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The French Justice System, 2008.
A look at the justice system in France.
2,717 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
The paper offers both an overview of France's geography and political structure and a profile of the economic, social, political and economic situation. The paper briefly looks at the nature and extent of France's crime situation and then examines the French justice system; the legal tradition of France, the police forces and the court system. Finally, the paper discusses justice relations between France and the US.
Outline:
France: An Introduction
Present Crime Situation
The Justice System
France and the United States: Justice Relations
From the Paper
"Republique Francaise (French Republic) is the official designation of the French nation, whose history and culture is known the world over. France as most people know it is a country that produces excellent wines and cheeses, has a language that belongs to the romantic languages, and whose capital city - Paris - is known as the city of lights and have been written about as one of the most quixotic and passionate cities in the world. Although ultimately a victor in World Wars I and II, France suffered extensive losses in its empire, wealth, manpower, and rank as a dominant nation-state."
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Consequentialism as a Moral Theory, 2008.
An analysis and discussion of the objections to consequentialism and whether they render the theory unsuitable as a guide to criminal justice practice.
3,851 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
The paper provides an overview of consequentialism and outlines the central objections to this philosophical and theoretical stance in the context of criminal justice practice. The paper analyzes the extent to which this moral philosophical perspective is relevant to modern criminal jurisprudence. The paper presents the position that while this theory is limited, it also serves some important legalistic purposes and therefore this theory should be integrated with other philosophical points of view.
Outline:
Introduction
Overview of the Philosophy of Consequentialism
Objections to the Theory of Consequentialism
Consequentialism and Criminal Justice
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Substantive moral theories in modern philosophical discourse typically fall into the categories of consequentialist or deontological. Consequentialist theories, which derives from the ethos of utilitarianism, state that, "...agents must always act so as to produce the best available outcomes overall" (Scheffler S. review). In contrast to this position, deontological moral theories stress that the best overall outcomes are not of primacy significance. In the context of modern philosophical and moral theory, it is generally acknowledged that the consequentialist view is inadequate in terms of a comprehensive and inclusive moral theory."
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The Death Penalty, 2008.
This paper argues in favor of the death penalty, using the article "Should the Death Penalty Be Abolished?" "No." by Ernest van den Haag.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer introduces and analyzes the topic of the death penalty in America. Specifically, the writer discusses why the death penalty should not be abolished, making use of the article "Should the Death Penalty Be Abolished?" "No." by Ernest van den Haag. The writer argues that the death penalty can help deter crime, and since it is used for the most heinous of crimes, it sends a clear message to criminals that murder will not be tolerated in society. The writer concludes that the death penalty should not be abolished because it is a valid form of punishment in an increasingly violent society.
From the Paper
"There are many societies that punish crime by a like punishment, for example, in many Arab countries a thief is punished by losing a hand. Some people compare this to the death penalty, and maintain it is cruel and unusual because it perpetuates that "eye for an eye" type of punishment. However, some crimes are simply so heinous and violent that no other type of punishment seems valid. A person who violently murders an entire family, or a child, or a pregnant mother deserves to pay the ultimate price for their crimes. They took a life, and they should pay with their life, because it seems to be the only way to truly punish them for their deeds. A good example is Timothy McVeigh, who was convicted of the Oklahoma City Federal Building bombing. He killed over 160 innocent adults and children, and received the death penalty for his crime. In addition, he did not fight or appeal the penalty, and was eventually executed for the crime."
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Genetic Testing, 2008.
This paper discusses genetic testing in forensic, predictive and carrier testing.
1,147 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper defines genetic testing, looks at the screening and testing techniques and examines guidelines for genetic testing. The paper discusses mitochondrial DNA sequencing and describes what is involved in forensic identification via genetic testing.
