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The Concept Of Race, 1973.
This paper discusses the history of the word "race" according to anthropologists & linguists.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"The history of the word "race" had much of an effect on the concept of race, according to anthropologists and linguists. This is true although as much confusion has existed about the concept as the actual knowledge about it. For example, one reputable atlas still in circulation has Finland colored yellow for Mongoloid simply because the Finns share a linguistic stock with Asiatic people who are either partly or wholly Mongoloid; the Finns are definitely not Mongoloid themselves. Even Sir Winston Churchill once called the British a race and too often the Jews have also been called a race when they are actually are a religion. However, linguistic affinity, common residence on an island and the possession of a common religion tend to facilitate the flow of genetic material between groups of people but not necessarily to a race-forming degree. Thus, Finns, Britons, and ... "
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Non-Verbal Language Acquisition, 2002.
This paper discusses non-verbal language acquisition by examining various articles on the topic.
3,220 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper is composed of annotated bibliographies and a literature review of ten different research articles dealing with the acquisition of nonverbal, gestural, or sign languages. It addresses non-verbal language as a first language and a second language, as well as non-verbal language and symbolic communication systems in non-human primates and prehuman ancestors.
From the Paper
"Sharon Begley's main point in this article is that "the human brain is wired for gestural communication" just as it is for spoken language, from a nativist perspective. She draws on examples from apes who have learned signed languages, deaf-mute children who have invented their own languages in the absence of an established sign language, and the fact that blind people gesture at the same rate as sighted people. She cites studies of wild bonobos who use symbolic gesture to communicate with each other, and deaf children who created a signed language with more complex grammatical structures than the spoken language in their environment."
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It Ain't Standard So it Ain't No Good, 2002.
A study of the deconstruction of standard English, and a debate on whether or not such a standard is effective.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper debates the existence of a standard grammatically correct English language. It describes that English, like all languages, is continually and constantly changing. The author argues that language is constantly changing, because it is as alive and organic as the people speaking it. The paper does establish that written English has a more established set of rules that is taught in academic institutions than the spoken language.
From the Paper
"A debate rages across the worlds of lexicographers, authors, professors and creators of dictionaries alike: what is "standard English?" The question is, of course, oversimplified. The standardization of any language involves "...a uniformity of orthographic, typographic, grammatical and lexical practices," and so one might research the subject of language standardization for years to no conclusion specific or accepted enough to answer the posed question (Davis 69). Some have attempted ambiguous conclusions, including linguist Peter Trudgill who said, "Standard English is that variety of English which is usually used in print, and which is normally taught in schools and to non-native speakers learning the language."
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Linguistics and the History of the English Language, 2002.
This paper explores the areas of linguistics and the history of the English language in terms of what an English teacher should know before teaching the subject.
4,392 words (approx. 17.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper asks if future English teachers should study the history of English. The writer shows that teachers should have a knowledge of linguistics. Main points of the paper include: why English is complicated, why languages (especially English) change, grammar rules and problems, spelling history and problems, how dialects are developed and how they influence English in the classroom, semantic changes and more. The paper concludes that all these contribute to a better and more interesting English classroom.
From the Paper
"The English language has a rich history, spanning centuries and passed on by different tribes. A lot of other languages, especially French, has had some influence on the English language. The language has undergone many changes in its history, including the Great Vowel Shift, which changed the way English was spoken. Some people who know more than one language have said that English is the hardest language to learn. As of today, many educated professors and acclaimed administration members probably don't know the real reasons behind some grammar rules and depend on technology to correct their fragment sentences. What makes English such a hard language to learn and use, even for its native speakers? Will the knowledge of the history behind the English language enable teachers to help students master English? I believe that knowledge leads to understanding; therefore teachers with a strong background in the history of English will be better equipped to teach this difficult subject."
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The Use of 'Wander' in "Paradise Lost", 2002.
Tracing the use of language through Milton's "Paradise Lost", the paper examines the meaning of the first lines of the poem.
2,138 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the author looks at the language in Milton's "Paradise Lost". Milton was blind as he composed the text, therefore had a limited (even for him) vocabulary to work with. The paper shows how certain words are found throughout the text which help illuminate the themes. Milton theme of "Man's First Disobedience..." is specifically examined in this essay, using the word 'wander' and its different tenses.
