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Community Oriented Policing, 2007.
This paper compares the effectiveness of community-oriented policing to problem-oriented policing.
6,331 words (approx. 25.3 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 147.95
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Abstract
This paper evaluates the concept of community policing in light of new outlooks on crime and law enforcement. The paper introduces the role of police in society and considers the debate centering on whether the police should be mainly responsible for only the effects and results of crime or if they should be more involved with the underlying and root causes of crime. Both views are analyzed in detail. The author concludes that research attests to the fact that community-orientated policing is particularly suitable and appropriate to the contemporary climate and to modern transnational crime.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Discussion
Case Studies
Conclusion
Appendix
Figure 1. difference between traditional and community based policing
Figure 2. North Carolina FY 2003 Awards to North Carolina
Questionnaire
Questions Directed at the General Public
Questions Directed at the Police
From the Paper
"Therefore, in conventional terms, the responsibly of the police is to maintain law and order and to protect the innocent against the criminal elements. However, the nature of modern society and the complexity of many forms of criminal behavior have created debate, and changes, with regard to the extent and range of modern policing responsibility. This debate centers on new views of policing responsibility and can be summarized by the following question. Should the police be mainly responsible for only the effects and results of crime or should police be more involved with the underlying and root causes of crime? "
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The War on Drugs, 2007.
An argument against the legalization of drugs.
1,382 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper presents and disputes the most common reasons against the war on drugs. The paper argues against the assertions that the war on drugs is not working, that it is too expensive and that the legal system is an ineffective way to deal with drug users. The paper provides evidence that reveals how the war on drugs has reduced drug use, that the social costs of drugs far outweigh the cost of fighting them and that the legal system is necessary to deter crime and to cope with the violence associated with drug use. The paper concludes that the war on drugs is effective and should be continued.
From the Paper
"Anti-war on drug advocates make generalizations backed by poor research concerning drug use statistics to spread the belief that the war on drugs isn't working. One of their most unsupported claims is that drug use in the United States is on the rise. A variety of shoddy techniques are used to make drug use increases look larger than they actually are. For example, articles will make comparisons based on time frames that are too short to be completely relevant or make fluffy statements that are not based on any factual drug use data such as "The majority of Americans do not see the nation's illegal drug problem getting any better after years of increases in national spending." (Cromie, 1998)"
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Emerging Technologies, 2006.
A review of the latest technologies and the problematic issues surrounding them.
1,361 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the newest technologies. The paper also discusses issues such as privacy, illegal downloads, connection speeds and theft. According to the paper, governments will be forced to develop a new wave of consumer protection laws and creative laws, protecting intellectual property as a result of all this new technology.
From the Paper
"IPod docking stations are becoming increasingly more integrated into standard audio systems in automobiles and home stereos. A set of reasonably-priced TEAC systems offer, for less than $300, the chance to dock and charge the IPod while listening. Moreover, the systems come with CDRW-compatible players that can read and play MP3s burned onto disks. Home audio and video systems are becoming more integrated and compatible with portable media storage too. The ability to link digital storage with analog sound systems means also that audiophiles have their entire music collection at their fingertips and can launch files using their PC, their IPod, or their ISP's digital music service. Moreover, sound systems such as the TEAC are streamlined, urban-friendly and ideal for use in small spaces."
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Charles Manson, 2007.
An analysis of the life and criminal activity of Charles Manson and the criminal theories that would apply to him.
2,105 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of Charles Manson, one of the world's most notorious murderers. Specifically, the paper discusses how the various theoretical schools of crime causation would attempt to explain Charles Manson's criminal behavior. It begins with a history of his life and criminal activity and then discusses the various criminal theories, in relation to him.
From the Paper
"Finally, the social learning theory may ultimately be the most useful in understanding what made Charles Manson into the deviant social being he became. This theory essentially states that crime is a learned deviant behavior, and Charlie certainly had someone to learn from - his mother. She went to prison for robbery when he was only five and the rest is history. He lived with very restrictive relatives after she want to prison, and throughout his life he desperately wanted to be with his mother, even though she made it clear she did not want him. He learned from his mother to rob and steal, and continued the pattern throughout his life. It is almost as if he was looking for her approval of him through emulating her own dysfunctional lifestyle. Charlie could have just as easily learned the strict, religious behavior of many of his relatives. That he chose to emulate the one person in his life who simply did not care for him is interesting, and it helps prove the social learning theory of criminology. He learned from his worst social influence, rather than his best social influences, and this seems to be the case with many criminals. They learn negativity early, and use these behaviors to survive for the rest of their lives."
