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African-American Youth, 2007.
A research paper into why many African-American children drop out of school, join gangs and end up in prison.
742 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper presents research that looks into African American youth. It hypothesizes that many African-American children drop out of school, join gangs and end up in prison primarily because they grow up in poverty. It suggests that this trend breeds resentment and generates hostility towards society. The paper analyzes the literature and draws conclusions on this topic.
From the Paper
"This research question is important, and we should care about it because drop out, gang membership, and crime rates among young African-Americans can be reduced if effective measures are taken. Garbarino (2000) notes that adolescents need to have someone to look up to and emulate. If their role model is positive and demonstrates a strong moral code through their actions and not just their words, the adolescent will most likely emulate these positive traits because they have seen first hand how they should behave."
"In contrast, when their role models are drug dealers, gang members, or violent adults, they most likely will exhibit the same behavior. According to Schwartz (2003) this demonstrates why high drop out rates, gangs, drug abuse, and crime in many African-American neighborhoods are such chronic and intractable problems, for there tend to be far more negative role models than positive role models. This role model imbalance perpetuates dropping out of school, drug abuse, and crime in each succeeding generation, in a vicious cycle that is very difficult to break."
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Competency to Stand Trial, 2007.
A case study presentation questioning whether a patient would be considered competent to stand trial.
1,205 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a case study of a patient named Wilson, looking at whether he is competent to stand trial. The paper presents the details of the case and analyzes Wilson's physical and mental state. The paper then focuses on whether Wilson would be considered competent to stand trial in his current condition. It discusses his cognitive and behavioral functions and how these will also be impacted by Wilson's mild retardation throughout his life.
Table of Contents:
Case History
Competency To Stand Trial
From the Paper
"Given the information that has been provided to date regarding Wilson and his interactions with other medical personnel, it would appear that he is capable of standing trial at this time. This is indicated by his knowledge of his previous behavior and his admitting to the fact that he had previously failed to take his medications, using this as an explanation for his violent behavior. Wilson was capable of discussing these elements of his life with logic and reasoning, which would lead an evaluator to conclude that Wilson was no longer hindered by his mental illness.
However, it must be noted that Wilson will always have the ability to stop taking his medications and of progressing in his paranoid schizophrenia because there is no cure for the illness ("Paranoid", n.d., sec. 1). The use of medications "such as Thorazine, Haldol, and Risperdal" may alleviate Wilson's symptoms and allow him to continue to function normally. Yet, as time progresses there can also be changes in Wilson's cognitive and behavioral functions, which will also be impacted by Wilson's mild retardation throughout his life."
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Why Prisons Breed Criminals, 2007.
This paper contends that prisons lead to recidivism, allowing inmates to become better criminals.
922 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that prisons, by providing an environment unlike anything in society, hamper a convict's ability to reintegrate into society, thus leading to recidivism at a higher level of sophistication. The paper relates that the stigma of being a convict, in addition to the violent milieu created by jails, leave inmates with a skewed vision of how to act and interact with citizens. The paper contends that prisons need to provide venues for realistic social interaction.
From the Paper
"While many proponents of prison cite jail as a determent for crime, Michael Windzio (2006) has shown that, despite a growing prison population, the crime rate in America has increased. More than this, most people incarcerated are in prison for the second or third times, having fallen prey to recidivism. However, the fact is that most criminals relapse back into crime because the prison system is forcing an evolution of the criminal. Prisons create an environment so far removed from societal norms it in turn necessitates the evolution of criminals, leading to recidivism at a higher level of sophistication (i.e. better criminals) in order to ensure that convict's survival as a citizen."
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African-Canadian Community Perceptions, 2007.
This paper explores the challenges facing the Toronto police when dealing with the African community.
4,514 words (approx. 18.1 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 117.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the Metropolitan Toronto Police (MTP) face a Black community that can strongly support police efforts, although some individuals see the MTP as biased against any and all persons of African descent. The paper discusses media stereotypes and representations of Black youth violence. The paper looks at the Toronto Police service's racism-free policing culture and comments that one sees nothing in the media to indicate many decent police who certainly serve the Black public fairly. The paper decries the media that focuses on alleged police brutality, prejudice or anti-African discrimination.
Outline:
Introduction
The African 'Community'
Police Prejudice and its Correction
Observations of Lawyers and Others
Again -- What is the Black Community?
