| Papers [346-360] of 3444 :: [Page 24 of 230] | | Go to page : <— 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 —> | |
|
|
Sentencing Disparities, 2007.
This paper presents a literature review on the sentencing disparities between crack versus powder cocaine use.
4,382 words (approx. 17.5 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 115.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper evaluates several issues that may affect sentencing disparities for abusing crack as opposed to powder cocaine. Among these issues examined is race and its impact on sentencing. Gender issues are also considered, as are the pre-natal effects of these drugs. The writer clarifies the difference between crack and powder cocaine and how this may also influence sentencing.
Outline:
Sentencing Disparities
Cocaine and 'Crack Babies'
Past Research
Moral and Legal Issues
Development
Bibliography
From the Paper
"There are more African-American individuals on death row than white individuals and most of these individuals awaiting execution have committed drug crimes, many of which involved crack, and less that involved powder cocaine (Pope, 1976). Even the Attorney General of the United States is willing to admit that drug laws are the main reason that there are so many African-Americans on death row today and that African-Americans are arrested at a higher rate for these types of crimes than Caucasian individuals (Pope, 1976). While this may seem irrelevant to a discussion of crack vs. powder cocaine specifically, the issue of minority status is actually somewhat important in sentencing guidelines for all crimes, although it is not an issue that judges are legally allowed to use."
| |
|
Death Penalty, 2007.
An analysis of the ethical issues surrounding the administration of the death penalty in the United States.
5,401 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 23 sources, MLA, $ 132.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the debate on the death penalty as more than a moral issue of whether it is ever permissible to intentionally kill, but rather as an ethical debate on how the death penalty is administered in the United States. It suggests that issues surrounding the administration of the death penalty, make a compelling case for abolishing capital punishment as a sentencing option in the United States.
Table of Contents:
Does The Death Penalty Deter Crime - And Do Americans Really Support It?
Arguments On Behalf Of Victims' Families Ring Hollow
The Wrongly Accused: DNA And Other Exonerations
Racism And The Death Penalty
Executing The Mentally And Psychologically Incompetent
Ineffective Counsel
Methods Are Not As Painless As Some Argue
Conclusion
From the Paper
"When celebrities such as Robert Blake or O.J. Simpson are charged with murder, it is not uncommon for millions of dollars to be spent on their defense. While we may not expect such extremes when poor or middle-class people are charged with murder, we would expect that these defendants would at least have competent legal representation. Quite clearly, this is often not the case."
"For example, the state of Florida allocates only $3,500 for a person to defend themselves against murder charges when a private lawyer can not be afforded and a public defender is unavailable (Payne 2006). That is, in fact, much less than what one might expect to pay for a reliable used car, and yet it is all the money that is allocated for people trying to save themselves from execution. Further, the state also caps how much can be spent by the defense on appeal (no such cap exists for the prosecution), resulting in what State Supreme Court Justice Raoul Cantero has referred to as "some of the worst lawyering" he has ever witnessed (Payne 2006)."
| |
|
Qualitative Research Analysis, 2007.
An analysis of the article "Health Care in the Federal Bureau of Prisons: Fact or Fiction" by Daniel S. Murphy.
1,912 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper provides an overview and analyzes the various aspects of the report, "Health Care in the Federal Bureau of Prisons: Fact or Fiction", in terms of qualitative research provisions and expectations. The paper examines the problem studied in the report, which looks at whether prisoners' rights to medical care, such as those afforded under the Eighth Amendment that bans cruel and unusual punishment, are being met. The paper explains that the central problem that the article continuously refers to is the underlying lack of concern and compassion for the health of prisoners. The paper examines the design, methods, strengths and limitations of this study.
Outline:
Introduction
The Problem
Study Purpose
The Research Question
Study Design
Subjects and Setting
Data Collection Methods
Data Analysis Procedures
Strengths and Limitations
From the Paper
"Furthermore it is important to bear in mind the following essential differences between these two forms of research in an analysis of the article. The qualitative researcher is "explicitly a part of the data gathering process whereas in quantitative, the researcher is formally an independent entity." (Qualitative research: Wikipedia) This means that the researcher is subjectively involved with the data collection and selections, which also implies the negative aspect of possible bias. Qualitative research also normally makes use of unstructured data rather the structure data."
| |
|
Enron, 2006.
A review of Enron, the American dream turned nightmare.
1,890 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper takes a look at the rise and fall of Enron. According to the paper, what was once an oil and gas exploration and pipeline development company quickly evolved into a derivatives trading company. The paper further discusses how Enron, once one of America's top companies, turned to bankruptcy and then became embroiled in scandal, the repercussions of which were felt across America.