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Criminological Theories, 2007.
An analysis of the various theories of criminal behavior and their implications.
1,904 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses some of the theories of criminology that attempt to discover the nature and causes of criminal behavior. It describes and discusses the classical approach of criminal behavior, the so called hard-determinism theories, the neo-classical theory, the positivist theory, the functionalist explanation and the labeling theory. The paper concludes that there is still much need of research and interpretation in order to find satisfying answers.
From the Paper
"Opposing this view is the labeling theory. It takes a distinctive approach from the functionalist models by emphasizing the negative consequences categorizing human actions in the criminal system. One of the most important figures of this theory, Leslie White, considers that attaching different labels to humans has deep consequences over future behavior. (White, 1969) It has a double role. On the one hand, it shows the way in which the society perceives him as an individual and on the other, the way in which he interprets the meaning of the symbol. Mead argues in this respect the fact that there can be certain contradictions between the two perspectives and thus conflict may arise. (Mead, 1934) However, there are opinions that do not consider labeling to be a source for criminal behavior, Triplett arguing that labeling alone does not cause delinquent behavior, but must be associated with the reward system in which the individual operates. (Triplett, 1990) A moderate stand is taken by Lemert who considers that labeling cannot offer an explanation to primary deviance but to secondary ones. (Lemert, 1967) Labeling encourages the definition of certain attitudes in consideration of subjective norms that can alienate the individual and can push him towards recidivating."
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Juvenile Sentencing, 2007.
This paper explores the different sentences in two high profile juvenile murder cases.
1,184 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper explores whether children should be sentenced to adult sentences for their crimes and whether the same sentencing rules must apply across the board. The paper discusses the case of Lionel Tate who claims to have accidentally killed a six year old and the case of Derrek and Alex King who admitted to killing their father purposely. The paper shows how the sentences were vastly different; a life sentence without the possibility of parole for Tate while the King boys are in a juvenile detention center only until they are 21 years old. The paper notes the different color of skin of the defendants, as well as whether they had a public defender or a paid attorney on their side.
Outline:
Introduction
Comparing
Defenses
Punishment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The nation has been horrified in recent years due to children committing adult crimes. Whether it is the Columbine case, a teen murdering his father or a teen killing a child, the idea that children are now capable of such violence is almost more than the mind can fathom. Yet every year there are cases in the news. The outcome of a case in which a minor is involved is often a bone of contention in debates. Should children be sentenced to adult sentences for their crimes and if so should the same sentencing rules apply across the board?"
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Police and the Public, 2007.
This paper examines the presence of paramilitarism within police organizations and negative police attitudes towards the public.
990 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how police organizations have evolved into tightly organized hierarchies of authoritarian leadership in order to cope with the risks they face. The paper explains that this can be problematic in providing community safety in a way that establishes a pattern of trust between the community and the police. The paper maintains that focusing on the problems affecting a community, rather than destroying the 'enemy' invaders should be the primary goal of policing. The paper shows how this can only happen if the police organizations undergo a restructuring in order to become more communicative organizations.
From the Paper
"Police organizations are not military organizations. However, the police face many of the same demands and risks as soldiers in the field of combat, over the course of their daily working lives. To cope with these risks, such as violent offenders and a hostile environment, police organizations have evolved into tightly organized hierarchies of authoritarian leadership. Police bureaucracies pride themselves upon loyalty to organizational rules and authority, much like a military organization obeys a strict chain of command when it is engaged in decision-making."
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Racism and African-Americans, 2007.
This paper discusses crime rates in the U.S. as it relates to African- Americans.
1,615 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that one has only to watch television or read a newspaper to see that crime is a daily concern for many Americans. The writer discusses that African-Americans are arrested for crimes out of all proportion to their numbers. The writer maintains that American justice may once have been poisoned by racism, but some say, the figures speak for themselves - a higher percentage of African-Americans are arrested and imprisoned, because they are responsible for the bulk of criminal acts. The writer concludes that although the African-American prison population proportionally far outreaches the prison population of any other group, little has been done to help prevent young African-Americans from continuing to follow in the footsteps of their elders.