Gangs and Related Activities
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"The very term African or 'Black' is a very broad and some would argue a distorting term, in view of a range of communities in Toronto that happen to be of African origin. Effort was made while preparing this paper to speak with a range of persons in those of 'Canadian Black' origins, descendants of Underground Railroad fugitives, Jamaican Maroons or Empire Loyalists, from Toronto's immense and also varied West Indian community to have taken form since the early 1960s, and also, more recent arrivals from Commonwealth and other African countries. The extreme variety of African origins in the 'Black Community' is not explained to the public by the mass media any more than effort is made to explain that 'white' Torontonians are extremely varied."
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Gangs, Drugs and Violence, 2007.
An analysis of the association between gangs, drugs and violence in the United States.
1,533 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the relationship between gangs, drugs and violence in the United States. It describes the history of gangs in the US and the history of their association with drugs and violence. The paper then analyzes the reasons behind this association and how it is affecting society in the US. The paper concludes that gangs are growing organizations in the United States.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Gangs in the United States
Gangs and Violence
Gangs and Drugs
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The research indicates that gangs are growing organizations in the United States. Currently there is no the country that is not affected by gangs, and it is the school systems that are the targeted home of many gang groups. Gangs elect to focus on schools because of the large youth population that is attracted to drugs and that contains new members for their organizations. The attraction to drugs is significant for gangs because drug activity is the primary source of income for American gangs, which also leads to the violent acts that gang members commit. These violent acts occur because of the gang's desire to protect their "turf" in most cases. When a gang member believes that other rival gangs may be selling or producing drugs in their own area, gang members retaliate with "drive-bys" or other acts of violence. Additionally, the violent acts mat occur because of the gang's desire to collect money that will either support their operation, or buy drugs that the gang members will use themselves. In the modern era gangs are becoming more organized in their drug related activities, producing and importing many of the drugs that they sell on the street. As their businesses grow, so does the violence that is believed to be required to protect their organizations."
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Curing Addiction: India and Canada, 2007.
This paper looks at Vipassana, the Indian meditation method used for curing addiction and mental illness of prison inmates.
3,307 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses a program of meditation introduced in Indian prisons, Vipassana, that enables inmates to overcome addiction and problems of mental health while gaining a new orientation of themselves and their situations. The paper examines the Vipassana experiment in New Delhi's Tihar Jail and discusses the benefits of implementing this program into Canadian prisons.
Outline:
Introduction
Addictions and Canadian Offenders
Recognizing Addiction in India
What is Vipassana?
Closing Gaps in Practice and Planning
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"Terry explained that Canadian recidivism often revolves around an offender's ability to cope with addiction, the ex-offender a person having overcome addiction, and the repeat offender a person not having achieved this. (2002) Canadian officials and institutions need to look further afield for programming, bearing in mind how Third World settings are keenly hampered by fiscal concerns. In short, a program affordable and effective in India is apt to prove effective given the extra supports available in the West. Moreover, what has been offered to Canadian federal offenders has not always served addicted offenders well -- the addict is frequently the 'repeat offender' with whom Federal prisons often deal."
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Media Coverage of Crime, 2007.
A review of the factors that play a role in the media coverage of crime.
1,281 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the validity of the hypothesis that crimes are largely covered in the media because they provoke public interest and a fascination with the macabre and that for this reason the majority of covered crimes tend to be violent in nature. It discusses whether factors such as victim characteristics, perpetrator demographics or other variables play a role in media coverage of crime.
Table of Content:
Introduction
The Effects of Crime, Victim and Defendant Characteristics
Other Findings
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Though a number of cliched explanations for biased media coverage of crime stories exist, the findings of the relevant research elicit interesting, contrary results. It appears that the biggest predictor of media coverage may be the number of victims relating to the news incident, which one may interpret in relation to the popularity of violent crime: a story involving a large number of victims probably involves a high degree of violence. Many typical conceptions regarding media coverage, including influences from location, victim and defendant characteristics, and weapon demographics, seem doubtful. Evidently crime news in general is popular because the public are interested in the drama of it all - drama which may have little to do with the actual crime, as the media exaggerates crime stories and tends to portray them from the police's point of view. It is the human element of crime that draws in viewers, and it is human enterprise that is responsible for biased media coverage of crime."
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Female Gangs, 2007.