Outline:
Executive Overview
Problem Statement
Recommendation
From the Paper
"The energy industry too was damaged by Enron's unethical business strategies. The energy segment was tainted, in the eyes of investors, following the release of the scandal. Despite rising energy prices, financing simply had disappeared. Organizations such as Aquila withdrew from the energy trading industry, as did El Paso Energy and UBS ("On the Side of Angels" 13). Loss of investor confidence, thanks to Enron, resulted in a significant market contraction that resulted in millions of dollars of losses for organizations. Loss of confidence in American corporations in general sent companies back to their books to double check their numbers. Corporate fraud was foremost on investors' minds. Companies such as MCI/WorldCom, Tyco and Adelphia restated their numbers in an effort to correct any errors and set off whole new chains of corporate scandal reactions."
| |
|
Prison Health Care, 2006.
This paper analyzes peer-reviewed literature to evaluate a qualitative study by John Doyle (1999) concerning the factors that tend to influence psychiatric nursing practice in prisons.
1,850 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 59.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that the skyrocketing prison population has caused the delivery of quality health care services to suffer. The author points out that the research indicates that, in the midst of a untenable environment, health care providers are faced with the dual dilemma of trying to delivery quality health care services to a disproportionately mentally ill and elderly prison population, while simultaneously trying to ensure their own personal safety. The paper indicates that the qualitative study by J. Doyle (1999) did not result in any earth-shattering findings but was found to be timely and a good starting point for future studies of this nature. The paper includes several embedded quotations.
Table of Contents:
Review and Discussion
Problem
Study Purpose
Research Question
Study Design
Subjects and Setting.
Data Collection Methods
Data Analysis Procedures
Strengths and Limitations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"What is the problem the study was conducted to resolve? According to a recent report from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, in spite of a general decline in crime across the country, the United States continues to incarcerate more of its citizens than any other developed nation in the world. In fact, the nation's prison population increases by 900 inmates each week, and between mid-2003 and mid-2004, the nation's prisons and jails held 2.1 million people, or approximately one in every 138 U.S. residents. By June 30, 2005, there were 48,000 more inmates, or 2.3 percent, more than 2004, according to the latest figures from the Bureau of Justice Statistics."
| |
|
Capital Punishment, 2007.
Presents an argument in favor of the death penalty.
1,631 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper looks at how capital punishment (also called the death penalty) is a highly contentious issue with both the advocates and opponents advancing numerous ethical, moral, and economic arguments for and against the continuance of the practice. While respecting the views of some of the committed pacifists who oppose capital punishment, the paper contends that we should maintain the death penalty in the United States for serious crime. It supports this contention by refuting some of the major arguments against capital punishment, besides presenting a few valid points in support of continuing the death penalty.
From the Paper
"One of the main arguments against the practice of death penalty is that it violates the 'right of life' of every individual. This argument, to my mind is preposterous, and an insult to the memory of the victims of serious crimes such as pre-meditated murders and rape of young children. How can a vicious murderer who has knowingly taken away an innocent life and callously disregarded the victims 'right to life' still lay claim to his own 'right to life'? I believe that such criminals, after taking away the life of another human being, forfeit their right to live, and the society then has an obligation to judge whether the crime was serious enough to deserve a death penalty."
| |
|
African-Americans and American Prisons, 2007.
This paper examines the relatively high number of African-Americans incarcerated in American prisons.
1,313 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper discusses the drive to control American populations through incarceration and notes that this has disproportionately affected the nation's African-American population. The paper shows how nearly half of all inmates in America's prisons are African-American, despite the fact that they make up only twelve percent of the overall population. The paper examines the social and political reasons for this disparity and reveals that a form of racial prejudice would appear to be underlying these statistics. The paper discusses how the mass incarceration of America's African-American population is destroying their community, and the African-American people in general.
From the Paper
"In a time of great economic and social change, one American industry is booming: the prison-industrial complex. These prisons represent an ever-expanding apparatus of social control (Ward, 2004), one that, according to Julia Sudbury, is focused specifically on regulating, and further marginalizing the underprivileged masses in today's neo-liberal regimes (Ward, 2004). Recent decades' "get tough on crime" policies, such as mandatory minimum sentences, "three strikes" laws, and so forth, have witnessed historically unparalleled rates of incarceration in the United States."
| |
|
Death Penalty, 2007.
This paper examines the issue of crime and capital punishment.
2,500 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that among the claims made about the death penalty by proponents of capital punishment is that the penalty is fairly applied so that it cannot be rejected as being applied more readily to any one group in society. The writer argues that this claim is false, and various analysts have shown how the poor are disadvantaged by the entire legal system and how minorities who kill whites are far more likely to be sentenced to death than anyone who kills another minority member. The writer notes that reforms of the entire justice system have been proposed, with the view that the unfairness extends to all crimes and not just to capital crimes. The writer concludes that it is not clear how any of the proposed solutions would affect problems in the system and unfairness in particular.