From the Paper
"The problem of juvenile crime is particularly acute. To a much greater extent than Whites, African American children often lack proper adult supervision. They turn instead to television and other forms of media as sources of inspiration. Desperate for role models, young African-Americans latch onto characters whom they feel represent themselves, people who look, speak, and act as they do. But what comes out of these characters' mouths? What actions do they perform? Minority youths watch as their "heroes" commit assault and murder, rape and steal, sell and use drugs. With little knowledge of appropriate behavior, the criminal counterculture seems a real and viable alternative to the world in which many minority children live. Brutality begets brutality."
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Natural versus Legal Crimes, 2007.
This paper describes and contrasts natural crimes with legal crimes.
917 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of natural crimes compared to legal crimes. The writer explores the difference between natural and legal crimes, gives examples of both and discusses which crimes are wrong in themselves and which ones are only crimes because they are deemed illegal.
Outline:
Introduction
Natural Crimes
Legal Crimes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In civilized society there are natural crimes and legal crimes. While they are all crimes when held against the state, local or federal statutes they are viewed differently in the eyes of those who are mandated to uphold and obey them. For the purpose of discussion natural crimes are crimes that are morally and ethically wrong and would be wrong regardless of what the law said about them, while legal crimes will be discussed as crimes in which the only obvious rationale for them being deemed illegal is that the government has deemed them as such. "
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Meaning of Justice, 2007.
This paper examines the meaning and the connotations of justice.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses what exactly justice means and how it applies to a criminal justice professional. The writer explains that justice, as such, refers to a sense of fairness and impartiality, an even-handedness, righteousness, and also objectivity and independence in making up one's opinions. Further, the writer notes that justice is the concept which must predominate when laws are being made, and for a layman, justice would mean that he would be safe and secure in the knowledge that he would be protected adequately by the law, and by the sense of justice that the law must uphold, no matter what. The writer concludes that although justice may have several different connotations, the bottom line is that the criminal has to be punished, and the victim awarded respite and retribution for the crime that he has suffered.
From the Paper
"When one wished to search for the true meaning to justice, one must first decide the method that he wished to use to search for it, because this would provide a rational answer to the problem. The meaning of justice can perhaps be taken therefore, from its use in legal theory, and thereafter, combining it with a concept of ethics. For a criminal justice professional, he would study social control, penal law, criminal procedures, social law, evidence, criminology, victimology, and various other components of the justice system. Each area of study is equally important, and unless all the areas are given equal justice, the professional would not be able to practice law in all fairness. He must be able to implement as many types of justice as are humanly possible in this world, and concentrate on being fair and just in all his judgments of criminal and social behavior."
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Leadership in Law Enforcement, 2007.
An analysis of how motivation and morale effect leadership in law enforcement officers.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the effects that motivation and morale have upon leadership. It focuses specifically on leadership within law enforcement and how motivation and morale effects a group's perception of those in leadership roles, as well how those in leadership positions are effected by motivation and morale. The paper concludes that departments with quality leaders see productivity and excellence in the performance of the department they are leading.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Introduction
Morale Defined
Motivation Defined
Leadership in Law Enforcement
Motivation and Morale: The Effects
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Having reviewed the literature in the subject of law enforcement leadership and the effects of morale and motivation, it is the finding of this researcher that good morale and motivation do not so much create results or effects but indeed morale and motivation are what exist in the law enforcement department that has quality leadership that provides positive morale and positive motivation to those being led. In fact in departments with quality leaders who are able to communicate both up and down the ranks of file within the organization are departments that see productivity and excellence in performance of the department they are leading. The effects of a lack in motivation and morale are negatively expressed through poor performance, reduced morale, and loss of public support and even the loss of the job of those in leadership positions. Clearly maintaining positive morale and motivation in law enforcement is key to successful law enforcement leadership."
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Punishing the Mentally Ill, 2007.
This paper discusses the punishment of crimes committed by the mentally ill.
2,040 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses criminal law and insanity. The writer notes that criminal law regulates behavior in society by punishing those who violate the penal code by committing a crime or offense. The writer points out that the legal test of insanity has changed through the past hundred years from social influences rather than scientific advances and insanity pleas have rarely succeeded. This indicates the general community standpoint that mental disease may motivate, but does not excuse, a crime, that the offender may simply fake being mad and that the mentally ill are a threat to the community. The writer concludes that the establishment of widespread systems should effectively address the required needs, such as assertive community programs, which would reduce criminalization in the country both by improving these services in the community and by providing appropriate treatment and support in the criminal justice systems.