Outline:
Introduction
Genetic Testing Defined
Use of Genetic Screening
Guidelines for Genetic Testing
Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing
Forensics Genetic testing
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Genetic testing is also referred to as 'gene testing' and 'DNA tests' and is a process by which the individual's DNA is examined. DNA is the material which genes are composed of which serve to determine the specific characteristics of living things. DNA determines the individual's features and as well, genetic testing has the capacity to detect particular genes in terms of whether they are present, absent, or altered and specifically in detection of chromosome abnormalities through laboratory testing."
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Arson, 2008.
An in-depth look at arsonists and their motivations for this crime.
2,556 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
The paper defines arson and explores the reasons or motives behind this destructive crime. The paper talks about pyromaniacs whose motivations are often simply the thrill of the fire. The paper also considers the increase in juvenile crime related arson and discusses how this may stem from a traumatic childhood. The paper then looks at how fire investigators determine whether arson was the cause of a fire.
From the Paper
"Over thirty thousand structural fires are set annually at a cost of over three-quarters of a million dollars worth of damage and more than three hundred lives lost. Additionally over twenty thousand intentionally set vehicular fires occur causing more than one hundred thirty million dollars in damages and an additional two hundred lives lost. Arson is responsible for twenty five percent of all fires and is the second leading cause of all residential fire related deaths."
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Serial Killers, 2008.
An analysis of serial killers as addicts and what we can learn about their nature if we perceive them in this way.
2,439 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the nature of a serial killer. It specifically looks at whether serial killing can be considered to be an addiction and if we can learn more about a serial killer by perceiving it as an addiction. The paper describes the major types of serial killers and discusses the nature of addiction. The paper finally questions if being a serial killer is an addiction, if there are possible interventions to help him or her with this malady.
From the Paper
"While rare, this gender bias in serial killers is occasionally bypassed. Often falling into their own separate category, female serial killers are more often than not associated with therapeutic settings in hospitals or nursing homes. These are nurturing settings that also allow them to be in complete control over a patient, usually an elderly or terminally ill patient, but not necessarily so. Although not officially categorized as such, they are referred to as the lethal caretakers, or more sensationally as the Angels of Death. "This contemporary Angel of Death embodies an especially pernicious darkness in our humanity by systemically attacking the weak and defenseless who have been involuntarily placed into her care or must rely on her for comfort and support" (Kelleher, and Kelleher 60). Aileen Wuornos is perhaps one of the most famous and atypical examples of a female serial killer. Although debatable, she actually falls under the genre of Hedonistic Gain Killer; killing truck drivers and other motorists for their money and their cars (Jenkins)."
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Increase in Youth Violence, 2008.
This paper looks at the disturbing trend of youth violence committed against the homeless.
1,035 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that on January 13, 2007, thousands of television viewers watched a late night news program in horror as two teenagers were shown beating a homeless man to death with baseball bats. The incident, caught on surveillance camera in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, was the newest episode in a national trend of youth violence committed against the homeless. The writer maintains that by all appearances, the main cause of the Fort Lauderdale incident - and other nearly identical incidents - is boredom and an aggressive personality. Contributory factors include presumptions about the homeless, peer pressure, and a prevailing national culture of violence. This paper is designed to reveal these factors in greater depth and to shed some light on how their coincidence can bring a seemingly harmless adolescent to commit murder.
From the Paper
"In all the recent cases of children assaulting or murdering a homeless person, the children's uninformed views and narrow understanding of homelessness facilitated their callous actions. As described by Michael Stoops, acting executive director of the National Coalition for the Homeless, these are crimes of opportunity, crimes that likely would not have been committed if certain conditions didn't coincide, one significant condition being the identification of the victim as homeless. In many of the recent cases of youth violence against the homeless, the perpetrators later admitted during interrogations that they chose the particular victim because he or she was homeless. In this sense, the crime is similar to crimes we traditionally associate with hate, such as those perpetrated against gays or minorities. Criminologist Brian Levine says that homeless individuals are the new vogue targets. Children choose the homeless because they assume they are vulnerable to attack and unable to harm their attackers in response. Because the homeless are a scorned population, children think that they can get away with these attacks."