From the Paper
"More and more analysts have found that the death penalty is not applied equally and that there is often a racial component in the way some offenders are treated and sentenced. This view has not been accepted by the U.S. Supreme Court, however, even as opponents of the death penalty cite statistics showing that the death penalty is racially discriminatory. These opponents have raised the issue in court with little success. They cite statistics to the effect that black murderers are far more likely than white murderers to get the death penalty, and that this is especially true if the victim was white. Statistics from Georgia show what happens. In that state, a black man accused of killing a white person is substantially more likely to receive the death penalty than a white person convicted of killing either a white or a black. Some forty six percent of the inmates on Georgia's death row are black, and most were sentenced to die for killing a white victim. Other states show similar statistics."
| |
|
The Internet and Solving Crimes, 2007.
This paper describes how the Internet may be used to solve crimes by law enforcement officials.
1,095 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 38.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper initially describes how the development of the Internet and
e-commerce, in particular, have resulted in the Web becoming a new arena for criminal activities. The author then explores how the Internet has also afforded the authorities the means and methods of combating not only cybercrime but other types of criminal behavior. Some of these methods are detailed, such as the police being able to disseminate information about criminals to the public via their official Websites. Other advanced technologies for fighting crime via the Internet are also described.
From the Paper
"One of the most obvious and successful ways of combating crime through the technological opportunities on the Internet, is the use of the Web's unique information sharing and data storing facilities. The fact that the Internet can instantly update and provide interactive access to the latest data has been used with great success by law enforcement agencies. This is often facilitated by interaction between the public and law enforcement agencies via online websites. For example, the police can disseminate information about criminals and criminal profiles to the public via their official Websites. This can lead to an interactive process where the public can contact the authorities immediately via email or online response systems with information that they may have about criminals."
| |
|
Overcrowded and Under-funded Prisons, 2006.
A review of the poor situation in US prisons.
3,422 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 96.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses how, according to the U.S. Department of Justice, in 2005 there were 2,186,230 prisoners being held in federal or state prisons or in local jails. The paper reports that a number of critics blame the U.S. war on crime and drugs for the six-fold increase in the prison population, which has resulted in the construction of the world's largest prison system in less than three decades.
From the Paper
"As in many states, the Texas state prison system was so overcrowded during the 1970's that many units were operating at 200 percent capacity, with sometimes five inmates to a two-person cell, while others slept on hallway floors and outside in tents (Vogel 2004). By the mid-1990's, despite the largest and most expensive prison-building program in history, correctional facilities still operated at or above rated capacities, and economic problems increased on both the state and federal level (Vogel 2004). A third of those attending the 1999 International Association of Chiefs of Police conference, named overcrowded facilities as the industry's greatest problem (Overcrowding 1999). Although 47 percent felt that keeping sex offenders locked up was the best solution to deterring sex crimes, Daniel Crawford pointed out that "keeping sex offenders locked up presents a bit of a conundrum considering that our detention facilities are overflowing" (Overcrowding 1999). "
| |
|
The Criminal Justice System, 2007.
This paper explores racial discrimination in the criminal justice system.
1,430 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper relates that racism or racial discrimination is an outright rejection of the principle of equal justice, fairness and public safety. The paper discusses how fairness is essential to the proper functioning of a democratic society and there should be a vital link between social values and personal values. The paper looks at the work "Racial Issues in Criminal Justice" edited by Marvin D. Free and examines the opinions of several experts on the subject.
From the Paper
"The criminal justice system aims at maintaining social control, enforce laws and administering justice, primarily through law enforcement or police forces, the courts and corrections, in the pursuit of the ideal of justice and fairness (Wikipedia 2006). Police work, on the other hand, is aimed at crime prevention, crime control and the handling of cases when crime occurs. The police conduct a crime investigation, gather evidence and identify the suspects. It is the police who make the first contact with the offender and initiate the mechanics of the criminal justice system by making the arrest after establishing probable cause. They then take the suspect into custody and make him or her go through a process, which includes finger printing, taking mug shots and interrogation (Wikipedia)."
| |
|
Theories of Criminology, 2006.
This paper compares theories of criminology.
1,545 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 50.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that criminologists believe that all theories that attempt to explain criminal behavior must contain dimensions relating to the society's conception of criminal behavior, some type of treatment and a particular research methodology. The author focuses on the biological theory, the psychological theory, the feminist theory and integrated theory, all of which share many similarities and differences while supporting each other in relation to the causes of crime and criminal activity. The paper concludes that the overall causation of criminal behavior does not draw upon only one of the theories in this paper; however, the integrated theory helps to fill in the gaps created by other theories and may help to shed new light on how the other theories might be improved.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Specific Criminological Theories
The Biological Theory
The Psychological Theory
The Feminist Theory
The Integrated Theory
From the Paper
"In essence, this approach leans heavily toward reinforcement, or in other words, "positive reinforcement or reward which increases the likelihood of the behavior which follows." Obviously, the psychological theory supports the assumption that genetics, particularly regarding brain development, is closely tied to criminal behavior and motivations; however, the psychological approach to crime causation contradicts itself in many ways, especially when one considers that fact that "all aggressive persons are not criminals and all criminals are not aggressive.""
| |
|
Jack the Ripper, 2007.