From the Paper
"Of the more than 1,000 men and women put to death in the US by the end of December 2005, dozens had histories of serious mental illness before they were sentenced or by the time of their execution. Some were mentally retarded or suffered from mental illness or both. Their mental illness was mainly due to extreme childhood abuse, violence in prison, inherited or developed or made worse by their stay on death row. In many cases, a defendant's competence to stand trial has been seriously doubted as to whether he or she genuinely understands the nature and severity of the proceedings set against him or her or the capability to assist and cooperate in his or her defense. He or she may not possess the required competence to plead guilty or waive trial counsel. Some defendants are also said to have committed the crime in order to get a death sentence. Inadequate representation may evade the existence or the extent of mental impairment in the defendant. In other cases, defense lawyers do not have sufficient resources against the prosecution, the defendant's failure to cooperate may appear to the jury as a lack of remorse, or the defendant may refuse to reveal vital information on account of a suspicion of conspiracy against him or her."
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Capital Punishment, 2007.
This paper discusses the issue of capital punishment, which is presently one of the hottest and most controversial topics in the United States.
1,981 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer suggests that due to the growth and interest in the value of the individual, the philosophical and moral, social and economical implications of capital punishment become clear. The writer maintains that as the arguments based on morality and human rights lead to circular discussions with both sides having equally valid points, a decision on whether to support or fight the death penalty should logically be based on the argument that it is not an effective deterrent to violent crime and is ultimately more of a financial burden on taxpayers than lifetime incarceration. The writer claims that the arguments provide a strong, sound foundation to support the opinion that the death penalty should be abolished. The writer argues that the logic behind retaining a legal policy and carrying out a punishment that clearly does not have the effect it is supposed to have on the general population seems preposterous.
From the Paper
"The two opposing forces in this issue are essentially supporters of human rights versus supporters of punishment for crimes done. Unfortunately there is little common ground for these groups considering they often support exact opposites of each argument. Human rights advocates are interested in the dignity of the individual, the integrity of the justice system, and the moral implications that ending another human being's life entail. Supporters of capital punishment are only interested in the individual in as far as they are justly punished for the pain and trauma they have inflicted on the victims and their loved ones. They focus on the bigger picture of safety of the public in general."
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Your Credit Report, 2007.
This paper argues that individuals must protect themselves by checking the validity of their credit report.
1,065 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that a friend discovered that he had been a victim of identity theft and credit fraud demonstrating how important it is to be aware of the information on one's credit report. The paper relates that the 2003 Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACTA) mandates that the disclosure of credit reports must be free of charge for consumers. The paper relates that the reasons for checking one's credit report at least yearly are (1) the frequent potential for error on the part of the credit reporting agency, (2) the possibility of being a victim of identity theft and not even being aware of it and (3) knowing one's exact credit score can give a person an edge when negotiating things like car and home loans.
From the Paper
"In previous years, individual consumers' credit scores were unavailable to private people; leaving individuals somewhat in the dark regarding their actual score. Although credit reports and scores could be purchased for a fee of around $30-$50, most consumers did not take the time or want to spend the money to verify that they had not been victims of fraud, or even that a clerical error had occurred in their credit ratings. However, recent laws have mandated the disclosure of credit reports free of charge for consumers. In December 2003, Congress enacted and the President signed comprehensive legislation, the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACTA) updating the 1970 Fair Credit Reporting Act."
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Causes of Criminal Behavior, 2007.
This paper examines the classical theory of criminal behavior.
1,252 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the classical theory of crime causation, one of the major theoretical perspectives in the field. The paper begins by describing Cesare Beccaria who is generally seen as the founder of this theory. Several of his influences are evaluated, including ideas regarding the nature of punishment which are central to his theory. The paper evaluates the classical theory in light of modern criminology. A chart entitled 'Comparison of Classical and Positivist Schools' is included.
Outline:
Introduction
Man Pleads Guilty
Classical Causes
Vital Components
Foundation and Focus
Causes Contributing to Frank's Crimes?
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The Classical Theory, one of the major theoretical perspectives of crime causation, will not fully explain Frank's criminal behavior. This theory may, however, shed a bit of light on the underlying factors contributing to his dark deeds. "Cesare Beccaria - 'the Rousseau of the Italians' (Beirne, 1993:14) - is generally seen, at least symbolically, as the founder of this movement." (Carrabine, Iganski, Lee, Plummer & South, 2004, p. 32 - 33) Beccaria, a humanist born in Milan, Italy in 1738, feverishly worked for the eradication of injustice and illogicality of the judicial system prior to and continuing into his day."
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