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Critique on Policing, 2008.
A discussion of the effect of new legislation on the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
931 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses whether new and tougher criminal laws in Canada are realistic, given that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) has shown resistance in the past to new ideas and new policing methods. The writer describes intelligence-led policing, which the RCMP began to implement in 2000 and which requires considerable interaction between officers and the community, and suggests that the RCMP's military guidelines are outmoded and do not yield the best results in community policing models. The writer also discusses problems with enforcing the new laws, including mandatory sentencing, and concludes that although the public may tougher legislation for criminal offenses, it may not be practical for several reasons.
From the Paper
"These policies directly affect policing in Canada because they will create the need for more police officers to enforce the laws and more prisons to help carry out sentences. More courts could be required, as well, to handle the bail reform and sentencing requirements. In addition, more court and prison related personnel would also be required if these laws create as many new felons as they seem to suggest. One has to wonder where all these personnel will come from, and if the criminal justice system can grow to accommodate everyone that might fall under these guidelines."
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Gun Control, 2008.
Presents the argument that in the 21st century, the US legislature should make the ability to bear arms a privilege instead of a right.
4,642 words (approx. 18.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 120.95
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Abstract
This paper makes the argument that the time has come for the US legislature to do away with anachronistic laws that support a dubious "gun culture", which is an aberration in a modern, developed society, and that the ability to bear arms should be a privilege instead of a right in the 21st century. The paper begins by tracing the origins of the "gun culture" in America and then presents the history and interpretation of the Second Amendment, which supposedly gives the right of bearing arms to the citizens. Next, the paper reviews both sides of the argument for and against gun control, and then presents arguments in favor of making laws that would make the bearing of arms in the 21st century a privilege instead of a right.
Outline:
Origins of the American "Gun Culture"
The Second Amendment, its Background and Interpretation
Supreme Court's Interpretation of the Second Amendment
Does the Proliferation of Guns Promote Crime and Violence?
The Economic Cost of Gun Violence
Public Opinion about Gun Control
Reasons Why More Stringent Gun-Control Measures are Still not in Place?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Articles of Confederation, drafted and formulated during the Revolution, was America's first Constitution. The document, too, reflected the authors' suspicion of standing armies and a strong central government. The Articles severely restricted the powers of the Congress and gave maximum autonomy to the States. The responsibility of national defense was placed on the State militias instead of a national army and the Congress could not exercise any military powers unless 9 of the 13 States consented. Article VI specifically stated: "every state shall always keep up a well regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and accoutred." Before long, however, the founding fathers realized that the Articles were unworkable for running of an effective government because of the extremely limited powers granted to the central government. The fighting abilities of a volunteer militia as compared to a disciplined, professional army had already been exposed during the Revolution, and even George Washington had expressed his reservations about their effectiveness in private despite his public pronouncements in support of the citizen militia . "
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Economic Effects of Crime in the U.S., 2008.
This paper looks at the economic effects of criminal activity in the United States.
769 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the direct and indirect costs of criminal activity. The paper first explains that the direct economic impacts of criminal activity are those born by its victims, represented by the material value of stolen property, and the cost of repairing the physical
damage or destruction of property caused by the methods used to effectuate the crime. The paper then explains that the indirect economic impacts of criminal activity are those born by private
entities, necessary to prevent and insure against crime, as well as the those born by society collectively, to prevent and deter criminal activity, and to apprehend, prosecute, and incarcerate criminal perpetrators. Next, the paper takes a closer look at specific types of criminal activity and economic effects on society. The paper discusses that criminal enterprises and conduct vary substantially, ranging from low-level, "street" crimes against persons, primarily for the tangible property in their possession, to sophisticated, "white collar" crimes perpetrated against large corporations or even against entire industries.