This paper discusses the differences in behavior between male and female gangs.
1,603 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 19 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper explores gangs, with a focus on female gangs and the behavioral differences between male and female gangs. The paper also provides evidence that although female gang behavior may be less violent, it is still a cause for social concern.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Gang Overview
Female Gangs
Differences in Behaviors Between Male and Female Gangs
Female Gangs: Still a Cause for Social Concern
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Early on, sociologists and the media portrayed gangs as groups of deviants who were not clearly in violation of any laws, but were considered to be in violation of folkways. However, today the term "gang" conjures entirely different images. Instead of a group of boys hanging out on a corner, gangs today bring forth images of lawless groups, images that cause people to feel angry or fearful. Today, gangs are most often thought to be involved in violent crime and drug-related activities. "In other words, gangs have become to be viewed as groups of individuals involved in illicit or illegal drug-dealing accompanied by violence" ("Youth gang", n.d.)."
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Crime Story Salience, 2007.
A look at what characteristics of crime stories cause them to be particularly salient to people.
978 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to determine why so many people are so interested in crime by analyzing the subject of crime stories in the news media. It focuses on the research of Steven Chernak who found some support for the hypothesis that the seriousness of a crime is an important predictor of how much attention it will get in the news.
From the Paper
"Chernak commences his article with a comprehensive literature review. In this review, he reports on other studies into the subject of crime stories in the news media. Drawing on these studies, he points out that at least 25% of news space is allocated to crime stories. Of these, the crimes that receive the most attention are serious personal crimes, especially murder. On the other hand, the media pays scant attention to drug offences - although this does seem to be increasing. Researchers have also thrown some light on victim and defendant characteristics of crime stories. As Chernak notes, victims are most frequently portrayed as elderly or young, white, and male. "
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Youth Crime: Exploring Residential Child Care, 2007.
A review of the benefits to juvenile correction of using residential child care centers.
2,632 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the effectiveness of residential child care as a means of providing an alternative to traditional detention centers. It explains and emphasizes the beneficial outcomes that occur for resident juvenile offenders both during and after their stay in residential child care centers. The paper recommends reform of the juvenile detention system through these centers.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Historical Perspectives
Statement of the Problem
Proposed Future Directions
Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper
"The implementation of residential child care has the potential to significantly alter the character of juvenile punishment. If effective, this will create a setting in which positive change can be made within juvenile punishment; no longer will an authoritative punishment philosophy be applied, but rather an environment conducive to the wellbeing of the juvenile offender will be created. It is hoped that this type of setting will educate the juvenile offender in appropriate social behaviors and provide a support system that will continue into the offender's adulthood."
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Criminal Justice and Victims' Rights, 2007.
An analysis of the history, development and success of the victim's rights movement in the United States.
3,349 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper looks closely at the victims' rights movement in the United States. The paper especially looks at the history of the movement - largely from the late 1960s onwards - and considers the dramatic changes in the legal system it has provoked. The paper also delves into the prerogatives of victims today (courtesy of the victims' rights movement) and examines the ways in which victims' rights and their cries for restitution are being enforced across America. Finally, the paper ponders the impact of the movement upon, not only victims, but also upon judges and criminals and looks ahead briefly to what the future might hold.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Victim's Rights in America: An Exploration
From the Paper
"It does not take an expert's analysis to lead one to the conclusion that the victims' rights movement has been a great success. The many laws and victims' rights delineated in earlier pages do not have to be recounted here, but they are major advances upon what was once commonplace. At the same time, if Fletcher is correct, many victims' rights groups are now looking to attack the legal rights of defendants even more than they have, including launching campaigns to revise procedural laws pertaining to the admittance of various types of evidence (among other things). It seems probable that such groups are also interested in striking from the books the ability of a judge to use discretionary sentencing for many crimes, replacing this with mandatory minimum sentences. These goals are not necessarily ill-founded, but there is the danger that they lead to the presumption of innocence at the heart of the American criminal justice system being turned on its head."
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Criminology Theories, 2007.
This paper discusses four criminological theories and explanations for crime.