From the Paper
"In the Epic Poem Paradise Lost, John Milton writes his way from the fall of Satan, through Man's own fall, while also providing a glimpse of history to contemporary times. The text begins with the lines: "Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit/ Of that forbidden tree." (1. 1-2) Milton uses the rest of the text to elucidate these lines, and an examination of specific words aids us in understanding his meaning. Milton's uses of wander (also wandered and wandering) in specific contexts help him construct the various meanings and themes of the poem. According to John Bradshaw's Concordance, wander and its various forms are used thirty-three times. Each time the word appears it is involved with the themes of man's disobedience and the resulting "fruit", and through analyzing select passages this essay examines Paradise Lost as a whole. Through the use of wander, we find man's disobedience defined as going astray from God, and that the "fruit" of this disobedience and resulting fall is journeys of conquest (physical and intellectual), sin and corruption in Man's history, and also a positive "fruit" in Man's possibility of redemption."
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Psycholinguistics, 2002.
This paper studies the psychological aspects of language acquisition.
1,510 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the mental aspects of language acquisition, storage, production and comprehension. It begins with a definition of "psycholinguistics" and a clarification of terms. The paper then outlines the history of this field of study, looking at some of the personalities that influenced its development. Chomsky's language acquisition theory is explained, other divergent theories are mentioned, and commonalities between the theories are discussed. The paper lists and explains the four main aspects of language acquisition and discusses the "critical period" in childhood for learning a language. The paper concludes by discussing the psycholinguistics' relationship to reading and to writing.
From the Paper
"Psycholinguistics gives a comprehensive and viable understanding of human language development. The most famous psycholinguist theorist, Noam Chomsky, has argued convincingly that human children develop language abilities according to a predetermined universal deep structure or grammar. The psycholinguistic approach provides invaluable tools for teaching children to read, write, and speak."
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"Invisible Man", 2002.
A discussion of the meaning of the term 'Bledsoing' in Ralph Ellison's "Invisible Man".
788 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the character of Dr. Bledsoe in the novel "Invisible Man" by Ralph Ellison. The paper focuses on the term 'Bledsoing' which is coined by the narrator of the story, based on Dr. Beldsoe's beliefs and actions. The paper describes the character, Dr. Bledsoe, in order to illustrate the meaning of the term 'bledsoing'. The paper illustrates how the term is used in a negative fashion to convey the narrator's feelings.
From the Paper
"The narrator of "Invisible Man" by Ralph Ellison uses the term 'Bledsoing' to refer to a set of beliefs and actions. The term comes from Dr. Bledsoe, a character in the novel who believes that the black person should act in a way that suits the white man and achieves what appears to be a successful life by doing this. At the same time though, Dr. Bledsoe suppresses his individuality and rejects other black people. The narrator refers to this set of beliefs and actions as 'Bledsoing.' In using this term, the narrator is rejecting Dr. Bledsoe as a model of true success and beginning the process of finding his own way in life and especially, finding his individuality."
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French Speakers Learning English, 2000.
The difficulties encountered: syntax, phonology, grammar, articulation and fluency.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This paper examines some of the most significant difficulties that French speakers encounter when they begin to learn English. While concentrating on syntactical and phonological problems, the study also explores some of the grammatical and articulative difficulties faced by French speakers as they begin their road to fluency in English. However, before proceeding to the particulars of learning English as a second language for Francophones, a few general notes are in order.
When a speaker of one language begins to learn to speak another language she or he encounters certain predictable problems. This is true regardless of the two languages at least in this one general respect: The aspects of the second language that are most different from the maternal language will be the most..."
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Second Language Learning, 2000.
An examination of the components and approaches of effective teaching and learning a language, focusing on learner error and types of correction. Includes grammar translation, reading, audiolingualism and more.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 13 sources, $ 103.95
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"The treatment and reduction of learner error has long been considered to be the primary task of the language teacher. This was seen to be readily accomplished by the judicious provision of a form of negative feedback (error correction) and the systematic reinforcement of appropriate learner responses and other teacher-desired elements of learners' production. However, both classroom teachers and researchers alike have realized that what was once thought to be a rather simple and natural aspect of the learning process is indeed a complex affair that has, over the last several decades, undergone marked changes due not only to the evolvement of various methodologies and approaches used by teachers in providing language instruction, but also to the way these methodologies and approaches perceive the notion of error and its place in second language instruction. The purpose of this paper..."
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Euphemisms, 1999.
Examines the uses and sociocultural purposes of euphemisms for urination, body parts, racial/ethnic groups, sex, physical and mental disabilities.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 3 sources, $ 87.95
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Abstract
Most people are taught to tell the truth when they are growing up with aphorisms like "Speak the truth and shame the devil" and fables like the little boy who cried wolf
From the Paper
"Most people are taught to tell the truth when they are growing up with aphorisms like "Speak the truth and shame the devil" and fables like the little boy who cried wolf. We are given continual reminders of the unpleasant things that lie in store for those people who diverge from this straight-and-narrow path of truth.