Outline:
Introduction
Street Crime and Property Crime
White Collar Crime, Organized Crime, and Abuse of Public Assistance Programs
Computer Crime and Identity Theft
From the Paper
"White collar crime encompasses a wide variety of fraud and related criminal enterprises perpetrated against individuals as well as against corporations. It includes banking and investment fraud, insurance and mortgage fraud, corporate and public corruption, money laundering, as well as the abuse of public assistance and medical care funding programs.
"In total, it is impossible to quantify the precise economic costs of white collar crime, but it is certainly in the hundreds of billions of dollars, representing direct monetary losses as well as the cost of developing, implementing and maintaining security programs and procedures to prevent future and recurrent crimes of this nature."
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Violence in Film, 2008.
This paper discusses the issue of violence in film, concentrating on the film "Pulp Fiction" directed by Quentin Tarantino.
1,459 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that to some members of the modern audience, the film 'Pulp Fiction' represents the worst aspects of modern culture and that the critical acclaim it received for its unabashed embrace of violence has led to an increasing amount of violence in films, up to and including the modern horror porn. The writer points out that others argue that the violence in 'Pulp Fiction', while disturbingly real, absolutely excessive, and not representative of daily life, serves a very important purpose. The writer maintains that rather than detracting from the plot, the violence in 'Pulp Fiction' is an essential part of the plot; without which, the movie simply would not exist. The writer concludes that by humanizing the character Marcellus, Tarantino makes a cogent argument for the fact that, as a society, Americans have dehumanized and marginalized a huge segment of people, simply because of their criminal behavior, and that this dehumanization is morally wrong.
From the Paper
"Like the other characters in the story, Butch's livelihood depends on violence. However, while Butch's life may have been violent, which is a prerequisite for a professional fighter, the film makes it clear that Butch has not previously been engaged in the type of criminal activity as the story's other leading characters. Therefore, when the audience is introduced to Butch, they see a washed-up has been who is willing to take a dive for money, but who is not entirely comfortable with having made that decision. What the audience does not know is that Butch has not actually decided to throw the fight, but is actually making his own plans to score big on the fight and escape with the money. Somehow knowing that Butch intends to cheat Marcellus, a crime boss, makes Butch seem virtuous in comparison. In addition, there is something underneath Butch's complacent and dopey exterior, and Tarantino uses violence to show the real Butch, who is actually a proud man with a lot of honor, even if his views of what is honorable do not coincide with society's views."
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Motorcycle Clubs, 2008.
This paper looks at the real situation of motorcycle clubs today.
740 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper outlines the background and history of motorcycle clubs and looks at these clubs today. The paper relates that most clubs are law abiding and enjoy good relations with their local communities.
Outline:
Background and History
Modern Motorcycle Clubs
Positive Community Relations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"After the end of World War II in 1945, hundreds of thousands of American GIs began the process of re-assimilating into American society after an absence of up to four years in many cases. Initially, their resources were limited and some of the most economical private motorized transportation choices were surplus military equipment, including first issue Jeeps and motorcycles, particularly Harley Davidsons used as staff vehicles during the war."
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The FBI and Witness Protection, 2008.
An examination of the witness protection program of the FBI and how it is decided who will be given protection or immunity.
4,756 words (approx. 19.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 122.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the various roles of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). It specifically focuses on the FBI witness protection program. The paper discusses some previous cases and then looks at how the FBI decides who is given immunity and protection and whether these decisions are being made properly or even should be made at all.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Witness Protection
The Witness Protection Program
Analysis
From the Paper
"Some people in the program itself have also raised complaints, stating that the government has not lived up to its agreement in some way or that the program itself is no longer needed in an era when the formerly powerful mob is no longer powerful: "Omerta, the mob law of silence, is long dead. With so many informants, targeting just one is pointless" (McShane, 2000, p. A1). The criminality of people like Sammy Gravano even while in the program has also been a point of contention, raising the question of how much the program is protecting questionable witnesses and not the public. The public questions the way the FBI and others decide whom to protect when people hear about cases like that of Boston mob hit man Joseph Barboza, who was aided by the FBI in 1971 to get him off of death row in California so he would not recant in a 1965 Massachusetts case that sent four innocent men to prison. He was aided when two FBI agents testified on his behalf. This has been deemed a cover-up that lasted more than thirty years. Two of the men wrongly sentenced died while in prison, while the other two were released after serving more than thirty years. The cover-p was discovered when the files of the two FBI agents who participated "revealed Barboza lied to the jury when he accused the four men of playing roles in the murder of the amateur boxer who offended Mob bosses" (Lawrence 2001, para. 13). Evidence has also been offered to show that Barboza killed several people while in the Witness Protection Program. Barboza himself was killed by a hitman in 1976."