1,824 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews, in chronological order, four significant criminological theories - early biological theory as championed by Cesare Lombroso, ecological theory as made popular by the Chicago School, Merton's Economic Strain theory, and feminist criminological theory emphasizing a "gendered" approach to understanding crime - and illustrates how each succeeding theory was either indebted to the one before it or produced in response to the one which came before. Every bit as meaningfully, the paper takes a closer look at the social or intellectual trends/fashions which made it possible for new, divergent theories to achieve prominence even when pre-existing theories seemed unshakable in their primacy. Ultimately, the paper concludes that the field of criminology is fertile, evolutionary and ceaselessly dynamic.
Outline:
Abstract
Criminological Theories: The Emergence and Evolution of Four Theoretical Explanations for Crime
From the Paper
"Quite simply, whatever its shortcomings, early biological theory was a welcome respite from doctrinaire "free will" explanations of crime which had largely dominated the intellectual landscape up until the last quarter of the nineteenth century. In light of this fact, his work should be understood and appreciated within its historical context and not judged wholly by the criminological standards of today."
"Although his contribution to criminology was most welcome, it was not long before a number of academics began to call his findings into question. The most famous of all these dissenters was not an individual, per se, but a school. Specifically, criminologists in the Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago became the chief advocates of a new criminological theory known as ecological crime theory ..."
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The Rational Choice Theory, 2007.
This paper examines the feminist perspective of the rational choice theory as an explanation for female crime.
812 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper provides a brief definition of the rational choice theory and argues that the theory, while plausible, is far too laden with masculine, patriarchal assumptions to be an effective explanation for female crime. The paper shows how females have been constrained historically by patriarchal forces and concludes that this is sufficient proof that the theory functions better as an explanation for male criminal behavior than for female criminal behavior.
From the Paper
"Simply put, rational choice theory holds that criminals are rational or "purposive" actors who calculate the relative benefits and costs of committing an act and make a decision which they believe will maximize the utility of their (criminal) actions. According to at least one online source, rational choice theory also posits that the alternatives available to any actor or group of actors is necessarily constrained by the environment and by the institutions within which they make their decisions. In the end, it appears as though rational choice theory posits that criminals select certain victims and/or certain types of crime because they feel the reward is sufficient to justify the risk or the risk is low enough that the "lure" of the reward becomes over-mastering (O'Connor 2005)."
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Computer Hacking, 2007.
This paper discusses how computer hackers gain entry to another's computer files.
1,882 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper defines "hackers" and describes the sophisticated techniques they now use to gain entry into the personal electronic databases and computers of others. The paper explains "back door" viruses and explores what everyday PC users can do to prevent hackers and the viruses they spawn from intruding upon one's life. The paper concludes that a commitment to frequently updating PC components and overall vigilance is often sufficient to overcome the cleverness of professional hackers.
From the Paper
"To begin with, it is important to understand precisely who and what hackers are. For one thing, hackers are individuals who use their computer skills unlawfully (that is to say, without authorization) to enter the network files, computer networks and/or databases of other individuals, businesses or organizations ("Hacker" defin.2). The motivations which drive these individuals are, unsurprisingly, complex, but it appears as though many hackers intrinsically welcome the personal challenge involved in breaking down a computer or network's defenses (Voiskounsky & Smyslova, 2003). In that sense, a good many hackers may be defined as egotists who commit these acts simply because they can. On the other hand, hackers tend also to be (but by no means exclusively) emotionally immature individuals who engage in their nefarious activities out of a desire to either rebel against society or out of a desire to participate in a form of thrill-seeking."
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Due Process and the War against Terror, 2007.
An explanation of three approaches that the US can take to provide due process to suspected terrorists.
1,197 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the War on Terror and the number of issues that have been raised vis-a-vis how Americans should treat suspected terrorists. The paper provides an explanation of three different approaches to providing due process to these terrorists and suggests that a compromise approach should be followed. The paper describes each approach and describes the suggested compromise.
From the Paper
"As suggested above, a careful regard for the procedural rights of suspected terrorists - their "Due Process" rights - is vital inasmuch as it sends a message to critics both within and without America that the world's great superpower is committed to doing the "right thing" and not merely the expedient thing. Needless to say, projecting this image goes a long way towards solidifying international support for U.S. military operations abroad and it also goes a very long way towards ensuring that other nations will be more cooperative in "rooting out" terrorist elements within their own states - both developments which will necessarily bolster U.S. security. But more than that, America is in a position where it can protect the procedural rights of terrorist operatives without bequeathing to those individuals the sorts of privileges and prerogatives normally available to an American citizen accused of a criminal offense in the United States."
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