And yet at the same time, we are given several sets of contradictory instructions in our formative years, including the prescription that we should not hurt other people's feelings if that be possible and that we should not swear or use dirty words. It is often in an attempt to reconcile these differing sets of instructions that people employ euphemisms.
The etymology of the word euphemism is a relatively straightforward one, coming to the modern English speaker from ..."
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Language In Multicultural Education, 1999.
Examines issues of language education in the context of cultural diversity, bilingualism, models (mainstream, composite and language shelter).
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"LANGUAGE ARTS IN MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION
A wide variety of factors combine to cause difficulties for schools serving multicultural communities. Therefore, the range of competencies, both professional and personnel, required of personnel serving in such schools is also wide. Student attitudes in such schools often reflect conflicting values toward education, and educational personnel must be prepared to deal with these values, in order to preclude the development of barriers between the students and the schools (Grant, 1992). If students feel that they have little opportunity, regardless of education, to make significant achievements in society, they are not likely to place a high priority on academics. Educational personnel must also be prepared to deal with a variety of degrees of parental support for the educational process in schools ..."
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Descriptive and Generative Linguistics, 1999.
Describes and compares the advantages and limitations, concerns, goals and examples of two approaches to the study of language.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"In the 19th and early 20th centuries, linguists were concerned primarily with codifying languages as they were spoken and/or written--they limited themselves to what we today call "descriptive" linguistics, or the study of words and sentences that have been produced by native speakers of a given language. Since the 1950s, however, beginning with MIT scholar Noam Chomsky, linguists have largely focussed their attention on trying to discover the range of words and sentences that could be produced by native speakers. This latter approach is referred to as "generative" linguistics; its goal is to account for words and sentences which do exist and, in addition, for all words and sentences which do not, but are grammatically possible. This paper will further explore and explain the differences between these two approaches to the study of language."
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Ebonics & Literacy, 1999.
Examines the relationship between students' use of African-American dialect and the ability to learn, speak and write standard English.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 16 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
EBONICS AND LITERACY
"Dialects in the United States are spread throughout the country. Not all members of a group speak the same dialect, and dialects among groups differ. he most controversial dialect in American English is Ebonics. In order to advance socially and economically, individuals must have access to the culture of power, and therefore, dialect use is often discouraged by teachers in favor of Standard English use. But, does sufficient reason exist to discard or devalue vernacular dialects in pursuit of literacy in Standard English?
There is "scarcely a country in the world today that could claim to be monolingual in any real sense…Furthermore, historical linguistic conflicts reemerge as minorities assert their identity" ("Literacy", no date, p. 1). In 1990, over 30% of the public school ..."
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Language Acquisition, 1999.
Examines process of vocabulary building, motivation & anxiety, Affective Filter model, word & cultural borrowing.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Language acquisition and vocabulary acquisition are governed by a number of factors. The development of vocabulary is also governed by factors in culture and psychology, and borrowing words form other languages depends on the proximity of the two language groups, the cogency of the new term, and other factors that have been studied and about which theorists have speculated. Language is a vital part of human life, and hundreds of different languages are in use in the world today. Yet much is not known about the origin of language, the way languages have developed, the relationships among certain languages, and even the manner of acquisition of language. Linguists have developed the idea of different families of language to show how certain existing languages developed from an earlier root, though whether all languages can at some point be traced back to a single.."
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Language Theories, 1996.
Examines ideas of Ferdinand de Saussure, Jacques Lacan & Sigmund Freud related to linguistic, psychological & semiotic interpretations of the individual & culture.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, $ 55.95
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"The purpose of this research is to examine the theories of Ferdinand de Saussure, Jacques Lacan, and Sigmund Freud as they relate to linguistic, psychological, and semiotic interpretations of the individual and of the culture as a whole. The plan of the research will be to set forth a summary of Saussure's theory of semiotics and the outlines of Freudian psychological theory, and then to discuss the connection between the work of Lacan and Freud in regard to analysis of human subjectivity, as well as the connection between Lacan's work to linguistic theory in general and Saussurian semiotics in particular.
According to Saussure, language has a dual function. One is public, or a logical and social, while the other is private, imaginative, or psychological. It is in the second manner that creative and imaginative processes may surface, including the ..."
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