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Taser Deaths: Taser is Not to Blame, 2008.
An examination of abuse of proper use of the Taser.
1,460 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the electronic defense weapon known as the Taser and how it works. The writer explains the guidelines prepared by the International Association of Police for recommended Taser use, which also include recommendations for educating the community about Taser technology and its use as an alternative to deadly force. The paper relates that, in the absence of specific legislation on Taser policy, Taser use currently depends on the individual agency. The paper then discusses a case where use of the Taser was abused. The author concludes that Taser death is, in the majority of cases, not the cause of death, but instead may be blamed upon the officer with the Taser or the department that has failed to train its police force in the proper use of the Taser. This paper includes a figure.
Outline:
Background
Departmental Safety Precautions
Appropriate and Inappropriate Use of Tasers
Operational Procedures for Taser Use
Education of Public About Taser Deaths
Safety of Taser Use in Case Study Reports
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The OLR Research Report relates operational procedures to include that officers should: (1) Issue warnings before activating an electronic defense weapon (unless doing so would endanger another person); (2) When applicable, alert other officers at an incident scene of their intent to activate a weapon; (3) Use brightly colored weapons (e. g. , yellow) thereby reducing the risk of escalating force and decreasing the possibility that a secondary unit mistakes the weapon for a firearm; (4) Carry the weapon on their weak support side to avoid accidentally drawing or firing their sidearm; (5) Set their weapons in the "probe mode" as the primary option, and use "stun mode" as a secondary option; and (6) Use the weapon for one standard cycle and stop to evaluate the situation."
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Crime Statistics, 2008.
A crime-rate comparison between Tucson, Arizona, Denver, Colorado, Palm Beach County, Florida; Charlotte-Mecklenburg, North Carolina and Austin, Texas.
1,183 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper selects five cities for a crime-rate comparison: Tucson, Arizona; Denver, Colorado; Palm Beach County, Florida; Charlotte-Mecklenburg, North Carolina; and Austin, Texas. Through an examination of the police websites of these cities, it discusses how, of those cities, Charlotte-Mecklenburg has a much greater incidence of violent crime than the other cities, while Tucson has a greater incidence of property crime than the other cities. It also looks at how Denver's property crime rate is the lowest, while the property crime rate in Denver and Palm Beach County was lower than the other cities, depending on the year. Additionally, the paper looks at how the violent crime rate appears relatively steady in the cities, though Denver saw a tremendous increase in violent crime in the year 2004.
From the Paper
"The website for the Tucson Police Department contains information on services, employment, crime statistics, and the Most Wanted. It also provides the user with the ability to search the site in a variety of methods. These search methods reveals general statistics, but can also be used to access full incident reports. The website reveals that the Tucson Police Department does utilize crime analysis units. Furthermore, the website shows some of the Tucson crime maps, which reveals that the Tucson Police Department does utilize crime maps. Those maps include: violent crime, property crime, burglary, auto theft, narcotics, domestic violence, and criminal damage. (Tucson Police Department). Compared to the other cities investigated, Tucson had an unusually high property crime rate. However, it is important to note that crime rates are impacted by a variety of factors, including crime-reduction efforts by police and victims, which make it more likely those individual criminal incidents will be reported, causing an apparent increase in the crime rates. "
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