This paper describes the mystery surrounding Jack the Ripper.
4,252 words (approx. 17.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 113.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explores the story of Jack the Ripper. This includes a summary about who Jack the Ripper may have been, and the motives behind his crimes. First, the writer presents a brief summary of Jack the Ripper's victims. Then, it examines research and evidence that exists as it relates to the murders. Also considered are the reasons why Jack-the-Ripper has never been identified.
Outline:
Where the Name Came From
The Women that were Killed
Motive and Evidence
Who was "Jack the Ripper?" The Suspects
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There has long been a great deal of speculation about the motive behind these acts. The book The Complete History of Jack the Ripper asserts that the contemporaries of this killer had a difficult time understanding the motive behind such heinous crimes. Some have speculated that the killer was influenced by the occult (Sugden). The author asserts that other contemporaries believed that the murder was somehow influenced by the stresses of the modern age (Sugden). The author also explains that there was a belief that if the killer was caught he should be studied, so that officials could garner a greater understanding of what caused him to commit these murders (Sugden). The author explains "can we not, before handing him over to the executioner or the authorities and Broadmoor, make a really decent effort to discover his antecedents, and his parentage, to trace back every step f his career, every hereditary instinct, every acquired taste, every moral slip, every mental idiosyncrasy (Sugden).""
| |
|
Stanley Williams' Gang Prevention Books, 2006.
This paper is a complete dissertation, which examines the impact of Stanley Williams' gang prevention books on pre-adolescent boys.
15,640 words (approx. 62.6 pages), 73 sources, APA, $ 249.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper reports that the purpose of this study was to determine how young people and their teachers perceived the Stanley Williams' gang prevention readers and their impact on their beliefs about gangs and people who join them. The author includes a critical review of the relevant literature and an analysis of the results of interviews with six students and teachers. The paper concludes that the research indicates the importance of providing young people with the information and tools they need to resist the temptation to become involved with gangs in the first place and to help them recognize the potential adverse consequence associated with these groups. The paper includes data tables and questionnaires.
Table of Contents:
The Problem
Introduction
Problem Background
Literature Review
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions
Limitations/Delimitations
Definitions
Importance of the Study
Review of Literature
Introduction
Risk Factors for Gang Involvement
Anti-Social Behavior
Protective Factors from Gang Involvement
Approaches to Prevention and Intervention
Types of Prevention Strategies
Prevention Approaches using Literature 2
Summary
Methodology
Introduction
Research Questions
Methodology
Participants
Instrumentation
Assumptions or Limitations
Procedures
Data Analysis
Findings
Introduction
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
Children's Parental Permission Form
Request for Parental Involvement
Request for Teacher Involvement
Student Questionnaire
Parent Questionnaire
Teacher Questionnaire
Verbal Script for Students' Assent
From the Paper
"The average age for youth to become involved with a gang is between twelve to seventeen years. There is an increasing movement toward recruitment of elementary school aged youth. A contributing factor to this is that gang members know that states do not routinely prosecute younger children. This is a way for gang members to involve youth in their illegal activities, in an effort to remain out of jail. The younger children are extremely motivated to gain the approval of older male gang members, who they see as role models. It is increasingly necessary, then, that gang prevention education begins with elementary school age children."
| |
|
The Ku Klux Klan, 2007.
An analysis of the Ku Klux Klan as domestic terrorists.
2,276 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper contends that the Ku Klux Klan is arguably one of the most easily recognized hate groups and looks at how its activities and strongly held beliefs easily define it as one of the most dangerous domestic terrorist groups in American history. It attempts to show that the Ku Klux Klan has met and continues to meet the legal requirements set forth in the United States Code to be labeled a terrorist group.
From the Paper
"Though the beliefs of the Ku Klux Klan may not be particularly tasteful for mainstream Americans, the philosophies themselves are perfectly legal and the rights of the Klan to subscribe to and distribute these beliefs are, in fact, protected under the First Amendment. However, it is not the beliefs that are under scrutiny here, it is the clear, convicted criminal behavior that has won the Klan the label of domestic terrorists. Many Klan members enjoy lashing out verbally knowing that they speak from the safety of the First Amendment umbrella, however, messages of such strong hate and radical beliefs seem to inevitably explode into action."
|
|
|
