements, which help an expert develop a profile on a criminal and are referred to as a criminal signature, are elements of a crime that appear somewhat unique and allow the crime to stand out from similar crimes. The author points out that, in the Pennel v. State of Delaware case, the court made the correct decision to allow the expert to testify regarding the signature elements of the murders because these elements were crucial in linking the defendant to two of the murders. The paper relates that the fact that the defendant was found not guilty of one of the murders demonstrates that juries use signature elements as tools for decision making but do substitute the presence of certain criminal signatures for a lack of reasonable doubt.
From the Paper
"Because of their frequent use in television, books, and movies, the general public may believe that criminal profilers are involved in all aspects of crime detection and prosecution. This perception is inaccurate, but criminal profiling does play an important role in the investigation of serial criminals. While the Pennell court did not allow the expert to testify regarding the criminal profile used to narrow down the range of suspects, it did permit the expert to testify regarding those elements of the crime that helped the expert develop his signature."
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Correctional Methods, 2007.
This paper explores sentencing alternatives that punish offenders while reducing the risk of recidivism and the costs to the state and society.
1,205 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how proponents of a more complex criminal justice system believe that criminal sentences can do more than just punish offenders; they can actually help teach criminals how to conform to society's behavioral expectations. The paper discusses how incarcerated inmates experience very high rates of recidivism and there are enormous social costs in terms of society and the offender's family. Further, the paper shows that many offenders are required to participate in education or treatment programs, which are aimed at reducing their likelihood of re-engaging in criminal behavior and which reduce the negative impacts on their family and society.
From the Paper
"Before one can understand how sentencing alternatives work, one must first have an understanding of the different type of sentencing alternatives available. First, it is important for people to have an understanding that alternative programs can be implemented before an offender ever comes before a judge. Responding officers have a tremendous amount of discretion whether to charge an offender, the level of the charged offense, whether to arrest, whether to divert offenders into probation, whether to arrest an offender or issue a summons. (Native American and Alaskan Technical Assistance Program, 2005). Therefore, it is important to understand that judges and prosecutors are not the only members of the criminal justice system who exercise discretion on offender sentences."
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Pennell v. State of Delaware, 2007.
This paper examines the case of Pennell v. State of Delaware in which the court addressed issues surrounding an expert's testimony about serial killers.
1,695 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 54.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that the distinctive elements, which help an expert develop a profile on a criminal and are referred to as a criminal signature, are elements of a crime that appear somewhat unique and allow the crime to stand out from similar crimes. The author points out that, in the Pennel v. State of Delaware case, the court made the correct decision to allow the expert to testify regarding the signature elements of the murders because these elements were crucial in linking the defendant to two of the murders. The paper relates that the fact that the defendant was found not guilty of one of the murders demonstrates that juries use signature elements as tools for decision making but do substitute the presence of certain criminal signatures for a lack of reasonable doubt.
From the Paper
"Because of their frequent use in television, books, and movies, the general public may believe that criminal profilers are involved in all aspects of crime detection and prosecution. This perception is inaccurate, but criminal profiling does play an important role in the investigation of serial criminals. While the Pennell court did not allow the expert to testify regarding the criminal profile used to narrow down the range of suspects, it did permit the expert to testify regarding those elements of the crime that helped the expert develop his signature."
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Police Functions, 2007.
This paper looks at the policing systems in the cities of Los Angeles and Pittsburgh.
3,528 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that inherent in the policing function is a requirement for ethical behavior on the part of the police themselves, who are expected to be beyond reproach as they guard against the crimes of others. The paper examines community policing programs in Los Angeles and Pittsburgh and explains that the structures of these programs differ because the two communities are very different. The paper discusses how, for both cities, a racial element is part of the process, necessitating particular care to avoid making the police seem to be an invading army while also making a police presence clear.
Outline:
Introduction
Police Ethics
Community Investigations
Los Angeles
Pittsburgh
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Policing is a difficult endeavor, but it is also one of the central functions of government, providing security for the citizenry and protecting the individual from the bad intentions of others. Arguably, the policing function in its broadest sense could be described as the rationale for the social contract that formed civil society in the first place, when people came together to form government in order to assure the individual protection from his or her neighbors."
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Multicultural Issues in Policing, 2007.
This paper discusses cultural issues related to policing and law enforcement.
2,819 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that for the past 40 years, law enforcement in the United States has been accused of being ethnocentric and unable to accommodate cultures other than Caucasian white. The writer maintains that in a country founded by ethnic groups and immigrants, it is difficult to conceive of a practice that is so insensitive to the needs of other cultures. Further, the writer argues that in order to be an effective law enforcement officer one must understand other cultures in a personal way that goes beyond language barriers. This research examines cultural issues related to law enforcement as well as issues that may affect the ability to deliver fair and just law enforcement for all cultures.
Outline:
Understanding Cultural Differences
Law Enforcement and Community Relations
The Roots of Racial Profiling
Racial Profiling and the Muslim Community
Is This Still Necessary, or Just an Excuse?
Works Cited
From the Paper
"The formal definition of culture refers to a shared system of beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and the means that a group of people use to adjust to their world and others around them. Cultures are typically defined by their traits that make them different from other groups. All cultures have similarities and differences. Culture refers to the uniqueness of each and every group. It may include the way they dress, the foods that they eat, family structure, and moral values. Often other cultures are judged only by those things that are easily observable, such as the way they dress, their language, or the foods that they eat. However, cultural differences may not be as apparent on the outside and the necessity of cultural understanding may be missed by an officer. The ability to recognize what constitutes a multicultural experience and to recognize the diversity that exists is the first step to understanding differences."
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